Huawei-Future Smartphone Solution Whitepaper

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Issue 2.0

Date 2012-09-17

Future smartphonesolution White Paper



Contents

Change History .................................................................................ii

1 Executive Summary ........................................................................12 Proposed solution .............................................................. 3

2.1 LTE-Hi(Hotspot /Indoor) solution ...............................................................3

2.1.1 Introduction............................................................................................ 3

2.1.2 Key Technology fo LTE-Hi............................................................................ 3

2.2 D2D (Device to Device) soultion based on network managed ................................ 5

2.2.1 Background............................................................................................... 5

2.2.2 Application Scenarios................................................................................. 6

2.2.3 Requirements and Solutions.................................................................... 10

2.3 Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation（HCA） .................................................. 13

2.3.1 Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation introduction........ ............. ............ ....... 13

2.3.2 Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation Stage 1............................................ 13

2.3.3 Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation Stage 2............................................... 15

2.4 Multiple UE Cooperative Communication ....................................................... 17

2.4.1 MUCC Introduction.................................................................................. 17

2.4.2 Basic idea of MUCC............................................................................. 18

2.4.3 Perspective............................................................................................. 19

2.5 Video Services Enhancements ......... .......... ......... .......... .......... .......... ......... .... 20

2.5.1 Introduction............................................................................................ 20

2.5.2 Video Services Enhancement Introduction............................................... 202.5.3 Challeges and Problems for the Video Services........................................... 20

2.5.4 Solutions based on UE............................................................................. 20

2.5.5 Solutions based on Network.................................................................... 21

3 Conclusion ........................................................................... 23

A Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................... 24

B Reference .................................................................................... 27

C Contributors .............................................................................. 28

Issue：1.0

Description：This is the rst release.

Date：2012-09-17

Prepared By：Smartphone ecosystem R&D support team

Approved By：Zhao Qiyong (employee ID: 00119431)

Change History



Figures

Tables

Figure 1-1 Proposed technology overview .......................................................................... 1

Figure 2-1 Multi-layer network layout with dense low power nodes ........................................... 4

Figure 2-2 Simulation result of 256QAM ........ ....... ....... ........ ....... ....... ....... ........ ....... ....... ..4

Figure 2-3 D2D scenarios ...............................................................................................6

Figure 2-4 Social networking scenarios ................................................................................6

Figure 2-5 With specific target users ...................................................................................7

Figure 2-6 Local advertisement ....... ........ ....... ....... ........ ....... ....... ....... ........ ....... ....... .......7

Figure 2-7 Local enhancement ............. ........ ......... ......... ......... ......... ........ ......... ......... .....8

Figure 2-8 Distance based application ...............................................................................8

Figure 2-9 Enhance network capability ..............................................................................9

Figure 2-10 System architecture for proximity discovery..........................................................11

Figure 2-11 RAN architecture for direct communication . .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ...11

Figure 2-12 No control plane supported over the DMC link and Re-use LTE user plane protocol stack ..12

Figure 2-13 protocol structure of HCA stage 1 ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... ..... .14

Figure 2-14 protocol structure of HCA stage 2 ..... .... .... ..... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... .... ....16

Figure 2-15 An example of MUCC .. ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ...17

Figure 2-16 Basic architecture of MUCC ............................................................................18

Figure 2-17 Extended architecture of MUCC ......................................................................19

Figure 2-18 A CDN Deploys Method in 3GPP ......................................................................21

Figure 2-19 Independent Smart Unit in 3GPP .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..22Figure 2-20 Smart Function calling example .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 22

Table 2-1 summarizes the overall requirement of the desired solutions of D2D .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..10



1

With the development of technology, smart phone is becoming widespread,

and mass data is transmitted between the terminal and network. It is

forecasted that network capacity requirement is multiple 1000 on 2020

year, and the most popular service are: Streaming service (e.g video and

music data), File transfer (download le from internet),Instant message (QQ,

weibo),Gaming &social network.

To satisfy future service requirement, network shall provide high bit rate、low

delay and high reliability; In fact, it is difcult for current network, especially incell edge and hotspot and indoor area, the available bit rate is very low.

In spite of 3G/4G specification is published, and there are a lot of WiFi

deployed, the low delay, high bit rate isn’t satisfied every where, the new

technology based on current network shall be studied.

