HP-AN1291!1!8 Hints for Making Better Network Analyzer Measurements

8/14/2019 HP-AN1291!1!8 Hints for Making Better Network Analyzer Measurements

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Hintsfor making

BetterNetworkAnalyzer

MeasurementsApplicatio n Note 1291-1


2/12

Overv iew of networkanalyzers

Network analyzers characterize

the impedance or S-parameters of

active and pas sive networks, su ch

as a mplifiers, mixers, duplexers,

filters, couplers, at tenu ators. These

component s are us ed in systems as

comm on an d low cost as a pa ger,

or in systems a s complex and

expensive as a commun icat ions

or radar system. Components can

have one port (input or outpu t) or

ma ny port s. The ability to meas ur ethe inpu t char acteristics of each

port, as well as th e tra nsfer char-

acteristics from one port to another,

gives designers the knowledge to

configure a component as p ar t of a

larger system.

Types of netw orkanalyzers

Vector network analyzers

(VNAs) are t he m ost powerful kind

of network a nalyzer an d can

meas ure from as low as 5 Hz to up

to 110 GHz. Designers , and final

test in m anu facturing, use VNAs

because t hey measure and display

the complete amplitude and phase

chara cteristics of a network. These

characteristics include S-parameters,

tra nsfer functions, ma gnitude and

phas e, stan ding wave rat ios (SWR),

insert ion loss or gain, at tenu ation,

group delay, retu rn loss, and

reflection coefficient.

VNA har dware consists of a s weep-

ing signal source (usu ally intern al),

a test set t o separate forward a nd

reverse test signals, and a multi-

chann el, phase-coherent, h ighly

sensitive receiver. In t he RF a nd

microwave bands, t ypical mea sur ed

param eters are referred to as

S-para meters, and are also com-

monly used in comput er-aided

design m odels.

Scalar network analyzersA scalar network a nalyzer (SNA)

measur es only the am plitude

portion of the S-parameters,

resulting in measur ements such as

tra nsmission gain an d loss, return

loss, and SWR. Once a passive or

active component ha s been designed

using the total measurement

capability of a VNA, an SNA ma y be

a more cost-effective mea sur ement

tool for the production line to reveal

out-of-specification componen ts.

While SNAs require an external

or intern al sweeping signa l sour ceand a signal separat ion test set,

th ey only need simple amplitu de-

only detectors, rath er th an complex

(and m ore expensive) phase-

coheren t detectors.

Network/spectrum analyzers

A network/spectrum ana lyzer

eliminates the circuit du plicat ion in

a benchtest setup of a network a nd

spectrum analyzer. Frequency

coverage ra nges from 10 Hz to

1.8 GHz. These combination

instr umen ts can be an economical

alternative in design and test of

active components like am plifiers

an d mixers where a nalysis of signal

perform ance is also needed.

This brochur e conta ins a var iety ofhints to help you un derstand and

improve your use of network

ana lyzers, and a quick summ ary

of network an alyzers and th eir

capabilities.

Contents

HINT 1. Measuring high -pow er

amplifiers

HINT 2. Comp ens ating for time

delay in cable

measurementsHINT 3. Improv ing reflection

measurements

HINT 4. Us ing frequenc y-offset

for mixer, conv erter

and tune r

measurements

HINT 5. Non insertible device

measurements

HINT 6. Aliasing in pha se or

delay format

HINT 7. Quick VNA calibration

verification

HINT 8. Make yo ur

measuremen ts real-t ime, accurate and

automated

2

RECEIVER / DETECTOR

PROCESSOR / DISPLAY

REFLECTED(A)

TRANSMITTED(B)

INCIDENT(R)

SIGNAL

SEPARATION

SOURCE

Incident

Reflected

Transmitted

DUT

Network Analyzer Block Diagram


3/12

The frequency-response effects ofthe a ttenua tors and couplers can

be removed or m inimized by using

the a ppropriate t ype of err or-

correction. One concern when cali-

brating with extra attenu ation is

tha t th e input levels to the r eceiver

ma y be low dur ing the calibrat ion

cycle. The power levels mu st be

significan tly a bove the n oise floor

of th e receiver for accur at e mea-

surement s. For this reason, network

analyzers tha t have a nar rowband,

tun ed-receiver a re t ypically used

for high-power applications sinceth eir n oise floor is t ypically 90

dBm, an d th ey exhibit excellent

receiver linear ity over a wide ra nge

of power levels.

