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DefinitionsDefinitionsAnatomyAnatomy::

The study of The study of structurestructure and and shapeshape

of body parts and of body parts and their relationships to their relationships to

one another.one another.

Physiology:Physiology: The study of the The study of the

functionfunction of living of living organisms.organisms.

HOW ARE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY RELATED TO EACH OTHER?STRUCTURE DETERMINES FUNCTION

Structure and FunctionStructure and Function Structure and function are interrelatedStructure and function are interrelated The function of a structure implies that The function of a structure implies that

function is dependent upon structurefunction is dependent upon structure• Anatomy and physiology are truly Anatomy and physiology are truly

inseparable sciencesinseparable sciences• In architecture “form follows function”In architecture “form follows function”• A description of anatomy is followed by A description of anatomy is followed by

an explanation of its function, the an explanation of its function, the structural characteristics contributing to structural characteristics contributing to that physiologic functionthat physiologic function

Sub disciplines of AnatomySub disciplines of AnatomyA. A. Developmental AnatomyDevelopmental Anatomy (embryology) (embryology)

B. B. Microscopic Anatomy or HistologyMicroscopic Anatomy or Histology - the study of tissues - the study of tissues

C. C. Gross Anatomy-Gross Anatomy- visible to the naked eye visible to the naked eye Surface Anatomy - Anatomical landmarksSurface Anatomy - Anatomical landmarks Systemic Anatomy - structures are studied in functional Systemic Anatomy - structures are studied in functional

groupsgroups Regional Anatomy – specific regions of the body Regional Anatomy – specific regions of the body

D. D. Specialized AnatomySpecialized Anatomy Radiographic Anatomy – Body structures that can be Radiographic Anatomy – Body structures that can be

visualize with X-raysvisualize with X-rays Pathological Anatomy- structural changes associated with Pathological Anatomy- structural changes associated with

diseasedisease

Diagnostic TechniquesDiagnostic Techniques PalpationPalpation: feels body surfaces with : feels body surfaces with

handshands

AuscultationAuscultation: listen to body sounds: listen to body sounds

PercussionPercussion: taps on the body surface : taps on the body surface with finger tips.with finger tips.

Organization of the Human Body Organization of the Human Body (Levels)(Levels)

The human body is organized into cells, tissues, organs, organ The human body is organized into cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism.systems, and the organism.

CellsCells are the smallest living unit of body construction. are the smallest living unit of body construction. TissuesTissues are group of cells working together. Examples are are group of cells working together. Examples are

epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.tissue.

An organAn organ is a structure composed of several different tissues is a structure composed of several different tissues performing a particular function. Examples include the lungs performing a particular function. Examples include the lungs and the heart.and the heart.

Organ systemsOrgan systems are groups of organs which together perform are groups of organs which together perform an overall function. Examples are the respiratory system and an overall function. Examples are the respiratory system and the digestive system.the digestive system.

The The total organismtotal organism is the individual human being. is the individual human being.

Levels of Structural Levels of Structural OrganizationOrganization

ORGANISM LEVEL – the highest level of structural organization.

ORGAN LEVEL – organs are structures composed of 2 or more tissue types that perform specific functions.

ORGAN LEVEL – organs are structures composed of 2 or more tissue types that perform specific functions.

TISSUE LEVEL – tissues consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function in the body.

CELLULAR LEVEL – microscopic cells are the smallest units of all living things. Are formed by a combination of atoms.

CHEMICAL LEVEL – simplest level of structural organization. Tiny building blocks of matter called atoms combine to form molecules

such as water, sugar, and proteins.

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview INTEGUMENTARY

• Forms the external body covering

• Protects deeper tissue from injury

• Synthesize vitamin D

• Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview SKELETAL

• Protects and supports body organs

• Provides muscle attachment for movement

• Site of blood cell formation

• Stores minerals

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview MUSCULAR

• Allows locomotion• Maintains posture• Produces heat

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview NERVOUS

• Fast-acting control system

• Responds to internal and external change

• Activates muscles and glands

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview ENDOCRINE

• Secretes regulatory hormones

Growth Reproduction Metabolism

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview CARDIOVASCULAR

• Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart

Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview LYMPHATIC

• Returns fluids to blood vessels

• Disposes of debris• Involved in

immunity

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview RESPIRATORY

• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

• Removes carbon dioxide

• Exchange of gases

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview DIGESTIVE

• Breaks down food• Allows for nutrient

absorption into blood

• Eliminates indigestible material

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview URINARY

• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

• Maintains acid – base balance

• Regulation of materials

Water Electrolytes

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview REPRODUCTIVE

• Production of offspring

What is Homeostasis?What is Homeostasis? Homeostasis – – body’s ability to body’s ability to

maintain relatively stable maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though internal conditions even though the outside world continuously the outside world continuously changes. “Normal.”changes. “Normal.”