In this document, some solutions are proposed to discuss this issue, generally

picture is shown as following:

1 Executive Summary

Figure 1-1 Proposed technology overview

AP(LTE-Hi)

AP(UMTS)

AP(WiFi)

AP(LTE-Hi)LTE-Hi scenario

HCA scenario

MUCC&D2D scenario

eNB

RNC

Support UE

Beneft UE



2

Technology 1: D2D (device to device): using Proximity search method, UE

will nd his neighbor UE, and data can be transferred between UEs directly;

Technology 2: MUCC (multiple UE cooperative communication): using D2D

technology, supported UE is allowed to receive data from network and

forward it to benet UE;

Technology 3: LTE-Hi: Hot spot & indoor solution, using 3.5GHz frequency

(maximum bandwidth is 200MHz ), and some technology enhancement such

as 256QAM/ exible uplink/downlink slot conguration;

Technology 4: HCA (Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation): when UE enter a

special area that is covered by both 3G/4G network and WiFi, UE will receive

data from 3G/4G and WiFi at same time;

Technology 5: video enhancement: give some optimizations when video data

is transmitted on network, which can improve user experience.



33

2.1 LTE-Hi(Hotspot /Indoor) solution

2.1.1 Introduction

Mobile communication technology is developing very fast. 3G network is

setting up in large scale and MBB service brings people very convenient and

rich experience. But due to the capacity of 3G network is limited, and data

service requirements of subscribers is increasing explosively, MBB service hasto face many serious challenges, the following two challenges are popular as

descript following:

Challenge 1: Capacity Increasing Explosively. Most of the mobile data

requirements come from hotspot and indoor area.

Challenge 2: Not enough spectrum to meet mobile communication

requirement, especially lacking global union bandwidth spectrum.

The technology that can resolve above problems is named LTE-Hi (Hotspot /

high bit rate and indoor solution based on LTE).

2.1.2 Key Technology fo LTE-Hi

LTE-Hi is focused on massive traffic requirement in hotspot and indoor

scenario, the major technology include: deploying dense low power nodes,

using 3.5GHZ spectrum for global, using high order modulation (e.g.

256QAM), Adaptive DL/UL congurations.

Multi-layer network layout with dense low power nodes (LPN)

In the multi-layer network architecture, it is separated two type coverage,

one is coverage layer(as shown in following figure, 700/800M is used to

national wide area, and 2.6G is used to urban area), the other is capacity

layer(as shown in following gure, 3.5G is used to hotspot/indoor area); in

the coverage layer, the basic service (e.g. VOIP, SMS) and lower bit rate data

service(e.g. web browsing) can be supported; in capacity layer, the high bit

rate service (e.g. HD video) can be supported.

2 Proposed solution



44

LPNs optimized and simplied for hotspot and indoor scenarios

In the hotspot and indoor scenario, the SNR in receiver is high, so high order

modulation can be used to improve spectrum efciency.

For typical terminal form factors (1 RX antennas), as simulation result shown,

when the SNR is better than 20dB, the benet of 256QAM can be obtained;

Peak Spectrum Efciency can reach 10 bps/Hz (~25% improvement over LTE-

Advanced).

In addition, exible TDD DL/UL conguration to adapt local trafc and control

signaling reduction also can be used.

Figure 2-1 Multi-layer network layout with dense low power nodes

Figure 2-2 Simulation result of 256QAM

T h r o u g h p u t

Hot spots

LTE LPN 3.5GHz

Urban & Suburban(e.g.LTE 2.6GHz)

Nation wide(e.g.LTE 700/800 GHz)



55

2.2 D2D (Device to Device) soultion basedon network managed

2.2.1 Background

Proximity-based applications and services represent a recent and enormous

social-technological trend. The principle of these applications is to discover

instances of the applications running in devices that are within proximity of

each other, and ultimately also exchange application-related data. In parallel,

there is interest in proximity-based discovery and communications in the

public safety community.

Current 3GPP specification are only partially suited for such needs, sinceall such trafc and signaling would have to be routed in the network, thus

impacting their performance and adding unnecessary load in the network.

These current limitations are also an obstacle to the creation of even more

advanced proximity-based applications.

In this context, 3GPP technology has the opportunity to become the platform

of choice to enable proximity-based discovery and communication between

devices, and promote a vast array of future and more advanced proximity-

based applications.

There are two import services of ProSe. The rst one is proximity discovery

with which users can discovery each other in proximity. The second is

direct communication with which users can communicate with each other

in proximity. There is no causality between proximity discovery and direct

communication. Proximity discovery can be stand alone services to users

and doesn’t always trigger direct communication. Users may initiate direct

communication directly without proximity discovery. However, users can use

direct communication easily when they know the proximity information.



