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What are Vitamins?What are Vitamins?

Molecules that the body cannot Molecules that the body cannot make itselfmake itself

required in very small amountsrequired in very small amounts They are water soluble or fat They are water soluble or fat

solublesoluble Need to enable chemical reactions Need to enable chemical reactions

in the bodyin the body

What do Vitamins Do?What do Vitamins Do?

Vitamins are need to assist enzymes Vitamins are need to assist enzymes to actto act

Enzymes are needed for chemical Enzymes are needed for chemical reactions in the bodyreactions in the body

Everything the body does uses Everything the body does uses chemical reactions chemical reactions including:including:

muscle contractionmuscle contraction nervous messagesnervous messages digestiondigestion metabolismmetabolism

EnzymesEnzymes To understand vitamins we must To understand vitamins we must

know about enzymesknow about enzymes

Every chemical reaction in the body needs an Every chemical reaction in the body needs an enzymeenzyme

Enzymes select which chemical react and howEnzymes select which chemical react and how Enzymes can be controlled so we can Enzymes can be controlled so we can

determine when they actdetermine when they act Most enzymes need co-factors to activate Most enzymes need co-factors to activate

themthem

Enzyme Co-factorsEnzyme Co-factors

Most Enzymes need co-Most Enzymes need co-factors to make them workfactors to make them work

Mineral co-factorsMineral co-factors e.g. e.g. Mg , Se, Zn, Al, NaMg , Se, Zn, Al, Na

Organic Co-factorsOrganic Co-factors VitaminsVitamins Non-vitaminsNon-vitamins

Organic Co-factorsOrganic Co-factors Need in the dietNeed in the diet VitaminsVitamins Some essential amino acidsSome essential amino acids

Not normally need in the dietNot normally need in the diet– Made in the body (Non-vitamins)Made in the body (Non-vitamins)

eg. Ubiquinone, carnitine, lipoic acid, Choline, eg. Ubiquinone, carnitine, lipoic acid, Choline, inositolinositol

May become essential in diet with age or May become essential in diet with age or diseasedisease

Dietary supply may assist Dietary supply may assist ““optimal health”optimal health”

MetabolismMetabolism Two types of metabolismTwo types of metabolism CatabolismCatabolism Transferring energy from big molecules into more useable Transferring energy from big molecules into more useable

formsforms

eg From sugar to ATP and NADPHeg From sugar to ATP and NADPH AnabolismAnabolism Building new moleculesBuilding new molecules Protein ,lipids and carbohydratesProtein ,lipids and carbohydrates complex moleculescomplex molecules

Vitamins for Vitamins for CatabolismCatabolism

Extracting energy out of FoodExtracting energy out of Food Vitamins Required:Vitamins Required: Thiamine [Vitamin BThiamine [Vitamin B1 1 ] ]

Riboflavin [Vitamin BRiboflavin [Vitamin B22] ]

Niacin (nicotinic acid) [Vitamin BNiacin (nicotinic acid) [Vitamin B33]] Pantothenic acid for Coenzyme APantothenic acid for Coenzyme A Pyridoxine [VitaminPyridoxine [Vitamin B6 ] B6 ]

Deficiencies of Deficiencies of “catabolic enzymes”“catabolic enzymes” Symptoms are mostly related Symptoms are mostly related

to lack of available energyto lack of available energy Retarded growthRetarded growth muscle weaknessmuscle weakness brain damagebrain damage dermatitisdermatitis anaemiaanaemia poor digestionpoor digestion

Specific Deficiency Specific Deficiency diseasesdiseases

ThiamineThiamine -->--> Berri-berriBerri-berri Riboflavin -->Riboflavin --> Corneal ulceration CataractsCorneal ulceration Cataracts angular stomatitis (dermatitis in mouth angle)angular stomatitis (dermatitis in mouth angle)

Niacin --> Pellagra Niacin --> Pellagra 4Ds4Ds =Diarrhoea, Dermatitis, Dementia and Death=Diarrhoea, Dermatitis, Dementia and Death