Is Is DYNAMICDYNAMIC – balances internal – balances internal conditions with external changesconditions with external changes

Homeostatic Control MechanismsHomeostatic Control Mechanisms

Is communicated through nervous and Is communicated through nervous and endocrine systems. Uses these:endocrine systems. Uses these:

1. 1. ReceptorReceptor – sense and monitor changes – sense and monitor changes (STIMULI)(STIMULI)

2. 2. ControlControl CenterCenter – analyzes info and – analyzes info and chooses a response (INPUT); set pointchooses a response (INPUT); set point

3. 3. EffectorEffector – OUTPUT to the stimulus uses – OUTPUT to the stimulus uses either a muscle or gland to produce the either a muscle or gland to produce the means for the response.means for the response.

TYPES OF FEEDBACKTYPES OF FEEDBACK NegativeNegative feedbackfeedback mechanismsmechanisms – the – the

output of the system shuts off the output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its original stimulus or reduces its intensity. intensity.

Example: think of a thermostatExample: think of a thermostat

Most homeostatic control mechanisms Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedbackare negative feedback

TYPES OF FEEDBACKTYPES OF FEEDBACK PositivePositive feedbackfeedback mechanismsmechanisms – the – the

result is to speed up or increase the result is to speed up or increase the intensity of the stimulus.intensity of the stimulus.

Two types of positive feedback:Two types of positive feedback:1. process of blood clotting1. process of blood clotting2. childbirth – labor contractions2. childbirth – labor contractions

Directional TermsDirectional Terms Superior, InferiorSuperior, Inferior. Superior means above. towards the head (alternately: cranial - . Superior means above. towards the head (alternately: cranial -

towards the head end)towards the head end) Inferior means below, towards the feet (alternately: caudal - towards the tail end)Inferior means below, towards the feet (alternately: caudal - towards the tail end)

Anterior, PosteriorAnterior, Posterior.. (1) Anterior (or ventral) refers to the front of the body.(1) Anterior (or ventral) refers to the front of the body. (2) Posterior (or dorsal) refers to the back of the body.(2) Posterior (or dorsal) refers to the back of the body.

Medial, LateralMedial, Lateral. Medial means toward or nearer the midline of the body. Lateral . Medial means toward or nearer the midline of the body. Lateral means away from the midline or toward the side of the body. means away from the midline or toward the side of the body.

Intermediate: Intermediate: Between two structuresBetween two structures

Superficial, DeepSuperficial, Deep. Superficial means closer to the surface of the body.  Deep means . Superficial means closer to the surface of the body.  Deep means away from the surface of the body away from the surface of the body

Proximal, DistalProximal, Distal. Proximal means near the point of origin (commonly to describe . Proximal means near the point of origin (commonly to describe relative distance along a limb) & Distal means far from the point of origin.relative distance along a limb) & Distal means far from the point of origin.

Ipsilateral & Contralateral. Ipsilateral & Contralateral. On the same side, on the opposite sideOn the same side, on the opposite side

Sagittal planeSagittal plane is a vertical plane that pass through the is a vertical plane that pass through the body from front to back. The median or midsagittal body from front to back. The median or midsagittal plane is the vertical plane that divides the body into plane is the vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves.right and left halves.

Horizontal (transverse) planeHorizontal (transverse) plane divides the body or divides the body or organ into upper & lower portions. organ into upper & lower portions.

Frontal (coronal) planeFrontal (coronal) plane divides the body or organ into divides the body or organ into front & back. front & back.

PLANES IN THE BODY

Body CavitiesBody CavitiesBody cavities are spaces within the body that help Body cavities are spaces within the body that help

protect, separate & support internal organs. Bones, protect, separate & support internal organs. Bones, muscles, & ligaments separate the various body muscles, & ligaments separate the various body cavities from one another.cavities from one another.

Major Body CavitiesMajor Body Cavities Dorsal body cavityDorsal body cavity A- Cranial cavityA- Cranial cavity B- Spinal cavityB- Spinal cavity Ventral body cavityVentral body cavity A- Thoracic: Pleural & pericardial cavitiesA- Thoracic: Pleural & pericardial cavities B- Abdominopelvic cavityB- Abdominopelvic cavity

Body CavitiesBody Cavities