66

2.2.2 Application Scenarios

D2D scenarios include proximity discovery and direct communication.

Here are several typical proximity services and applications based on D2D.

1. Social Networking

The following gure shows the typical scenario of social networking.

Figure 2-3 D2D scenarios

Figure 2-4 Social networking scenarios

Find Friendin500m



7

1) Without specifc target users

In the case of without specic target users, ProSe applications discovery

all the users in proximity and network helps to choose those of users’interest.

2) With specifc target users

In the case of with specic target users, ProSe applications only discover

the specific users, usually the friends of users and show the proximity

information on the right of the target user.

2. Local Advertisement

The following figure shows the typical scenario of local advertisement. The

shops will automatically distribute the advertisement to the passage nearby.

Applications in users’ terminal discover the advertisers automatically and receive

the information from them, including introduction, menus, coupons, etc.

Figure 2-6 Local advertisement

Figure 2-5 With specic target users

Find KFC

in500m



8

3. Location Enhancement

The following figure shows the typical scenario of local enhancement. The

D2D terminals receive the real-time parking space information that helps

nding one’s parking space easily. It can provide more information than a GPS

based application by D2D.

4. Distance Based Applications

The following gure shows the typical scenario of distance based applications.

Members of a team or group can obtain the sphere of activities for each

other by D2D distance monitoring when touring, keeping a safe movement

range to prevent occurring accident.

Figure 2-8 Distance based application

Figure 2-7 Local enhancement



9

5. Enhance Network Capability

The following figure shows the typical scenario of network capability

enhancement. D2D applications can provide coverage enhancement without

increasing infrastructure cost, capacity enhancement by multiplexing D2D and

cellular spectrum and user experience enhancement of link robustness and

throughput.

Figure 2-9 Enhance network capability



10

2.2.3 Requirements and Solutions

This section summarizes the requirements in technological terminology fordesired D2D solutions and then analyzes the overall architecture and solutions

for proximity service (ProSe).

1. Requirements

The following table summarizes the overall requirement of the desired

solutions.

2. Proposed Solutions

The overall solution for ProSe is involved with UE, radio access network, core

network and application servers. System architecture for direct communication

is same as LTE while for proximity discovery is different. The proposed system

architecture for proximity discovery is depicted in the following gure.

Table 2-1 summarizes the overall requirement of the desired solutions of D2D

Metric Requirements

Energy Efciency Very low average power consumptionAlways on, days of operating time

Scalability

Thousands of devices in proximity

Continuously changing environment due to nodes appearingand disappearing

Resource can be recongured for more number of users

ResourceEfciency

High resource efciency of proximity discovery solution

High spectrum efciency for direct mobile communication

Mobility At least support low speed

Support BillingBilling for proximity services may take many forms (e.g. billingper user/service association event, billing per volume of data,at rate billing, etc.)

Qos

Discovery or communication range should be hundreds ofmeters

Discovery may have larger range requirement

Distance detection resolution should be 10 meters (TBD)

Work TogetherWith Cellular

Coexist with cellular systems

Work well with cellular phones without ProSe



11

Figure 2-10 System architecture for proximity discovery

Figure 2-11 RAN architecture for direct communication

In the above architecture, a new network element is added to provide the

proximity services called Proximity Server. The new interface “If-ProSe” is

introduced but the standardization of the interface may be out of the scope

of 3GPP. And the interfaces between proximity server and PCRF, HSS, MME,

P-GW are also needed to be dened.

Radio access network for proximity discovery is same as LTE while for direct

communication is different. The proposed RAN architecture for direct

communication is as follows. The data plane is over the DMC link (Ud) and

the control plane is over the cellular link (Uu).

APPModule

D2DModule

eNB MME/GW

PCRF

Rx

P1

UE

APP Server

Proximity Server

HSS

MME/S-GW MME/S-GW

eNBE-UTERAN

eNB

eNB

S1

S1

S1S1

X2

X2

X2

Uu Uu

Ud



12

Figure 2-12 No control plane supported over the DMC link and Re-use LTEuser plane protocol stack

The following two figures show D2D control plane reuses the LTE cellular

control protocol stack and the new Ud interface represent D2D user plane

reuses the LTE user plane protocol stack, under the RAN architecture

Considering the following benefit can be obtained based network

management based solution

the radio resource can be scheduled by network , spatial reuse of spectrum1.

and interference reduce can be done easier;

legal listening can be supported when data is transferred between UEs;2.