Pantothenic AcidPantothenic Acid low blood cholesterollow blood cholesterol burning handsburning hands

Anabolic vitaminsAnabolic vitamins Used in synthesising larger moleculesUsed in synthesising larger molecules PyridoxinePyridoxine Interconversion of amino acidsInterconversion of amino acids

NiacinNiacin as NADPH need for most synthesis reactionsas NADPH need for most synthesis reactions involved in both anabolic and catabolic pathwaysinvolved in both anabolic and catabolic pathways

Folic acidFolic acid Vitamin BVitamin B1212

Ascorbic acidAscorbic acid Biotin [Vitamin H]Biotin [Vitamin H]

Deficiencies of “anabolic Deficiencies of “anabolic vitamins”vitamins”

May be similar to Catabolic inadequacyMay be similar to Catabolic inadequacy as energy is needed for all anabolismas energy is needed for all anabolism Symptoms are mostly related to Symptoms are mostly related to

tissues that should be tuned over tissues that should be tuned over quicklyquickly..

Some parts of the body are slowly renewedSome parts of the body are slowly renewed– less effected Adult brainless effected Adult brain

Some tissues are replaced very quicklySome tissues are replaced very quickly

Tissue that are turned Tissue that are turned over quicklyover quickly

Red Blood Cells => AnaemiaRed Blood Cells => Anaemia Skin cells => DermatitisSkin cells => Dermatitis Lining of GIT => diarrhoea and Lining of GIT => diarrhoea and

malnutritionmalnutrition hair => hair losshair => hair loss bone =>osteomalaciabone =>osteomalacia Immune system => infections Immune system => infections

andand cancer cancer

Specific Deficiency diseases Specific Deficiency diseases of Anabolic vitaminsof Anabolic vitamins

Folic AcidFolic Acid Hospital anaemiaHospital anaemia

– Cooked food kept warm too longCooked food kept warm too long Vitamin BVitamin B1212

– Pernicious anaemiaPernicious anaemia lack of ability to absorb vitamin in foodlack of ability to absorb vitamin in food

– intrinsic factor made in stomachintrinsic factor made in stomach– loss of weightloss of weight

Vitamin CVitamin C– ScurvyScurvy

Causes of Deficiency Causes of Deficiency DiseasesDiseases

Dietary inadequacyDietary inadequacy Individuals higher Individuals higher

requirementrequirement Ingestion of anti-nutritive Ingestion of anti-nutritive

substancessubstances

Dietary SaucesDietary Sauces NO single food has all the vitaminsNO single food has all the vitamins But some food have But some food have NONO vitamins vitamins Referred to as “empty kilojoules” e.g.:Referred to as “empty kilojoules” e.g.: white sugar, white sugar, processed vegetable oilprocessed vegetable oil, ,

lollieslollies, , alcoholalcohol

Complimentary foodsComplimentary foods The lack in some foods is made up in othersThe lack in some foods is made up in others Hence “Hence “Eat a wide variety of FoodsEat a wide variety of Foods”” ““Five Food Groups”Five Food Groups”

Five FoodFive Food GroupsGroups

The lack in each group is made up in othersThe lack in each group is made up in others

Group 1Group 1 Bread and Cereals Vitamins B1 B2 B3 Bread and Cereals Vitamins B1 B2 B3

Group 2Group 2 Milk and Cheese Vitamins B12, Ca Milk and Cheese Vitamins B12, Ca

Group 3Group 3 Veg and Fruit Vitamin B3, Folate Veg and Fruit Vitamin B3, Folate

Group 4Group 4 Meats , Fish & Poultry Vitamin B (Group)& Meats , Fish & Poultry Vitamin B (Group)& Folate , Fe, Zn.Folate , Fe, Zn.

Group 5Group 5 Fats and Oils Fat soluble vitamins Fats and Oils Fat soluble vitamins

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