HUM 2461Study Guide

SFC Spring 2014

What is Baroque? Period of artistic style. Exaggerated motion. Easily interpreted

detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, and music.

1600 and continuing throughout the 17th century, and into the early 18th century is identified today as Baroque painting.

Baroque Style – Church (2)

This style was encouraged by the Roman Catholic Church.

Arts should communicate religious themes in direct and emotional involvement.

New rhetorical and theatrical fashion. Express the triumph of the Catholic

Church and the absolutist state. Exploration of form: light/shadow and

dramatic intensity.

Baroque Style (3) Baroque art was meant to evoke

emotion and passion instead of the calm rationality that had been prized during the Renaissance.

As opposed to Renaissance art, which usually showed the moment before an event took place, Baroque artists chose the most dramatic point, the moment when the action was occurring.

How many Spanish Viceroyalties were in

Spanish America?1. New Spain (Mexico D.F. as the capital of North America)

2. Peru (Lima as the capital of South America [Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia])

3. Nueva Granada (Central America, Venezuela, and Colombia)

4. Río de la Plata (Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay)5. New France (Canada, Quebec, Acadia/Cajuns

[Louisiana])6. Brazil

Where in Latin America, Baroque or “lo barraco” has

better representation?1.Viceroyalty of New Spain

Baroque in Mexico2.Viceroyalty of Peru

Baroque in Peru

What is Latin American Baroque or “lo barraco”?

How is “lo barroco” in Mexico? In Mexico the Baroque period ushers in

a burst of color with polychrome plasterwork, red volcanic stone mixed with white limestone, and colorfully glazed tile work (azulejos) and ceramic pottery. The effect is that of exaggerated extremes mixed with organic sensuality.

During the 17th century we find mistilineal shapes (curves and straight forms), three-lobed arches in architecture, and even inverted pyramids for pilasters.

Lo Barroco in Mexico (2) Mexican baroque humanities demonstrate a

profusion of adornment, complicated façades, abundant foliage, plaster darts, crossings, coiling, scrolls, and conical shapes mixed with traditional shapes.

American Baroque developed as a style of stucco decoration.

The term horror vacui is well suited to the Mexican Baroque: Lorenzo Rodríguez (1704-1774), Mexico's greatest architect. He became the originator of the elaborate ultra-Baroque style known as Mexican Churrigueresque.

Who is the best artist in Mexico?

Lorenzo Rodríguez (1704-1774), Mexico's greatest architect. He became the originator of the elaborate ultra-Baroque style known as Mexican Churrigueresque.

Lorenzo Rodríguez Stela H, COPAN

In Mexican Baroque Literature, three figures stand out: Bernardo de Balbuena (1561-1627), Carlos Siguenza y Góngora (1645-1700), and Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1648-1695).

Main writers during “lo barroco” in Mexico.

In Mexican Baroque Painting, two figures stand out: Juan Correa (1646–1716) was a Mexican painter of mixed Moorish or African, Indian and Spanish heritage.

And Miguel Cabrera (1695-1768), during his lifetime, he was recognized as the greatest painter in all of New Spain (México).

Main artists during “lo barroco” in Mexico.

Juan Correa

Miguel Cabrera

Miguel Cabrera

Best sculpture of “lo barroco” in Mexico.

In Mexican Baroque Sculpture and Painter, one figure stands out: José de Ibarra (1688–1756). He was a student of painter Juan Correa. Many of his pieces are preserved in Mexican museums and the Metropolitan Cathedral in Mexico City. He was one of the most prolific painters of his day, producing mainly religious paintings for the cathedrals of Mexico.

1.Architecture: I. Andean Hybrid Baroque or Mestizo

Style (mostly in the Andean cities)II. Lo barroco in CuscoIII. Spanish Baroque (coast of Ecuador

and Peru)2. Painting

Cusco

How is divided “lo barroco” in Perú?