NAS

S1 - AP

RRC

PDCPRLC

MAC

Uu PHY

NAS

S1 - AP

SCTP

IP

L2

L1

UE MMEeNB

S1-AP S1-AP

RRCSCTP

IP

PDCP

RLCMAC

L2

Uu PHY L1Uu

App.

TCP/UDP TCP/UDP

Uu PHY IP

PDCP PDCP

RLC RLC

MAC MAC

Uu

PHY

D2D

PHY

App.

TCP/UDP TCP/UDP

Uu PHY IP

PDCP PDCP

RLC RLC

MAC MAC

D2D

PHY

Uu

PHY

IP

GTP - u

UDP

IP

L2

L1

UE2 S-GW/P-GW

PDCP GTP - u

RLC UDP

MAC IP

Uu

PHY

L2

L1

eNBUE1

D2D Uu



13

2.3 Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation (HCA)

2.3.1 Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregationintroduction

Since the boom of mobile internet applications and popularization of smart

phones, users are thirsty for higher band width. To face the challenge,

current radio access technologies, such as WiFi, HSPA, WiMAX and LTE, have

improved the bandwidth prominently, but according to the market trend

analysis, the demand of mobile broad bandwidth shall increase explosively

and not be satised by none of current technologies alone. Radio network

congestion and service quality decline is appearing inevitably.

Nowadays, in consideration of the population of smart terminals having

multiple radio access capability and WLAN hotspots, if communication nodes

established mobile and WiFi connections concurrently to implement dynamic

data links aggregation and intelligent data load offload, the hardware and

spectrum resource shall be used more effectively and users shall have better

experience. We call the solution ‘Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation’

which is abbreviated HCA. Before the revolutionary breakout in radio access

technology, HCA is reasonable and natural, which shall partly relieve the

network overload pressure on mobile operators.

Depending on the standardization plan and market actuality, the solution isdivided to two stages and more details shall be described in the following

chapters.

The major proposal of following HCA solution is: compacting seamless of

3G and WiFi to improve user experience, and WiFi & unlicensed spectrum is

integrated into 3G/4G RAN;

2.3.2 Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation

Stage 1

The basic idea of HCA stage 1 is:

By installing suitable application software on terminals, a self-dened HCA1.

signal procedure shall apply automatic WiFi hot spot discovery, access

and authentication to simplify user operation and enhance subscriber

experience greatly.

After establishing concurrent connections on mobile network and WLAN,2.

the user plane activity of HCA shall be performed.



14

In the network side:

For the downlink data processed by S1/IU-PS, it shall be directly delivered1.

to the data ofoading anchor locating at RAT elements, such as eNB, BSC

and RNC, which shall exchange the link quality and network load with

WLAN to balance the data load smartly and dynamically between mobile

and WLAN.

For the uplink data transmission, to avoid negative impacts on upper2.

protocols caused by multi-path, the smart reordering module is deployed

on RAT elements.

In the terminal side:

For the downlink data transmission, to avoid negative impacts on upper1.

protocols caused by multi-path, the smart reordering module is deployedon terminals.

For the uplink data received, it shall be directly delivered to the data2.

offloading anchor locating at terminals. According to the link quality

and network load, the network shall indicate the offloading policy to

the terminals to balance the data load smartly and dynamically between

mobile and WLAN.

The protocol structure of HCA stage 1 is showed below.

From the description mentioned above, we can conclude the overall

benets of HCA stage 1:

The ofoading anchor locates at radio access side, which shall not require•

any new network element and impact the network topology less.

The implement shall not require any modification on standards, which•

makes market popularization more convenient.

Multiple radio access aggression shall enhance peak throughout and user•

experience greatly.

Figure 2-13 protocol structure of HCA stage 1

RAN Terminal

Uu

WIFI

Offload

/

Re-Ordering

el

WLAN AP

IP in IP Tunn

802.

11Transport Network

APP

TCP/UDP

IP

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

APP

TCP/UDP

IP

Outer IP

802.3 MAC

L1

APP

TCP/UDP

IP

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

APP

TCP/UDP

IPAPP

TCP/UDP

IP

Outer IP

802.11 MAC

802.11b/g/n

802.11 MAC

802.11b/g/n

APP

TCP/UDP

IP

GTP-U

UDP

L1

L2

IP2

WIFI

Offload /

Re-Ordering



15

Multiple radio technologies coordinate to apply smart and dynamic•

ofoading algorithm based on link quality and network load, which shall

improve radio resource utilization.

