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Transcript of 2011Lecture8_Fat Soluble Vitamins
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Vitamins - fat soluble
Lecture 8
February 14, 2011
Dr. Wassef
A D E K
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Six Classes of Nutrients
Carbohydrate
Protein
Fat
MineralsWater
Vitamins
Substances obtained from food and
used by body to promote growth,
maintenance and repair
Essential Nutrients
Energy Yielding Nutrients
Macro- or Micronutrients
Inorganic or Organic nutrients
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Vitamin Overview
What are vitamins?
What are the two types of vitamins?
Where do I get my vitamins?
How much do I need?
Why are the vitamins important?
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What are Vitamins?
Vitamins primary role is providing energy.
You cant overdose on vitamins
All adults should take antioxidant supplements.
Fruits and vegetables tend to be the richest sources
of vitamins.
In general, nutrients are absorbed equally well fromfoods as from supplements.
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What are Vitamins?
Vital promote growth and reproduction andmaintain health
organic
do NOT supply caloriesProvide energy from macro-nutrients
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What are Vitamins?
Majority are not synthesised in body
Required in small amounts
Micronutrients
ARE THEY IMPORTANT ???
YES!!!
Both Toxicity and Deficiency can affect the
functions of other vitamins and lead to disease
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What are Vitamins?
HOW ARE THEY DIFFERENT TO OTHER NUTRIENTS?
CarbohydrateProtein
Fat
Minerals
Water
Required in larger amounts
Inorganic
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Good Sources of
Vitamins in theUSDA
MyPyramid
Vitamins are
EssentialNutrients whichmeans..
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What are Vitamins?
Scurvy: Vitamin C Deficiency DiseaseBleeding Gums; tooth loss; death
Rickets: Vitamin D Deficiency DiseaseAbnormal bone growth
Pellagra: Niacin Deficiency DiseaseDiarrhea; inflammation of skin; mental disorders and death
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Bioavailability
= amount available + amount absorbed
EfficiencyofdigestionEnzymes, bacteria
Nutritional StatusStorage; Elimination
Otherfoods consumedatthe same timeFats
FoodpreparationLoss with heat
Source ofnutrientSynthetic, natural, fortified
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Are you getting the right amount of
Vitamins from your diet??
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Understanding Dose
Concentration(increasing)
Response
(gettingBETTER)
1 32
Dose response curves
Concentration(increasing)
Concentration(increasing)
Vitamins
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Try to prevent nutrient deficiency and reduce the risk ofdisease
Reference Values
Quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes
Used for planning and assessing diets of HEALTHYindividuals
Average daily nutrient intake of individuals over time
Amount over chronic time that has the biggest effect.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
Based on scientific evidence; body stores; consequence of
deficiency; cause of depletion; association with chronic
disease
If have medical problem you have different
nutritional needs
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Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
estimated amount to meet the nutrient requirements of half thehealthy individuals of a specific age and gender
Recommended Daily Allowances (RDAs)the average daily intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrientrequirement of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in aparticular life stage and gender group
Tolerable Upper Limit (UL)highest level of a daily nutrient that is likely to pose no risk ofadverse health effects to almost all individuals
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
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Inadequate
Appropriate Excess
EAR 50%risk
RDA 2-3%
risk
UL 0% risk
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New RDA or AI
Ages 19-50 Years
UL
Ages 19-70 Years
Women Men Men & Women
Vit A (g/d) 700 900 3,000
Vit C (mg/d) 75 90 2,000Vit D (g/d) 5 5 50
Vit E (mg/d) 15 15 1,000
Vit K (g/d) 90 120 ND
Thiamin (mg/d) 1.1 1.2 ND
Riboflavin (mg/d) 1.1 1.3 ND
Niacin (mg/d) 14 16 35
B6 (mg/d) 1.3* 1.3* 100
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Sources ofDRI
http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/21/372/0.pdf
http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/7/296/webtablevitamins.pdf
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Are you getting the right amount of
Vitamins from your diet??