How is European Baroque Style different to Renaissance?

Baroque art was meant to evoke emotion and passion instead of the calm rationality that had been prized during the Renaissance.

As opposed to Renaissance art, which usually showed the moment before an event took place, Baroque artists chose the most dramatic point, the moment when the action was occurring.

How is “lo barroco” in the architecture of the viceroyalty

of Peru?I. Andean Hybrid Baroque or Mestizo

Style (mostly outside of Lima) Began in Arequipa in the 1660s. The style represents the geographic

location (local fauna and flora) Horror vacui style Main representant is the Church of

the Company of Jesuits (Arequipa)

Main characteristic of the façade: is figurative

Figuras parlantes--that emerge from scrolling vines that scholars have compared to centipede bodies.

Creatures disgorge cactus flowers, pomegranates, tobacco-like leaves, cantuta scrolls, and moustachioed monster masks with vines emerging from their mouths.

Just inside these serpentine cornucopias is an eight-link chain containing four-and eight-petal rosettes and crowned with a shell.

The top of the façade

“The lowest part of the panel

frames a double-handled vase of scrolling flowers inhabited by four small songbirds.

The relatively plain doorway

has rosette voussoirs and a scrolling, corbel-

like keystone, common

throughout the southern Andes"

(pp. 52-53).

We find layering and syncretism in the Peruvian humanities during this period.

Built on two levels, figuratively and architecturally:

1. Inca stone walls were used on the bottom.

2. On top Spanish style architecture.

1. The lower half, then, gives a sense of heaviness, darkness, and solidity.

2. Above the stone foundations one finds typical Spanish windows with ornamental wrought-iron bars, and on the roof curved red Spanish tiles.

How is “lo barroco” in Cusco?

Barroco in Cusco

II. Spanish Baroque (Lima) Sculptors and carvers imported from

Spain (Andalusia). Finest wood carving on church choir

and balconies.

How is “lo barroco” on the coast?

http://www.flickriver.com/photos/zug55/sets/72157624144154522/

How is ‘lo barroco’ in art?

The main representant is Cuzco School of Art

Escuela Cusqueña de Arte

Cuzco School of Art / Escuela Cuzqueña de Arte

It was a Roman Catholic artistic tradition based in Cusco during the Colonial period, in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.

Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador. It is considered the first artistic center that

systematically taught European artistic techniques in the Americas.

The Cusqueña paintings were a form of religious art whose main purpose was didactic.

Cuzco School of Art / Escuela Cuzqueña de Arte

Incas already had their universities and own artists during the Inca Empire.

The Spanish, who aimed to convert the Incas to Catholicism, sent a group of religious artists to Cusco.

These artists formed a school for Quechua people and mestizos, teaching them western style ways of drawing and oil painting.

The designation "Cusqueña," however, is not limited to the city of Cusco or to indigenous artists, as Spanish creoles participated in the tradition as well.

Who were the main painters in Cuzco School of

Art?1. Diego Quispe Tito2. Created anonymously

because of Pre-Columbian traditions that define art as communal.

3. Marcos Zapata4. Luis Riaño

Characteristics of Cuzqueño Art School

Adapted their topics to depict their native flora and fauna as a backdrop in their works.

Use religious subjects from Catholic religion.

Predominance of red, yellow and earth colors. They are also remarkable for their lavish use

of gold leaf, especially with images of the Virgin Mary.

Warrior angels became a popular motif in Cusqueña paintings.

Virgin of Carmen Saving Souls in

Purgatory,by

Diego Quispe Tito

Christ calling St. Peter and St. Andrew, from a series of Signs of the Zodiac by Diego Quispe Tito

Marcos Zapata

What is Renaissance? Age of Enlightenment or Age of

Reason. It’s the period of European history at the

end of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world.

It’s a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the 17th centuries.

It’s the humanistic revival of classical forms such as art, architecture and music.