To avoid negative impacts on upper protocols caused by multi-path,•

smart reordering algorithm is applied to keep subscriber experience.

By installing application software on terminals, automatic WiFi hot spot•

discovery, access and authentication shall be applied to simplify user

operation and enhance subscriber experience greatly.

2.3.3 Heterogeneous Carrier

Aggregation Stage 2

The basic idea of HCA stage 2 is:

Without installing any application software on terminals, a self-dened1.

HCA signal procedure deployed on mobile stack shall apply automatic

WiFi hot spot discovery, access and authentication to simplify user

operation and enhance subscriber experience greatly.

After establishing concurrent connections on mobile network and WLAN,2.

the user plane activity of HCA shall be performed.

In the network side:

For the downlink data processed by RLC, it shall be directly delivered to1.

the data ofoading anchor locating at RAT elements, such as eNB, BSC,

and RNC, which shall exchange the link quality and network load with

WLAN to balance the data load smartly and dynamically between mobile

and WLAN.

For the uplink data received from WLAN, it shall be uniformly reordered2.

by RLC to avoid negative impacts on upper protocols caused by multi-

path.

In the terminal side:For the downlink data received from WiFi device, it shall be uniformly1.

reordered by RLC to avoid negative impacts on upper protocols caused by

multi-path.

For the uplink data processed by RLC, it shall be directly delivered to the2.

data ofoading anchor locating at terminals. According to the link quality

and network load, the network shall indicate the offloading policy to

the terminals to balance the data load smartly and dynamically between

mobile and WLAN.

The whole protocol stack is showed below.



16

From the description mentioned above, we can conclude the overall benets

of HCA stage 2:

The HCA stage 2 shall utilize existing 3GPP standards to provide following•

functions without any modication on 802.11 PHY and MAC:

The unied authentication, ciphering/deciphering and integrity protection•

based on 3GPP NAS and PDCP.

The unied lossless handover based on the PDCP and RLC.• The unied ARQ based on RLC.•

The unified reordering based on RLC which shall not require any•

modication on terminal operation systems.

The unied radio resource scheduling based on real time link quality and•

network load.

Figure 2-14 protocol structure of HCA stage 2

3GPP PHY

802.11 PHY

3GPP MAC Tunnel IP

802.11 MAC

RAN RAN

Tunnel IP

802.11 PHY

802.11 MAC

APPTCP/UDP

IPPDCPRLC

3GPP MAC

3GPP PHY

OffloadingAnchor

OffloadingAnchor

Offloading

Anchor

OS Stack Data

Terminal

3GPP PHY

802.11 PHY

3GPP MAC 802.11 MAC

802.11 PHY

802.11 MAC

APPTCP/UDP

IPPDCPRLC

3GPP MAC

3GPP PHY

Offloading

Anchor

IU-PS IU-PS

OS Stack Data

Terminal

(A) (B)

APP

TCP/UDPInner IP

GTP-UUDP

Outer IPL2

L1

APP

TCP/UDPInner IP

GTP-UUDP

Outer IPL2

L1

Inner Relay Inner Relay

APPTCP/UDP

Inner IPPDCP

RLC

APPTCP/UDP

Inner IPPDCP

RLC



17

2.4 Multiple UE Cooperative Communication

2.4.1 MUCC Introduction

As the development of mobile communication system, many new technologies

appear, e.g. CoMP, relay. While all those technologies are single UE based, i.e.

the technologies are to improve the throughput or spectral efficiency of the

single pipe especially the radio pipe (single UE specic).

Here a novel concept, multiple UE cooperative communication, MUCC, is

introduced. We start this with an example: OnStar, a cellular-network-based

product installed in GM cars, can provide many car /road related services, like

Automatic Crash Response, Roadside Assistance etc. For this kind of application,

reliability is a very important requirement.

However, the reliability of OnStar may be low when the car is driving in an area

with poor cellular signal. Current OnStar product has an increased maximum

transmission power (up to 8 times of the specified one) to overcome this

problem. While this is not a good idea since this would interfere other UEs

greatly.

