Human Anatomy & Physiology Mrs. Hodges Room A204 Per 1, 2, 3.
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Transcript of Human Anatomy & Physiology Mrs. Hodges Room A204 Per 1, 2, 3.
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Human Anatomy & Physiology
Mrs. HodgesRoom A204Per 1, 2, 3
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Anatomical DirectionsAnatomical position Illustrated at the left
Anatomical Directions-(for the biped) Anterior (ventral) vs. Posterior (dorsal) Medial vs. Lateral Superior (cranial) vs. Inferior (caudal) Superficial vs. Deep Proximal vs. Distal
Anatomical Planes Frontal = Coronal Transverse = Cross Section Sagittal
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Cell ConnectionsCells are connected to neighboring cells via: Proteins – adjacent proteins in membranes fuse
to form:Cell Junctions
Tight Junctions - plasma membrane of adjacent cells fuse; impermeable
Desmosomes-adhesive spots on lateral sides
Gap junction-spot-like junction occurring anywhere, lets small molecules pass
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Histology
Study of tissuesA tissue is a group of cells
with similar structure and embryonic origin working together to perform a particular function in the body.
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Tissues: groups of cells closely associated that have a similar structure and perform a related function
Four types of tissueA. Epithelial = covering/liningB. Connective = supportC. Muscle = movementD. Nervous = control
Most organs contain all 4 types
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A. EPITHELIAL TISSUE: sheets of cells that cover a surface or line a cavity
Functions Protection Secretion Absorption
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How are epithelial tissues classified?
Shape Squamous Cuboidal Columnar
Number of Layers Simple: single layer
Stratified: many layers
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8 Specific Epithelial Tissues
Simple Simple squamous Simple cuboidal Simple columnar Pseudostratified
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8 Specific Epithelial Tissues
Simple Simple squamous Simple cuboidal Simple columnar Pseudostratified
Stratified Stratified squamous Stratified cuboidal Stratified columnar transitional
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Can You Identify the Classes of Epithelium?
A B
C
D
E
Quiz!!
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Structural Characteristics of EpitheliumCellularity Mostly composed of cell
Specialized Contacts Composed mostly of sheets
Polarity Has one free surface, the other is attached to an underlying
tissue
Avascular No blood vessels
Regenerative Replaces cells with like cells
Basement Membrane Is the foundation
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B. CONNECTIVE TISSUE Structural CharacteristicsCells
Fibro- -blast = immature cell that secretes matrix Hemocyto- Chondro- -cyte = mature cell that maintains
matrix Osteo-
Extracellular matrixTissue component that is NOT the cells and is made up of:
ground substance = amorphous substance that fills space between cells and consists of interstitial fluid, proteins and polysaccharides. The more polysaccharides the stiffer the ground substance.
fibers = interspersed throughout the ground substance and provides strength to the matrix.
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FIBER TYPESCollagen (aka white) –
Tough stronger than steel fibers of same size provide high tensile strength (resists longitudinal
stress).
Elastic (aka yellow) – Can be stretched to 1.5X its length recoil to original size found where great elasticity is needed
Reticular – Fine collagenous fibers that form a delicate branching
network within solid organs such as spleen and liver.
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4 Types of Connective Tissue
1. Connective Tissue Proper
Made by fibroblasts
2. Cartilage Made by chondroblasts
3. Bone Tissue Made by osteoblasts
4. Blood Made by
hemocytoblasts
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1) Connective Tissue ProperLOOSE• Areolar• Adipose• Reticular
DENSE• Regular• Irregular• Elastic
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2) Cartilage
Chondroblasts produce cartilage tissueMore abundant in embryo than adultFirm, FlexibleResists compression (eg) trachea, meniscus
80% waterAvascular, NOT Innervated (that means no blood, no pain)
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Cartilage in the Body
Three types: Hyaline
most abundant support via
flexibility/resilience found at limb joints, ribs, nose very fine collagen fibers
Elastic many elastic fibers in matrix great flexibility Found external ear, epiglottis
Fibrocartilage resists both compression and
tension found in menisci,
intervertebral discs
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3) Bone Tissue
Compact• cells contained in spaces called lacuna• fine collagen fibers• ground substance contains minerals
Spongy (Cancellous)• Looks like a sponge• Spaces are filled with red bone marrow
which is hematopoietic tissue
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4) BloodFormed by hemocytoblasts in red
bone marrow which is hematopoietic tissue
Functions: Transports waste, gases, nutrients,
hormones through cardiovascular system
Helps regulate body temperature Protects body by fighting infection
Cells erythrocytes leukocytes thrombocytes
Matrix = Plasma
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C. MUSCLE TISSUE
Consists of cells that are specialized for generating a contraction.
Cells are elongated and can become shorter and thicker.
Three Types: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
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MUSCLE TISSUE FUNCTIONS
Produce movementGenerate heatMaintain postureStabilize joints
Characteristics common to ALL muscle tissue:
1. made of many cells close together2. well vascularized tissue3. elongated cells4. contain myofilaments ( contractile proteins
actin and myosin)
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue(each gross skeletal muscle is an organ)
Cells Long and cylindrical, in
bundles Multinucleate Obvious Striations Voluntary
Attached to bones, fascia, skin
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Cardiac MuscleCells Found only in the heart Branching cells uninucleated Striations Connected by
Intercalated discs
Cardiac Muscle-Involuntary
Be Mine
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Smooth Muscle Tissue
CellsSingle cells, uninucleateNo striations
Involuntary2 layers-opposite orientation (circular and longitudinal arrangement)
Found in hollow, muscular organs including blood vessels
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D. Nervous Tissue
Neurons: specialized nerve cells Cell body, dendrite, axon
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
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“May I please be excused? My brain is full!!”