Characteristics of Renaissance

1. Growing split between secular and religious powers.

2. Knowledge began to be democratized.

3. Individuals began to assert their private right to seek and achieve personal glory and fame.

1. Used bright colors and distorted (Mannerist style), dramatic images

2. Predominance of red, yellow and earth colors.3. Remarkable for their lavish use of gold leaf,

especially with images of the Virgin Mary. 4. Warrior angels became a popular motif in

Cusqueña paintings.

Characteristics ofCuzco School of Art

Characteristics of ‘lo barroco’ in literature

Extreme decoration Subtle conceits (clever plays on words):

language is “slippery ground” Maximum culture (knowledge, all the

reading of humanities) Extreme respect to the authority Pessimism Metaphor “a sea of troubles” Stark opposites (light//dark) Veras and burlas

METAPHOR A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that

ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in "a sea of troubles" or "All the world's a stage" (Shakespeare).

Inca Garcilaso de la Vega(16th century)

Inca Garcilaso de la Vega(16th century)

Is he Medieval or Renaissance? He is Renaissance

His original name was Gómez Suárez de Figueroabut his nickname was El IncaHe was born in Cusco, 12 April 1539 and died in Spain, 23 April 1616He was a Chronicler and writer

What is the Dilemma of inca Garcilaso?

He was from two different worlds:He was born of Spanish aristocratic and royal Inca roots in Cusco, Peru. He was the illegitimate son of Spanish captain and

conquistador Sebastián Garcilaso de la Vega y Vargas (d. 1559).

And Garcilaso's mother was the Inca princess Palla Chimpu Ocllo (Isabel Suárez Chimpu Ocllo), descended from Inca nobility, daughter of Túpac Huallpa and granddaughter of the powerful Inca Tupac Yupanqui.

What was his position in the new world (Spain)?

First bilingual writer (Quechua & Spanish) First educated indigenous, but he was “The Other” Nobility did not help much in Spain. Ambassador of the Inca Empire. Need of teaching Spaniards about Inca culture

throughout writing. In spite of being a man, he did not have a position

in the Spanish patriarchal society (just like women).

Why did he choose literature in stead of other artistic expression?

Because of his dilemma heritage from two powerful worlds:

Inca Empire The new country Spain.

Because of his participation in one of the many revolts against the Crown in Cusco:

His father (Spanish captain and conquistador Sebastián Garcilaso de la Vega y Vargas) was dishonorable discharged by the Crown.

What did he write? La Florida del Inca (Lisbón, 1605) Comentarios reales de los Incas

(Lisbón, 1609/1616) / The Royal Commentaries of the Incas (English translation, 1961)

Where and when La Florida del Inca was written?

• In Lisbón, in1605

What is it about?• It’s an account of Hernando de Soto's

expedition and journey of Florida.

Where and when Comentarios reales de los Incas was written?

• Lisbón, 1609/1616

What is it about? It’s a “relación” that informs about

the Inca culture (it’s history, arts and architecture, and religion)

Why is Comentarios reales de los Incas important?

Because the book is a relación, a letter of appeal to the Council of the Indies to have his father’s name cleared and Garcialso’s petition granted.

It’s an exemplary history of the two sides of his family.

Comentarios reales de los Incas is divided in two parts:

1st part tells the story of the Inca emperors from he claims descend on his mother’s side. Published 1609.

2nd part narrates the history of the conquest of Perú by the Spaniards. Published 1616.

Why do we say that Comentarios reales de los Incas is “barroco”?

It’s “barroco” because he gives details account of names and dates that in the end it is the legal rhetoric that dismantles the other and predominate the Inca’s discourse.

Sor juana inés de la cruz(17th century)

Sor juana inés de la cruz(17th century)

Is she Medieval or Renaissance? She is Renaisssance

Her original name was Juana de Asbaje y Ramírez

but her nickname was Sor Juana She was born in Mexico: San Miguel Neplanta in

Nov. 12th, 1651 and died in April 17th, 1695. She was a writer and poet.