Some network ana lyzers with full

two-port S-para meter capa bility

enable measu ring of the r everse

chara cteristics of th e AUT to allow

full two-port error correction. If

attenu ation is added to the output

port of th e ana lyzer, it is best t o

use a higher power in the r everse

direction t o reduce noise effects in

the measu rement of S22 and S12 .

Man y VNAs a llow un couplin g of

the test-port power to accomm odate

different levels in t he forwar d an d

reverse dir ections.

Testing high-power amplifiers cansometimes be challenging since th e

signal levels needed for t est m ay be

beyond the stimulus/response range

of th e network a nalyzer. High-

power amplifiers often require high

input levels to chara cterize them

under conditions similar to actua l

opera tion. Often th ese realistic

opera ting conditions also mea n

the output power of the am plifier

exceeds th e compr ession or bur n-

out level of th e an alyzer s r eceiver.

When you n eed an inpu t level

higher than the network analyzer s

source can pr ovide, a pr eamplifier

can be used to boost the power level

prior to th e amplifier un der test

(AUT). By using a coupler on t he

output of the pream plifier, a portion

of th e boosted input signal can be

used for th e an alyzers r eference

chann el. This configura tion rem oves

the pream plifiers frequen cy re-

sponse and dr ift errors (by ra tioing),

which yields an accurate measure-

ment of th e AUT alone.

When th e out put power of the AUT

exceeds th e input compr ession level

of th e an alyzer s r eceiver, some type

of at tenu at ion is needed to redu ce

the outpu t level. This can be

accomplished by using couplers,

att enua tors, or a combinat ion of

both. Car e must be taken to choose

components tha t can absorb th e

high power from t he AUT without

sust aining dam age. Most loads

designed for s ma ll-signal use can

only ha ndle up t o about one watt of

power. Beyond that, special loads

that can dissipate more power mu st

be used.

How to Boost and Attenuate Sign alLevels w hen Measu ring High-pow erAmplifiers

HINT

1

3

HP 8753D

Preamp

H

ACTIVE CHANNEL

RESPONSE

STIMULUS

ENTRY

I N S TR U ME N T ST A TE R C H AN N EL

R L T S

HP-IB STATUS

8753DNETWORK ANALYZER

30 KHz-3GHz

PROBE POWERFUSED

PORT2PORT1

AUT

Ref In

High-powerload

Coupler


4/12

Comp en sate for TimeDe lay for Better CableMeasurements

A network ana lyzer sweeps itssource frequen cy and t uned r eceiver

at th e same time to make stimulus-

response measu rements. Since the

frequen cy of a sign al coming from a

device under test (DUT) may n ot be

exactly the same as the network

ana lyzer frequency at a given

insta nt of time, this can sometimes

lead to confusing meas ur ement

resu lts. If the DUT is a long cable

with time delay T and the network

analyzer sweep rate is

df/dt, t he signa l frequency

at t he end of the cable(input to the vector net-

work ana lyzers receiver)

will lag behind th e network

ana lyzer sour ce frequen cy

by amount F=T*df/dt. If

this frequen cy shift is

appr eciable compared t o

th e network an alyzers IF

detec-tion bandwidth

(typically a few kHz), then

the measu red result will

be in er ror by t he r olloff

of the IF filter.

Figure 1 shows this effect wh enmeasur ing the transm ission

res ponse of a t welve-foot long cable

on a HP 8714C network an alyzer.

The upper tr ace shows the tr ue

response of the cable, using a

1-second sweep tim e. The lower

tra ce uses the default sweep time

of 129 msec, an d the da ta is in

err or by about 0.5 dB due to th e

frequency shift t hr ough the cable.