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Two Classes ofVitamins
Water Soluble
Vitamin C
B VitaminsThiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Pantothenic Acid
Biotin
Vitamin B6Folic Acid
Vitamin B12
Fat Soluble
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
VitaminE
Vitamin K
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Vitamin Comparison
Fat Soluble
Vits A, D, E, K
WaterSoluble
Vits B & C
Absorption Lymph then
blood/protein carrier
Directly into blood
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Vitamin Comparison
Fat Soluble
Vits A, D, E, K
WaterSoluble
Vits B & C
Absorption Lymph then
blood/protein carrier
Directly into blood
Storage Long term Short term
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Vitamin Comparison
Fat Soluble
Vits A, D, E, K
WaterSoluble
Vits B & C
Absorption Lymph then
blood/protein carrier
Directly into blood
Storage Long term Short term
Excretion Less readily excreted
remain in fat storage
sites
Kidneys detect and
remove in urine
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Vitamin Comparison
Fat Soluble
Vits A, D, E, K
WaterSoluble
Vits B & C
Absorption Lymph then
blood/protein carrier
Directly into blood
Storage Long term Short term
Excretion Less readily excreted
remain in fat storage
sites
Kidneys detect and
remove in urine
Toxicity Likely Possible
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Vitamin Comparison
Fat Soluble
Vits A, D, E, K
WaterSoluble
Vits B & C
Absorption Lymph then
blood/protein carrier
Directly into blood
Storage Long term Short term
Excretion Less readily excreted
remain in fat storage
sites
Kidneys detect and
remove in urine
Toxicity Likely Possible
Requirements Regular intake Daily intake
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Fat soluble Vitamins the functions
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
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Fat soluble Vitamins digestion
Digestion and absorption follow a similar pathwayto dietary fats
Insoluble in water packaged into chylomicrons
Taken up by liver can be stored
Transported to other tissues via proteins
Condition which alters/hinders function of intestineor fat absorption will limit the absorption
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Vitamin A identified in 1913 1stfat soluble vitamin
Essential Nutrient
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Vitamin A
FUNCTION: Versatile
Best known function is in vision.
Retinal in pigment
Night Blindness
Helps to maintain healthy epithelial tissue.Reproduction & Development
ImmunityGrowth
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Vitamin A
Pre-formed (Retinyl ester) Pro-vitamin (-carotene)
Retinol
Retinal
Retinoic Acid
RBP
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Vitamin A
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Vitamin A
From Lohnes et al., 1994From Abu-Abed et al., 2001
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY VITAMIN A EXCESS
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Vitamin A
Because the body uses both the preformed vitamin A and
the beta-carotene in foods to make retinol, the amount of
vitamin A in foods is expressed in retinol activity equivalents
(RAE)a measure of the amount of retinol the body willderive from the food.
1 RAE = 1 g Retinol
12 g -carotene
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Vitamin A
Deficiency: Large storage in liver rare in western countries, butseen in pre-school children in poverty and in alcoholics
Night Blindness
Embryo Defects
Toxicity: 3-4x RDA
Embryo Defects
Liver Disease; Double vision; Dry skin;
From preformed Vitamin A
RDA: 700 g/dl 900 g/dl (19-
30 yrs)
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Vitamin D 1925 Vitamin in Cod Liver
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Vitamin D aka Calciferol
FUNCTION:
Bone making and maintenance
Assists in the absorption of dietary calcium.
Helps to make calcium and phosphorus available inthe blood. increasing absorption from GI tract
The body can synthesize it with the help of sunlight.