Two main contributions

1. Against the role of church. Expressed in prose, mainly.

2. Against patriarchal societies. Expressed in poetry.

What is her most important literary work?

Her defense (letter) "Respuesta a Sor Filotea” (Reply to Sister Philothea) is a maverick work outlining the logical sense of women’s education more than 200 years before Virginia Woolf’s “A Room of One’s Own.”

In her poetry, “You Men” and “First Dream” (1692) pointed out how women were mistreated by men and society.

It is an answer to Francisco Aguiar y Seijas, Archbishop of Mexico,

defending herself from the friar who published an authorized letter written by

Sor Juana.

What is “Respuesta a Sor Filotea” about?

What consequences Sor Juana had to face for her writings?

Attention from the Inquisition. Sor Juana was forced to stop writing and to

give up her books. All her books were burned.

Who wrote:

Hombres necios que acusáisa la mujer sin razón,sin ver que sois

la ocasiónde lo mismo que culpáis:?

Silly, you men-so very adeptat wrongly faulting womankind,not seeing you're alone to blamefor faults you plant in woman's mind.(English version)

Answer: Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz.

When do we use the term “dream vision”?

When we are talking about a narration where the narrator falls asleep and dreams the events of the narrated tale or story.

The story is often a kind of allegory a tour of some marvelous realm.

Sor Juana takes this allegory and disguise it in the same way Dante Alighieri did with The Divine Comedy (c. 1320).

The dream vision was much favored by medieval poets, most of them influenced by the 13th century, such as Roman de la rose by the French poets Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung.

DREAM ALLEGORY

What is First Dream about?

It’s Sor Juana’s most celebrated work. It’s written in Silva (a poetic form combining verses of

7 and 11 syllables) It describes through the form of a dream the soul's

rising toward knowledge, employing extensively Sor Juana's knowledge of the sciences.

The poem is baroque style, yet seems to foreshadow the Enlightenment in its scientifically oriented worldview.

Primero sueño

What do you think el Inca Garcilaso and

Sor Juana have in common?

Illustrated foreigners (Spanish Americans). Belong to the Renaissance period, but live

under a ruled society (Spain in México). Educated writers. No position in the patriarchal world.

It’s Neoclassicism

What is the name of the artistic movement from the late18th

century?

When did “neoclassicism”take place in Latin America?

In 1750, until 1810

What is “neoclassicism” about?

Neoclassicism is a move away from Iberian cultural and Barroco styles and ideas.

Neoclassicism is related to the idea of independence.

Which are the characteristics of L.A.

neoclassicism? Imitation of French elements of art and ideology. "Neoclassical Latin America" favored

independence. The highest degree of neoclassical influence

occurred in Mexico and Brazil. Intelligentsia began to go beyond a strict base in

reason and rationalism toward “sentimentalism”. Instead of thinking about the world as a

mechanism, they began to venerate nature and its organic processes.

Who is the most well-known artist from Mexican neoclassicism?

Sculptor: Manuel Tolsá.

Cupola and one of the façades of the church Jesús María

Manuel Tolsá

Manuel tolsá

Characteristics of L.A. neoclassicism in literature:

1. Literature is no longer confined in a priori academic and intellectual rules.

2. It is no longer either a rhetorical exercise or a frivolous entertainment.

3. Writers become independent professionals who feel responsible for improving the welfare of all mankind.

4. Writers try to become akin to poet-priests.

Main L.A. writers in “neoclassicism”

José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi (México, 1776-1827)

Andrés Bello (Venezuela, 1781-1865).

Who wrote Gramática de la lengua castellana destinada al uso de los americanos in 1847?

The Venezuelan writer Andrés Bello

Name the Artistic Movements from the beginning of the 20th

century

Romanticism(1825-1875)

What is L.A. Romanticism about? It was an artistic, literary, and intellectual

movement between 1825 and 1875. It was also a revolt against aristocratic social and

political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.