This sweep time is too fast for this

particular DUT.

The lower tr ace of Figure 2 showsan even more confusing resu lt

when measuring the same cable on

a H P 8753D with 100 msec sweep

time. Not only is there an err or in

the dat a, but t he size of the error

makes some sharp jumps at certain

frequencies. These frequen cies ar e

th e band-edge frequencies in th e

HP 8753D, and t he tr ace jumps

becaus e the n etwork an alyzers

sweep ra te (df/dt) changes in

different ba nds. This leads t o a

different frequen cy shift th rough

th e cable, and hence, a different

amount of error in th e data. In t his

case instea d of increasin g the sweep

time, the situ at ion can be corr ected

by removing th e R-cha nnel jump er

on the front pa nel of th e HP 8753D

and connecting a second cable of

about t he same length as the DUT

cable. This balan ces the delays in

the r eference and t est paths, so

th at th e network an alyzers rat ioed

tra nsmission measu rement does

not ha ve the frequency-shift err or.

The upper tr ace of Figure 2 shows a

measur ement of the DUT using the

same 100 msec sweep time, but with

the matching cable in R channel.

4

Start 10.000 MHz

2:Off

HP 8714C 1SEC VS 0.129SEC

1:Transmission &M Log Mag 0.5 dB/ Ref 0.00 dB

-2

-1.5

-1

-.5

.5

1

1.5

2

dB

Stop 3 000.000 MHz

1

M1

1:

Start .300 000 MHz

S21 &M Log MAG

HP 8753C 100mSEC WITH & WITHOUT EXTENSION

0.5 dB/ Ref 0.00 dB

Hld

*

PRm

Cor

CH1

Stop 3 000.000 MHz

Figure 1

Figure 2

HINT

2


5/12

HINT

3

DUT16 dB return loss (0.158)1 dB loss (0.891)

Analyzer port 2 match:18 dB (0.126)

0.158

Measurement uncertainty:20 * log (.158 + 0.100 + 0.010)= 11.4 dB (4.6dB)

20 * log (0.158 0.100 0.010)= 26.4 dB (+10.4 dB)

0.891*0.126*0.891 = 0.100

Directivity:40 dB (0.010)

DUT16 dB return loss (0.158)1 dB loss (0.891)

Load match:18 dB (.126)

10 dB attenuator (0.316)SWR = 1.05 (0.024)

0.158

(0.891)(0.316)(0.126)(0.316)(0.891) = 0.010

(0.891)(0.024)(0.891) = 0.019

Directivity:40 dB (.010)

Worst-case error = 0.01 + 0.01 + 0.019 = 0.039

Measurement uncertainty:-20 * log (0.158 + 0.039)= 14.1 dB (-1.9 dB)

-20 * log (0.158 - 0.039)= 18.5 dB (+2.5 dB)

P roper Termin ation Key to Improvin g Reflec tionMeasurements

Making a ccur at e reflectionmeasur e-ment s on t wo-port devices

with tr ans mission/reflection (T/R)

based analyzers (such as th e HP

8711C family of RF analyzers)

requir es a good terminat ion on the

unmeasu red port. This is especially

tr ue for low-loss, bi-directiona l

devices such as filter pa ssban ds

an d cables. T/R-based ana lyzers

only offer one-port calibra tion for

reflection meas ur e-ments, which

corr ects for err ors caused by

directivity, source ma tch a nd

frequency response, but not

load match.

One-port calibrat ion assu mes a

good termina tion at port 2 of the

device under test (th e port not

being measu red), since load m at ch

is not corrected. One way to achieve

this is by connecting a high-quality

load (a load from a calibrat ion kit ,

for exa mple) to port 2 of th e device.

This technique yields measurement

accur acy on a pa r with m ore expen-

sive S-parameter-based analyzers

tha t u se full two-port calibrat ion.

