Human A&P

Human A&PUnit 6: Axial Skeleton I. Axial Skeleton - _______________________ _____________________________________

A. Bone Surfaces & Marking Terms specific to the axial skeleton:1. ____________________- a tube- like channel within a bone

80 bones that make up the cranium, facial bones, vertebral column, sacrum & thoracic cageMeatusEx- hole for ear in the skullB. ___________________- smooth, flat, articular surface.

FacetEx where vertebrae contact each other in the spinal columnII. Cranial Bones or the Cranium (____________)A. Functions of the Cranium:1. __________________ the brain.2. ________________ to the brain via the meninges (membrane covering the brain)3. _______________ of the head via attachment surface for muscles.

ACRONYM HELP: _________________Skull BonesP.rotectsA.ttachmentM.ovementP.A.M. B. The 8 Cranial Bones & Their Functions:

_________________________- protects the frontal lobe of the brain.Frontal Bone (1 only)

_________________________- protects the parietal lobe of the brain.Parietal Bone (2 bones)

_________________________- protects the occipital lobe of the brain.Occipital Bone (1 bone)7

_______________________- protects the temporal lobe of the brain.Temporal Bone (2 bones)8

__________________________ - helps to hold other cranial bones together by creating the floor of the cranial cavity.Sphenoid bone (1 bone)9

_______________________- also forms part of the cranial floor.Ethmoid bone(1 bone)10 C. Parts of the Cranial bones and their functions:

__________ - space within frontal bone that gives resonance to voice.Frontal sinus

_________________ - space in the sphenoid bone that drains into the nasal cavity.sphenoidal sinus

_______________- oval processes on the occipital bone that connect to the 1st cervical vertebraeOccipital condyles___________________- opening in the occipital bone that contains the medulla oblongota & connects to the spinal cord.Foramen magnum

______________- process of the temporal bone that joins with zygomatic bone.External auditory meatus______________________-canal of the temporal bone to the middle ear.Zygomatic Arch______________________-attachment site of temporal bone for ligaments & tongue and neck muscles.Styloid Process

______________________-opening of the sphenoid bone that allows the optic nerve to pass.Optic foramen

___________________-part of ethmoid bone that forms roof of the nasal cavity.Cribriform plate

__________________________- little openings of the ethmoid bone that allows fibers of the olfactory nerve (smell) to pass through here.Olfactory foramina

________________-of the ethmoid bone that helps to clean air and creates turbulence when inhaling via nose. (ethmoid also has _________________________ but it is too high up to see.Middle conchae superior middle conchae

D. Sutures of the cranium: Coronalsagittallambdoid

squamous

E. Fontanels of Infants - _____________________ ___________________________________________________________-soft spot on the top of the head that closes around 18-24 months via __________________ ossification. membrane-filled space between cranial bones that allow the shape of skull to be altered during birthAnterior Fontanelintramembraneous

___________________-at the back of the head. Closes around 2 months after birth.Posterior Fontanel

III. Facial Bones f the Skull A. 14 Facial Bones

_________________________-forms the bridge of the nose. The rest is cartilage.Nasal bone (2 bones)

____________________________-forms the cheek bones.Zygomatic bone (2 bones)

_________________________-articulates with every bone of the face except for the mandible.Maxilla bone (2 bones)

____________________________-lower jawbone. It is the strongest, largest facial bone & the only movable skull bone.Mandible bone (1 bone)

____________________________-like the other conchae, it helps to filter & increase the turbulence of air.Inferior nasal conchae (2 bone)

____________________________-makes up part of the nasal septum.Vomer (1 bone)

____________________________-makes up part of the orbit.Lacrimal bone (2 bones)

____________________________-fuse together to form the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth, part of the nasal cavity & a small part of the orbits.Palatine bones (2 bones)

B. Parts of the Facial Bones & Their Features____________________________-cavities in the maxilla that empty into the nasal cavity.Maxillary sinus

The ______________________ of the maxilla hold the ___________ (sockets for the teeth). These are also found on the ___________. Alveolar processesalveolimandible

_____________________________- hole in the mandible used by dentists to inject anesthetic into the mental nerve.Mental Foramen

_____________________________- formed by the vomer, ethmoid bone and cartilage that divides the nasal cavity into left and right halves.Nasal Septum

_____________________________- located on the mandible & articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone to form the __________________________joint (TMJ).Mandibular condyleTemporomandibular ___________________________- dip in the temporal bone where the lower jaw attaches.Mandibular Fossa C. Disorders & Ailments Relating to the Facial Bones:1. _______________________- when the right and left maxillary bones and possibly even the right & left palatine bones do not fuse together before birth and a hole occurs in the roof of the mouth.Cleft Palate a. Problems this can lead to:i. _____________________________

b. Options for correcting:i. ___________________ around 12-18 months of age.