In Latin America this movement was fairly derivative from European Romanticism, but this period also shows a late continuation of Neoclassical tendencies with elements imported especially from England and France.

Characteristics of Romanticism:1. A focus on the individual.2. A dedication to personal and political liberty

and freedom.3. Passion in terms of emotions and the

expression of individuality that may include suffering.

4. Appreciation for and treatment of new subject matters in art and ideas that include extremes such as the sublime or the ideal on the one hand and the ugly or grotesque on the other hand.

Name the most important artistic movement from the

20th century:

Modernismo(1875-1916)

What is Modernismo in L.A. literature?

It’s a recapitulation and blending of three European currents: Romanticism, Symbolism and especially Parnassianism. Inner passions, visions, harmonies and rhythms are expressed in a rich, highly stylized verbal music.

Characteristics of Modernismo:

Cultural maturity. Internationalism. Pride in Latin American identity. Exoticism more than during romanticism. Blend of European ---isms such romanticism,

symbolism, parnassianism, et cetera. Voluntad de estilo individualism. Modernists try to show their stylin’

José Martí (Cuba) 1882 Ismaelillo Beginning of modernismo Rubén Darío (Nicaragua) 1888 Azul 1916 (end of modernismo)

Name two main writers in Modernismo

When did Modernismo begin?

In 1875 with the Cuban poet and thinker José Martí.

When do we say Modernismo ends?

When the Nicaraguan writer, Rubén Darío dies (1916)

Who is calledthe “Father of modernismo”?

José Martí

Who published in 1891 the article “Nuestra América / Our

America”?

José Martí. He published it in La Revista Ilustrada. It’s a magazine.

In1888, his first major publication, Azul, which contains both prose and poetry, situated him as a poet of the first magnitude, and his reputation spread throughout Latin American and Europe.

When did Rubén Darío publish his poetry book Azul?

José Martí“Father of the Modernismo”

Rubén darío“End of Modernismo”

Pre-Modernismo 1902 – 1922:Transitional Period with various different authors and styles:

Simbolism, realism, naturalismRegionalism, politics, new proposals

Augusto dos Anjos Euclides da Cunha, Monteiro Lobato, Lima Barreto

Brazilian Music(20th CENTURY)

Modernismo starts in 1922with the “A Semana de Arte Moderna” / Week of Modern Art.

When Modernismo start in Brazil?

Who are the Grupo dos Cinco(the Group of Five)?

They are the poets and painters that participated in the Week of Modern Art:1. Mário de Andrade.2. Oswald de Andrade.3. Menotti del Picchia.4. Tarsila do Amaral.5. Anita Malfatti.

Who is Oswald de Andrade?

He is the main Brazilian intellectual during Modernism in Brazil.

In 1928, he wrote a very influential manifesto called “O manifesto

antropófago”/The Cannibal Manifesto

What is O manifesto antropófago/The Cannibal Manifesto about?

• Its argument is that Brazil's history of "cannibalizing" other cultures is its greatest strength, while playing on the modernists' primitivism interest in cannibalism as an alleged tribal rite.Cannibalism becomes a way for Brazil to assert

itself against European post-colonial cultural domination.

What is the manifesto’s iconic line?

"Tupi or not Tupi: that is the question."

Who is this person?

It’s Oswaldo de Andrade

Who is this person?

He is Heitor Villa-Lobos.

Who is Heitor Villa-Lobos?

He is a very influential Modernist composer during Modernism in Brazil.

He is very influential in “A Grupo dos Cinco” / Group of the Five

He combines Indigenous melodic and rhythmic elements with Western classical music.