Acts as a hormone
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5-15 min Sunlight/week
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Vitamin DRisk ofDEFICIENCY
Babies only have 6 months of storage
Vegetarians cant get it from plants
Dark skinned people have melanin
Older people = older skin, liver, kidney
and less activity outdoors
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Vitamin D
Deficiency: Children = Rickets Disease bow legs
Adults = Osteomalacia soft bones
Calcium absorption; Blood Calcium
= bone deficiency skeletal system
Toxicity: 10x RDA
Calcium absorption; Blood Calcium
= Calcium deposits on soft tissueeg kidney stones
RDA: 5 g/dl 5 g/dl (19-30 yrs)
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Vitamin D
Vitamin D Deficiency
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Vitamin E
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Vitamin E tocopherol related to child birth
FUNCTION:
-tocopherol only one to have activity in human body
Performs a key role as
an antioxidant in the
body. it gets oxidised
Absorption requires
dietary fats
Stored in adipose tissuealso muscle and cell membrane of tissues
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Vitamin E
Deficiency: Rare
Premature infants - reproductive failure in rats
Those who cannot absorb fats - adults on a low
fat diet
Toxicity: Rareblood clotting mechanisms affects Vit K
RDA: 15 mg/dl 15 mg/dl (19-30 yrs)
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Vitamin K
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Vitamin K family of quinones (phyllo and menaquinones)
FUNCTION:
Blood clotting
Synthesis of 7 proteins involved in clotting
Koagulation = Danish word = coagulation
Bone health
Works with vitamin D to regulate calcium
Synthesized by intestinal flora- bacteria in GI tract
Stored in liver
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Vitamin K
Food you eat can effect how your medication works;
need to understand the drug-nutrient interaction
Coumadin (warfarin)
BLOOD CLOT
Vitamin K
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Vitamin K
Deficiency: Rare
Maybe if you take antibiotics
Fractures because it works with Vit D
Babies no bacteria in GI tract; within
6hoursof birth get injection to prevent hemorrhaging
Toxicity: Rare
Affect anti-coagulation drug
RDA: 90 g/dl 120 g/dl (19-30 yrs)
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Summary
Vit Source Deficiency Toxicity
AVegetables;
Dairy; liver
Night Blindness
Embryo Defects
Embryo defects;
Organ damage
DSun; fortified
milk, eggs, fish
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Calcium
deposits
EWidespread;
oils; nuts
Rare Rare
KGreen leafy
vegetables
Rare Rare
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Healthy children and adults should be able
to get all the nutrients they need by eating avariety of food
ENJOY A BALANCED DIET
Still dont know why?
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Each has its own function in regards to keeping
body healthy
Some supply energy
Assist with the movement of other nutrients
Too much or too little can have adverse effects
Some protect other nutrients = Antioxidants
We eed l eddiet ith riet f
trient ecause:
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Antioxidants
A compound that protects other compounds
from the damaging reactions of oxygen
HOW?Reacting with oxygen
WHO?
Vitamin C; Vitamin E; beta-carotene
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Antioxidants
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ENJOYA
BALANCEDDIET
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What if I am not getting a balanced
diet??
Can I get the nutrients fromsupplements?
X
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Vitamin Supplements
According to the 2005Dietary Guidelines for Americans,
"Nutrient needs should be met primarilythroughconsumingfoods. Foods provide an array of nutrients andother compounds that may have beneficial effects on health.
In certain cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements maybe useful sources of one or more nutrients that otherwisemight be consumed in less than recommended amounts.
However, dietary supplements, while recommended in somecases, cannot replace a healthful diet."
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Vitamin Supplements
We should get all our nutrients from our diet but the question
is; do we????
Do you eat a nutritious, whole grain breakfast every day?
Do you eat a natural healthy snack every 2-3 hours?Do you eat at least 2 piece of fruit every day?
Do you eat at least 5 serves of vegetables every day?
Do you eat at least 3 serves of deep sea fresh fish every
week?
Do you drink at least 2 litres of purified water every day?
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Vitamin Supplements
People following very low calorie diets
Interference with appetite, absorption or excretion of
nutrients
Strict vegetarians
Women excessive menstrual bleeding, pregnant,
breastfeeding, planning pregnancy
Lactose intolerant
Recovery from surgery
Heart disease or other chronic disease
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Vitamin Supplements
Be informed:
Seek unbiased, scientific sources (see
reference list in chapter 6).
Inform your physician, especially if takingprescribed medications.
Do not exceed recommended doses, oruse for prolonged periods.
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Vitamin Supplements
Supplements are presumed safe until the Food and DrugAdministration (FDA) receives well-documented reports ofadverse reactions.
Supplements are not obliged to meet any standards of
effectiveness or safety.
Products cannot state on the label that they will prevent,treat, diagnose, mitigate, or cure disease.
Product must carry a disclaimer on the label - This producthas not been evaluated by the Food and Drug
Administration.
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Vitamin Supplements
Effects of a-Tocopherol and Mixed Tocopherol Supplementation
on Markers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Type 2
Diabetes
Clinical Effects of Vitamin D
Repletion in Patients With
Parkinson's Disease (VIDIP
PILOT)
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Department of Food ScienceFood & Health 400:104
Lecture 8
Vitamin Overview
What are vitamins?
What are the two types of vitamins?
Where do I get my vitamins?
How much do I need?
Why are the vitamins important?
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8/6/2019 2011Lecture8_Fat Soluble Vitamins
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Food and Health