However, if port 2 of the d evice is

connected directly to th e net work

an alyzers test port, th e assum ption

of a good load termination is not

valid. In this case, measurement

accuracy can be improved consider-

ably by placing an a tt enua tor (6 to

10 dB, for example) between port 2

of the device and th e test port of the

an alyzer. This impr oves t he effective

load m atch of the a na lyzer by twice

the value of the att enuator.

Figure 1 s hows an exam ple of howthis works. Lets say we ar e meas-

ur ing a filter with 1 dB of insert ion

loss an d 16 dB of retu rn loss

(Figure 1A). Using an a na lyzer with

an 18 dB load m atch an d 40 dB

directivity would yield a worst-case

measurem ent uncer-tainty for

ret ur n loss of 4.6 dB, +10.4 dB.

This is a ra ther lar ge variation that

might cause a filter t hat didnt

meet its specifications t o pass, or a

good filter to fail. Figur e 1B sh ows

how adding a high-quality (for

exam ple, VSWR = 1.05, or 32 dB

match) 10-dB attenuator improves

the load mat ch of the ana lyzer to

29 dB [(2 x 10 + 18 dB) combined

with 32 dB]. Now our worst-case

measurem ent uncer-tainty is re-

duced t o +2.5 dB, 1.9 dB, which is

much more reasonable.

An example where one-port calibra-

tion can be used quite effectively

without an y series at tenuat ion is

when measur ing the input mat ch of

am plifiers with high-reverse isola-

tion. In t his case, th e am plifiers

isolation essentia lly eliminates t he

effect of imper fect load m at ch. Figure 1A

Figure 1B

5


6/12

Use Freque ncy -offse t Modefor Accu rate Meas urem en ts ofMixe rs, Con ve rters an d Tun ers

Fr equency-tr an slating devices suchas m ixers, tuner s, and converters

present unique measurement chal-

lenges since their input and output

frequencies differ. The t ra ditiona l

way to measu re t hese devices is

with br oadband diode detection.

This technique allows scalar mea -

sur ement s only, with m edium

dynamic range and moderate

measurement accuracy.

For h igher a ccur acy, vector n etwork

analyzers such a s the HP 8753D

an d 8720D offer a frequen cy-offsetmode where t he frequency of the

interna l RF source can be a rbitrar ily

offset from th e ana lyzers receivers.

Nar rowband detection can be used

with t his m ode, providing high dy-

nam ic ran ge and good measu rement

accur acy, as well as th e ability to

measure phase and group delay.

There ar e two basic ways tha tfrequency-offset mode can be used.

The simplest way is to ta ke the

output of the mixer or tu ner directly

into the reference input on the

an alyzer (See Figure 1A). This t ech-

nique offers scalar measurements

only, with u p to 35 dB of dynam ic

ra nge (beyond t ha t, th e ana lyzer s

source will not phase lock properly).

For mixers, an externa l LO must be

pr ovided. After specifying th e

measur ement setup from the front

pan el, the pr oper RF frequency

span is calculated by the an alyzerto produce the desired IF frequen-

cies, which t he r eceiver will tune t o

dur ing the sweep. The network

an alyzer will even sweep the RF

source backwar ds if necessar y to

provide the specified IF span .

For high-dynamic-range amplitude

measur ements, a reference mixer

mu st be used. (See Figure 1B.)

This mixer pr ovides a signal to the

R chann el for proper ph ase lock,

but does not affect measurements

of the DUT since it is not in th e

measur ement path . For phase or

delay measu rements, a reference

mixer mu st a lso be used. The refer-

ence mixer and t he DUT must

shar e a common LO to guarant ee

phase coherency.

When test ing mixers, either t ech-

nique requires an IF filter to rem ove

th e mixers un desired mixing

products a s well as t he RF a nd

LO leakage signals.