Main Brazilian Music styles in the 20th century

I. Big Band Era (Carmen Miranda)

II. Bossa-nova (Vinicius, Tom, and João) – Jazz enters Brazil

III. Música popular brasileira (Tropicalía)

Important Brazilian Musicians in 20th century

1. Carmen Miranda*2. Garoto (Anibal Augusto Sardinha)*3. Vinicius de Moraes4. Vinicius De Moraes5. Tom Jobim6. João Gilberto7. Tropicalismo (Gilberto Gil, Caetano Veloso,

Tom Zé, Gal Costa, Os Mutantes)8. Vanessa da Mata

Who is this person?

Carmen Miranda

Why Carmen Mirandais important in Brazilian music?

Because during the 1930s and 1950s she introduces in the United States and the world Brazilian music such as samba.

She also brought to the States Brazilian musicians for her performances and the musical exchange started.

She created the stereotype of what a Latin American woman from Brazil and Central America is like.

He is one of the first musicians that gets in contact with American music. Gets several Oscar’s nomination for his music in the film “Gone with the Wind”

In the United States played with Benny Goodman and Ella Fitzgerald. Jazz music influenced on “Garoto”.

1948 Comes back to Brazil, bringing with him new sounds from the United States.

Why Anibal Augusto “Garoto” Sardinha is important?

He is a musician, composer, poet and playwright.

His name is Vinícius de

Moraes.

Who is this person?

Because he introduces samba music in the Brazilian musical canon with his play Orfeu da Conceição (1956).

He brings Afro-Brazilian music into the Arts. Samba was a popular music not accepted by the canon.

With his play and the release of the adaptation of his play into movie Orfeo Negro (1959), samba becomes national music.

Co-wrote the second most recorded pop song of all time: Garota de Ipanema (1960) with fellow Bossa Nova legend, Tom Jobim.

He composed together with Toquiño: Só Danço Samba

He composed: Canto de Ossanha

Why Vinícius de Moraes is important?

He was a primary force behind the creation of the bossa nova style (Jazz and Brazilian music).

Innovator in the use of sophisticated harmonic structures in popular song.

Who is Tom Jobim?

Guitarist, singer and songwriter. He limited to the singer and his guitar.

He is a prominent voice in bossa-nova.

Who is JoÃo Gilberto?

Tropicalia is one of the most significant cultural movements in Brazil encompassing music, film, visual art and theatre.

The singer and actress Carmen Miranda, is considered the pioneer of the movement, that would win fitness and strength only in the 1960.

What is Tropicalía/Tropicalismo

Movement?

Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso, founders of the Tropicalia movement (1968).

Who are the founders of Tropicalía/Tropicalismo

Movement?

What is the Tropicália ou Panis et Circencis ?

It’s the album that the founders released in 1968 as Manifesto of their movement.

A female Brazilian singer. She released her third album, titled Sim (2007). Her

album won the Latin Grammy Award (2007) Best Contemporary Brazilian Pop Album.

“Boa Sorte/Good Luck", a duet with American singer Ben Harper, and "Amado", both became number-one hits in Brazil.

Who is Vanessa da Matta?

From HW#6 (Q.8) Study the material in St. Augustine #7 including

what is in the embedded link. We will return to José Martí and contemporary Cuba later in this class, but, for now, and in the context of St. Augustine, please speculate on why the professor-author of this textbook would focus on the particular aspect of St. Augustine at this point in the semester. Answer: http://dept.sfcollege.edu/HFL/hum2461/slidelectures/florida/sanagustin/SAgustinPages/SAgustPage07.htm

Because we are talking about José Martí, and the concept of “One Spanish America” (consolidation of a continent that shares the same language). Remember that Florida was part of Spain, so that is the reason why Martí comes several times to Florida and also gives his speech from the United States. Remember that United States took Florida and North of Mexico in the 19th century (In 1819, by terms of the Adams-Onís Treaty, Spain ceded Florida to the United States). The ideals of Neoclassicism (late 18th century), Romanticism (beginning of 19th century) and Modernism (until 1916) are alive during these centuries.