Usually in a car, there are driver and some passengers. They also have mobile

phones. As long as the UEs including the mobile phones and OnStar have short

range communication capability (e.g. WiFi), the mobile phones can support the

OnStar to enhance its communication, to improve its throughput and reliability.

This is a basic MUCC idea. At least two types of UEs are needed in the MUCC

case: one type of UE is called benetted UE, which is to send or received data

with the third party via the cellular network (source / termination), and another

type of UE(s) is called supporting UE(s), they are to support the benetted UE

to communicate with the third party. The benetted UE can communicate with

the supporting UE via short range communications (e.g. WiFi or LTE-D2D).

Figure 2-15 An example of MUCC



18

2.4.2 Basic idea of MUCC

To communicate with the third part, there are two radio paths for thebenetted UE: B-UE← →eNB directly, and B-UE← →S-UE← → eNB, wherein

B-UE and S-UE communication is via short range communication, and (B- or S-)

UE and eNB communication is via cellular communication.

Use the above figure as an example: B-UE and S-UE are cooperated as a

group. For the downlink data towards the B-UE arrives from the CN bearer of

the B-UE, eNB can select the best UE from the B-UE and S-UE(s) with the best

channel quality, and send the data to this best UE. If the best UE is S-UE, the

S-UE will further forward the data to the B-UE. Or else, the best UE is B-UE

itself. This UE selection and data transmission would happen every schedulingunit (e.g. 5RB), so as to have a multiple user diversity gain.

In this case, the downlink data from the B-UE’s CN bearer can be split in

the eNB according to the UE selection due to different channel quality. For

example, if one S-UE has the best channel quality (best CQI), the eNB will

schedule it to send B-UE’s data, and the S-UE thereafter forwards the data

to the B-UE via short range communication. If the B-UE itself has the best

channel quality at the next scheduling unit, the eNB will send data to the

B-UE directly. So the eNB will always select the best UE for data transmission,

a multiple user diversity gain is achieved. And that is just like the B-UE always

has the best channel quality among the UEs. The B-UE would further merge

all data from itself and other S-UEs.

For uplink data, the B-UE can send to the eNB directly if the uplink channel

is the best among all UEs, or the B-UE send the uplink data to a most

appropriate S-UE rst, and then the S-UE sends the data to the eNB. The eNB

would merge the uplink data and send them to the third party along the B-UE’s

CN bearer.

The S-UE(s) only involve in radio bearer. It’s at the eNB to split the downlink

data and at the B-UE to merge them. And it’s at the B-UE to split the uplink

data and at the eNB to merge them. The data would still go along the B-UE’s

CN bearer (i.e. S1 bearer and S5/S8 bearer), only at the radio, the data would

go along the best UE’s radio bearer. As a result the S-UEs won’t pay any

money for transmitting the B-UE’s data.

Figure 2-16 Basic architecture of MUCC

Beneftted UE

Supporting UE

IP Service App

E-UTRUAN SAE-GWS1-U

SGi

S1-C S11

MME



19

In summary, MUCC has the following advantages,

Improving system throughput. This is achieved by always scheduling the1.

best UE with the best channel quality (multi-user diversity gain).

Improving reliability. There is several channel / UEs’ RBs / radio pipes. The2.

probability that all the channels / RBs are deteriorated at the same time is

quite small.

Only the benetted UE is charged. Since the CN bearer is benetted UE’s,3.

and the supporting UE only involve in radio bearer, the supporting UE

won’t be charged.

2.4.3 PerspectiveMUCC contribute the terminal cloud concept, or multi-radio-pipes concept. The

benetted UE and its supporting UEs compose a MUCC group, which can be

regarded as a terminal cloud.

Besides, not like conventional way, the communication involves several UEs,

each UE having its own radio pipe; so MUCC is a multi-radio-pipes concept.

When the concept is developed further, the multi-pipes can be extended to the

end to end, so that we can have access cloud and E2E multi-pipes concept as

the below gure:

Multiple terminals can compose the terminal cloud. Different RATs (e.g. LTE,

UMTS ) can compose the access cloud. With this architecture, MUCC will be

much more exible. The system would always nd the best pipe to reach the

nal destination, so that the system performance can be further improved. And

any single pipe optimization can be used at the same time (e.g. MIMO, CoMP

etc.), i.e. MUCC can improve the system performance from a new dimension

beyond the current single pipe solutions.