6

FREQ

ON off

LO

MENU

DOWNCONVERTER

|

UPCONVERTER

RF > LO

|

RF < LO

VIEWMEASURE

RETURN

1 2

Ref IN

start: 900 MHz

stop: 650 MHz

FIXED LO: 1 GHz

LO POWER: 13 dBm

start: 100 MHz

stop: 350 MHz

CH1 CONV MEAS log MAG 10 dB/ REF 10 dB

START 640.000 000 MHz STOP 660.000 000 MHz

H

ACTIVE CHANNEL

RESPONSE

STIMULUS

ENTRY

INSTRUMENTSTATE R CHANNEL

R L T S

HP-IB STATUS

8753DNETWORK ANALYZER

30 KHz -3GHz

PROBE POWERFUSED

PORT2PORT1

Ref In

10 dB

Reference Mixer

3 dB

10 dB

10 dB

Signal Generator

LowpassFilter

HP 8753D

Ref Out

IF

LO

RF

LO

DUT

HINT

4

Figure 1B

Figure 1A


7/12

Swap-Equal-Adapters Method

Port 1

DUTPort 1 Port 2

Port 1 Port 2AdapterA

AdapterB

Port 2

Non-insertable device

1. Transmission cal usingadapter A.

2. Reflection cal usingadapter B. Length ofadapters must be equal.

3. Measure DUT usingadapter B.DUTPort 1 Port 2

AdapterB

Increas ing the Accu racy of Noninse rt ible DeviceMeasurements

length approaches a quarterwavelength, the residual load match

can actua lly get as high as 6 dB

worse tha n th e raw load ma tch.

For a 1-GHz measurement, one

hundr edth of a wavelength means

less tha n 3 mm (about 0.12 inches).

2. Use sw ap equal adapters .

In th is method you use t wo ma tched

ada pters of the sa me electr ical

length, one with m ale/female

connectors and one that matches

the device under t est.

Suppose your instrum ent test ports

ar e both m ale, such as th e ends of a

pair of test -port cables, an d your

device has two female ports. P ut a

female-to-female thr ough adapt er,

usually on port 2, and do the tra ns-

mission portion of the calibrat ion.

After t he four t ra nsm ission

measurem ents, swap in th e male-

to-female adapt er (now you h ave

two male test ports), and do the

reflection portion of the calibration.

Now you are r eady to measu re your

device. All the a dapt ers in th e cali-

brat ion kits ar e of equal electr ical

length (even if their physical

lengths ar e different).

3. Modify the th rough -l ine-

standard. If your application is

manu factur ing test, the swap-

equal-adapt ers meth ods r equire-

ment for a dditional adapters m ay

be a dra wback. Inst ead, it is

possible to modify the calibration

kit definition t o include th e length

of th e thr ough line. If the calibrat ion

kit ha s been modified to ta ke into

account t he loss and delay of the

thr ough, then t he corr ect value for

load m at ch will be mea sur ed. Its

easy to find t hese values for t he

male-to-male th rough and the

Fu ll two-port err or corr ectionprovides th e best a ccur acy when

measur ing RF and microwave

components . But, if you h ave a non-

insertable device (for example, one

with fema le connectors on both

ports), th en its test ports cann ot be

directly connected dur ing calibra -

tion. Extra car e is needed when

ma king this thr ough connection,

especially while measu ring a device

that has poor output ma tch, such as

an am plifier or a low-loss device.

There are four general ways to

handle th e potential errors with

a t hr ough connection for a nonin-

sert able device:

1. Use a very sh ort through.

This allows you t o disregar d th e

potential er rors. When you connect

port 1 to port 2 du ring a calibrat ion,

the a nalyzer calculates th e retur n

loss of the se cond por t (th e load

mat ch) as well as the tra nsmission

ter m. When the calibrat ion kit def-

inition does not cont ain t he correct

length of the t hrough, an er ror

occurs in th e measur ement of the

load m atch. If a barr el is used to

connect port 1 t o port 2, the mea -

sur ement of the port 2 ma tch will

not have the correct phase, and the

error-correction algorithm will not

rem ove th e effects of an imper fect

port 2 impedance.

This approach will work well

enough if the t hr ough connection is

quite short. However, for a typical

network a nalyzer, short means

less than one hu ndredth of a wave-

length. If the thr ough connection is

one tenth of a wavelength (at t he

frequency of interest ), the corrected

load match is no better than t he

ra w load ma tch. As the th rough

female-to-female t hr ough. First, do

a swap-equal-adapter calibration,

ending up with both female or both

male test ports. Then simply

measur e th e noninserta ble

thr ough an d look at S 21 delay (use

th e midband value) and loss at

1 GHz. Use t his value to modify

th e calibrat ion kit.