Swallowing & speech problemssurgery

2. _________________- when the upper lip is split due to a severe cleft palate.a. problems this can lead to:i. _____________________________

b. options for correcting:i. surgery during the first _________ ____________ after birth.Cleft lipSevere eating problems and possibly even death Few weeks

Jane Kaczmarek Reports on Smile Train From India

3. _______________________- when the nasal septum bends sideways and may even block one nasal passage.a. problems this can lead to:i. ____________________________ ____________________________b. options for correcting:i. ____________________________ Deviated Nasal SeptumCongestion, sinus infection, nosebleeds, headachessurgery

http://www.5min.com/Video/Deviated-Septum-Treatment-114223407

4. _______________________- a pain & popping sound around the ear when opening or closing the mouth which can result in:____________________________________________________________________TMJ syndrome headaches & abnormal wear of the teeth due to improper joint alignment IV. Accessory Bones of the Axial SkeletonA. _____________________- suspended from the styloid process of the temporal bone and located in the neck between the mandible and the larynx.1. Function: supports the _________ and provides an attachment point for muscles of the_____________ ____________________________.(It is commonly fractured during strangulation)Hyoid Bonetongue tongue, neck & pharynx

B. __________________________ - 6 small bones (3 in each ear) of the inner ear that enable us to hear. Auditory Ossicles

V. The Vertebral Column:A. Functions of the vertebral column1. _____________________ the spinal cord.2. __________________ the skull.3. ______________ attachment (ribs & pelvic girdle).4. _________________ attachment (back & neck muscles)5. ______________________ distributionAcronym help:______________________________

P. rotectsS. upportsB. oneM. uscleW. eightPlease Santa.a BMW B. Infant Vertebral column verses Adult Vertebral Column1. Number of Vertebraea. Fetus has _______ vertebraei. ______________ (neck )ii. ______________(upper & middle back)iii. ______________ (lower back)iv. __________________ (upper pelvis)v. _______________ (tailbone)337 cervical12 thoracic5 lumbar5 sacral4 coccygeal b. Adult has ________ vertebrae:i. Same as an infants, except the:1. _______________ bones fuse together between ____________ years old (is complete by age 30) to form the ___________ and the ___________bones have fused to make the ___________________ (tailbone).26sacral16-20sacrumcoccygealcoccyx

7 cervical (C1-C7)- MOVABLE. C7 can be palpated at the base of the neck12 thoracic (T1-T12) - MOVABLE5 lumbar (L1-L5)- MOVABLE1 sacrum - IMMOVABLE1 coccyx - IMMOVABLE 2. Infant Spinal Curves versus Adult Spinal Curvesa. An adult vertebral column has ______ curves of the spine.4

Cervical curve (curves anteriorly)Thoracic curve (curves posteriorly) Lumbar curve (curves anteriorlysacral curve (curves posteriorly b. A newborns spine has only _______ curves, (the ____________ and ___________). WHY????i. cervical curve develops at _________ of age when baby is able to support his/her ____________.ii. Lumbar curve develops around ____________ of age when baby begins to __________.2thoracicsacral3rd monthhead1 yearwalk

Thoracic curve sacral curve C. Specific Structures of the Vertebral Column1. ____________________- found between the 2nd cervical vertebrae, down to the ________________.a. anatomy they have an outer ring of ______________________, and a soft, pulpy __________________.Intervertebral discssacrumfibrocartilageElastic interior b. physiology they:i. form _____________________ii. Permit ___________________iii. Absorb ___________________ shock.Strong joints movementvertical

2. ________________________- an opening that occurs on both sides between each connecting vertebrae when they are stacked on top of each other.a. physiology allows a single __________ ____________________ to exit from the spinal cord.