Figure 2-17 Extended architecture of MUCC

Terminal Cloud Access Cloud



20

2.5 Video Services Enhancements

2.5.1 Introduction

The solutions described above are focused on capacity improving, service

optimization to match network performance shall be studied also; mobile

video services are the killer application now, a lot of new innovative mobile

application are based on the mobile video services. The mobile video services

generate huge amount of wireless data and consumes a lot of radio and core

network resources. In order to provide large-scale mobile video services, the

MNO needs high-rate and more efficient network infrastructure. The video

service enhancement technologies can provide better user experience and

save the radio and network resources and save the capital to invest to the

network infrastructure at the same time.

2.5.2 Video Services Enhancement Introduction

Category of the Video Services

live and on-demand video streaming;•

video clip download/upload/messaging;•

video monitoring; and•

Real-time communication.•

2.5.3 Challeges and Problems for the Video

Services

Long Start-up Delay•

Frequent stalls;•

Bitrate intense•

2.5.4 Solutions based on UEDynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH)

DASH is an adaptive bitrate streaming technology where a multimedia le is

partitioned into one or more segments and delivered to a client using HTTP. A

media presentation description (MPD) describes segment information (timing,

URL, media characteristics such as video resolution and bit rates).DASH is

audio/video codec agnostic. One or more representations (i.e., versions at

different resolutions or bit rates) of multimedia les are typically available, and

selection can be made based on network conditions, device capabilities and

user preferences, enabling adaptive bitrate streaming.



21

UE-Based Cache

If the Video is cached to the UE, there is almost no start-up delay. The UE can

proactive retrieve the video/audio les from the server and store them at local

storage, e.g. Flash-memory in the background without or with the user's

instruction or notice. Or the MNO can proactive push some video/audio les

from the server and store them at UE's local storage.

2.5.5 Solutions based on Network

Mobile CDN

CDN is a good way to accelerate the web/Video/Audio downloading in the

Internet. Here we give a simple instance to introduce how to use CDN in

3GPP network. Following figure is a two layers CDN architecture model,

main cache provides an interface to CP/SPs, so they can push some content

wishing to be accelerated to this unit, this open architecture is helpful to

accelerate those CP/SPs content transmission, who have rent Cache resource

from operator, and nally the operator will obtain the deserved benets.

The rst layer of CDN comprises two components, one is Main Cache who

is the content storage part, the other one is CPCF (Cache Policy Control

Function) who is the control part and responsible for cache policy control

and some other control function like negotiation with CP/SPs and RAN cache.

Main Cache can be an individual unit or just a part of P-GW/GGSN, and CPCF

also can be an individual unit or a part of PCRF, and even Main Cache and

CPCF could be a different function unit in one device.

Figure 2-18 A CDN Deploys Method in 3GPP

PDN(CP/SPs)

P-GW/GGSN

C-D-U C-D-C

eRx

Main Cache CPCF PCRF

S-GW/SGSN S-GW/SGSN

eNB/RNC/BSC eNB/RNC/BSC eNB/RNC/BSCeNB/RNC/BSC



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Cloud-based solution

We hope to build a centralized smart unit to receipt complex tasks form

Radio Access Network Node(RAN), and provide suitable interface to RAN

and Core Network to cooperate with them which can refer to following

gure . Advantages are very clear here, the independent function unit could

be provided by any other hardware company and software company, the

functions depart from 3GPP network devices could reduce the RAN and CN

complexities, save operator network cost. Also the function unit update is

easy, operator will no need to buy hardware devices, they only need to install

some new application softwares to provide newest functions.

Following gure gives an example process of calling smart function,

we can see the process is easy to use, and the impact to existent network is

very small, all of the complexities have been nished by Smart unit.

Figure 2-20 Smart Function calling example

Figure 2-19 Independent Smart Unit in 3GPP

PDN

PDN

CoreNetwork

Trans-CodingTrans-rating

Cloud

RAN

Core

NetworkRAN

Virus Scanning Virus Scanning

Downlink transmission calls

for virus scanning method

Uplink transmission calls

for virus scanning method

CN/RAN CN/RAN



23

To satisfy the challenge caused by massive trafc produced by smart

phone, the following technology trend shall be considered:

small cell deployment and technology enhancement such as LTE-Hi;1.

D2D technology (shall be managed by network equipment) to transmit2.

data between UEs and proximity discovery for social network;

More than one RAT can server to one special UE at same time to enlarge3.throughput for it;

video enhancement technology on network4.

3 Conclusion



24

A3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project

AAAA Authentication, Authorization and Accounting

AC access class

C

C2DM Cloud to Device Messaging

CPC continuous packet connectivity

CPE customer premises equipment

CPU central processing unit

CQI channel quality indicator

CS circuit switched

D

DCH enhanced dedicated channel

DPCCH dedicated physical control channel

DRX discontinuous reception

DTX discontinuous transmission

D2D Device to Device

DMC Direct mobile communication

E

E2E end to end

F

FTP File Transfer Protocol

G

GGSN gateway GPRS support node

GPRS general packet radio service

Acronyms and

Abbreviations



25

H

HS-DPCCH High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel

HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access

HSPA High Speed Packet Access

HSS HTTP Smooth Streaming

HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access

HTML Hypertext Markup Language

HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol

HCA Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation

IIaaS infrastructure as a service

ID identity

IM instant messaging

IMEI international mobile equipment identity

iOS Intelligent Optimization System

K

KPI key performance indicator

L

LBBP LTE baseband processing unit

LTE Long Term Evolution

LTE-Hi Hot spot/High modulation/High frequency /indoor based LTE

M

M2M machine-to-machine

MBB mobile broadband

MIMO multiple-input multiple-output

MUCC multiple UE cooperative communication

O

OS operating system

OTT Over The Top

P

P2P point-to-point service

PaaS platform as a service

PCH paging channel



26

PDCCH physical downlink control channel

PDP Packet Data Protocol

PS packet switched

R

RAB radio access bearer

RAN radio access network

RNC radio network controller

RRC radio resource controller

RTP Real-time Transport Protocol

SSaaS Software as a service

SCRI

SGSN serving GPRS support node

SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

SNS social networking site

T

TA tracking area

TAL tracking area list

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

U

UDP User Datagram Protocol

UE user equipment

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

UTRAN universal terrestrial radio access network

V

VoIP voice over IP

W

WAP Wireless Access Protocol

WLAN wireless local area network



27

[APNS]: Apple Push Notication Service,1.

http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/NetworkingInternet/

Conceptual/RemoteNoticationsPG/ApplePushService/ApplePushService.html

[C2DM]: Android Cloud to Device Messaging, https://developers.google.com/android/c2dm/ 2.

[NSRM]: Network Scoket Request Manager,3.

http://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/managing-background-data-trafc-

mobile-devices

[HLS]: HTTP Live Streaming, ietf draft, http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-pantos-http-live-4.

streaming

[HSS]: Smooth Streaming, http://www.microsoft.com/silverlight/smoothstreaming/ 5.

[DASH]: Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP, 3gpp specication 26.2476.

[HTML5]: W3C Working Draft, http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-html5-20110525/ 7.

3GPP TS 23.060 a.5.0 2011-09-27 General Packet Radio Service8.(GPRS); Service description;

3GPP TS 36.413 a.3.0 2011-09-27 Evolved Universal Terrestrial9.

Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); S1 Application Protocol (S1AP)

3GPP TS 23.401 a.5.0 2011-09-27 General Packet Radio Service10.

(GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)

access

3GPP TS 24.008 9.4.0 2010-09-28 Mobile radio interface Layer 311.

specication; Core network protocols; Stage 3

3GPP TS 25.413 10.3.0 2011-09-27 UTRAN Iu interface Radio Access12.

Network Application Part (RANAP) signaling

3GPP TS 36.413, "S1 Application Protocol (S1AP)"13.

3GPP TS 36.331, "Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specication"14.

3GPP TS 23.401, "General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved15.

Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access"

3GPP TS 25.331: "Radio Resource Control (RRC); protocol specication".16.

3GPPTS 25.308: " UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)".17.

3GPPTS 25.321: "Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specication".18.

3GPPTS 25.903: "Continuous connectivity for packet data users ".19.

3GPPTS 25.319: "Enhanced uplink; Overall description "20.

3GPPTS 25.317: ''High Speed Packet Access (HSPA)''21.

B Reference



28

C

Contributors

Contributors Department

Wang Xiaoyu (employee ID: 00145141) Research Dept. WN

Zhang Weiliang (employee ID: 00133227) Research Dept. WN

GuoXiaolong (employee ID: 41423) Research Dept. WN

Xiong Chunshan (employee ID: 00170901) Research Dept. WN

Fu Miao (employee ID: 00181707) Research Dept. WN

Wang Junwei (employee ID: 43070) Research Dept. WN



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