Intervertebral Foramen spinal nerve61

Intervertebral foramenD. Ailments & Diseases Relating to the Vertebral Column1. ________________________- rupturing of the intervertebral disc that separates the vertebrae.a. most common in the __________ region.Herniated Disclumbar

Ms. Deumans herniated disc2. ___________________- curving of the spine.Scoliosis

3. ______________________- a birth defect in which the vertebrae do not form properly around the spinal cord, thus leaving the spinal cord exposed. (LADIES..this can be greatly prevented by taking folic acid, which is in pre-natal vitamins, during pregnancy and even 3-4 months before pregnancy).Spina Bifida

Types of Spina Bifida

VI. The VertebraeA. Cervical Vertebrae (the first two cervical vertebrae are different from the others) 1. C1: ________________- (Greek mythology- He carried the world on his shoulders)allows the head to say: _____a. lacks a: ________________________

Atlas yesBody & spinous process

________________________- central hole that allows for the passageway of the spinal cord. All vertebral foramen combine to form the _____________________. Vertebral foramen Vertebral canal

___________________- opening where nerves branch out from the spinal cord. SPECIAL TO CERVICAL VERTEBRAE!Transverse Foramen

___________________- acts as an attachment site for muscles.Transverse Process

___________________________- articulates with the occipital condyles of the occipital bones that allows you to say YES. Also has ______________________________ (not pictured) that articulates with C2.Superior Articulating FacetInferior Articulating FacetSuperior View 2. C2:_______________________- allows the head to say NO.a. special anatomy: __________________b. does have a: ______________________ AxisHas the dens Body and spinous process

___________________________- spiny surface that projects posteriorly and is used for muscle attachment.Spinous processSuperior View

Vertebral foramen

Transverse Process

Transverse Foramen

Superior Articulating Facet (inferior cannot be seen but do exist)

Dens___________- a tooth shaped process that sticks up into the vertebral foramen of the atlas and allows the skull to ________ and say NO. pivot

___________- (centrum) the large body of vertebra which acts as the main support and bears the weight.Body3. C3-C6 (superior view)

Spinous ProcessSuperior articulating discTransverse processTransverse foramen body vertebral foramen B. ______________________(T1-T12)- besides protecting the spinal cord, they also are the attachment point for ___________Thoracic Vertebraeribs

Spinous ProcessSuperior articulating facetTransverse process body vertebral foramenSuperior View___________________- attach to ribs. SPECIAL TO THORACIC VERTEBRAE! rib facet 3. ___________________ (L1-L5) these are the largest and strongest of the vertebrae that are a perfect attachment place for the large back muscles & support much of the upper body weight.Lumbar vertebrae

Spinous ProcessSuperior articulating discTransverse process body vertebral foramen a. ________________________ - a medical procedure that is performed when a doctor needs to view a patients cerebrospinal fluid to look for an infection (like meningitis), bleeding in the brain, etc. The needle insertion point is done between ________.

Spinal tapL3 & L4

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.spineuniverse.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/video-full-single/lead-images/video/12819-ortho-dpinaltap.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.spineuniverse.com/treatments/surgery/lumbar/spinal-tap-animation&usg=__r5M3KkuSmJ_ifvq82_NWhfNdUQ4=&h=275&w=367&sz=27&hl=en&start=13&zoom=1&tbnid=yU3-hyUogJSTdM:&tbnh=91&tbnw=122&ei=xRbITvyPLcOFgweu3NRv&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dspinal%2Btap%2Bprocedure%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1T4EGLC_enUS310US310%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1

VII. ______________________- acts as the strong foundation for the ______________.sacrumPelvic girdle

___________________________- continuation of the vertebral canal. sacral canalPosterior View

___________________________- 4 pairs of openings in which nerves & blood vessels pass. sacral foramina

___________________________-exit site of the sacral canal. sacral hiatus

coccyx VIII. _________________ - includes the sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae and has the function of _______________________ in the thoracic cavity and supporting the bones of the _____________________________. Thoracic Cage protecting the organs pectoral girdle & upper limbs

A. ________________- bone in the center of the anterior thoracic cage and made up of 3 parts. Sternum______________- attachment of clavicle and 1st rib. Manubrium

______________- direct attachement to ribs 2-7, indirect attachment to ribs 8-10. Body______________- attachment of abdominal muscles. (Landmark for CPR) Xiphoid Process

B. ________________- 12 pairs of bones that function to aid in _______________ and protect _____________________________. RibsRibs ________ are directly or indirectly attached to thoracic vertebrae. breathing thoracic cavity organs 1-10

Ribs ________ are floating ribs. 11-12

Frontal ParietalTemporalSphenoidEthmoid

Frontal ParietalOccipitalTemporalSphenoidEthmoid

Frontal ParietalSphenoidEthmoidTemporalOccipital104

Frontal SphenoidParietalTemporalOccipital105

Frontal TemporalParietalOccipital