4. Use the ad apter-removal

technique . Several HP vector

network a nalyzer m odels offer an

ada pter-rem oval technique to elim-

inate all effects of through adapters.

This technique r equires two full

two-port calibrat ions, but yields th e

most accurate measurement results.

7

HINT

5


8/12

HINT

61:

2:

Start 130.000 MHz Stop 150.000 MHz

1: Transmission

2: Transmission

Delay

Phase

1

51 POINT TRACE Meas1:Mkr1 140.000 MHz

1.1185

/

500 ns/

100

Ref 0 s

Ref 0.00

s

Ref = 0 seconds

Delay

Appears

Negative

2:

Start 130.000 MHz

1:

Stop 150.000 MHz

1: Transmission

2: Transmission

Delay

Phase

1201 POINT TRACE Meas1:Mkr1 140.000 MHz

1.3814

/

500 ns/

100

Ref 0 s

Ref 0.00

s

Ref = 0 seconds

Delay

Known

Positive

Figure 1

When meas ur ing a device undertest (DUT) that ha s a long electr ical

length, use care t o select approp-

riate measurement param eters.

The VNA sam ples its dat a at

discret e frequency points, t hen

connects the dots on the display

to mak e it more visually appealing.

If the pha se shift of the DUT

changes by more than 180 degrees

between adjacent frequency points,

th e display can look like th e phas e

slope is reversed! The data is un der-

sam pled and a liasing occur s. This

is analogous to filming a wagonwheel in m otion, wher e t ypically

too few frames ar e shot t o accur-

ately portr ay the m otion a nd th e

wheel appears to spin backwards.

In addition, the VNA calculat es

group delay data from phase dat a.

If the slope of the pha se is reversed,

th en th e group delay will cha nge

sign. A SAW filter ma y appear to

ha ve negative group delay clearly

not a corr ect ans wer. If you suspect

aliasing m ight be occurrin g in your

measur ements, try this simple test.

Just decrease the spacing between

frequency points a nd see if the

dat a on th e VNAs display cha nges.

Either increase the num ber of

point s, or r educe the frequency span.

Figure 1 shows a measu rement

of a S AW bandpa ss filter on a n

HP 8714C VNA, with 51 points in

th e display. The indicated gr oup

delay is negative a ph ysical im-

possibility. But if the n umber of

points increases to 201 (figure 2),

it becomes is clear th at the VNA

settings created a n a liasing

problem.

Figure 2

8

Che ck for Aliasing in P has eor Delay Format


9/12

To verify transm ission (S 21 )measurements:

1. Connect a thr ough cable from

port 1 to port 2. The magnit ude of

S21 sh ould be close to 0 dB (with in a

few tenth s of a dB).

2. To verify S21 isolation, connect

two loads : one on port 1 an d one on

port 2. Measur e the magnitude of

S21 and verify that it is less than

th e specified isolation (typically

less tha n 80 dB).

To get a more accurat e ra nge ofexpected values for t hese mea sur e-

ment s, consult th e ana lyzer s

specifications. You migh t a lso

consider doing these verifications

immediat ely after a calibrat ion to

verify the quality of the calibrat ion.

If youve ever mea sur ed a de vicean d the mea sur ement s didnt look

quite right, or you were unsu re

about a par ticular an alyzers accur-

acy or per form ance, here a re a few

quick check met hods you can u se

to verify an inst ru ment s calibration

or performan ce. All you n eed ar e

a few calibration standards.

Verifying re flections

measurements

To verify reflection (S11) measure-

ment s on the source port (port 1)

per form one or mor e of th e follow-ing steps:

1. For a quick first check, leave port

1 open and verify tha t th e magni-

tu de of S11 is near 0 dB (within

about 1 dB).

2. Connect a load calibrat ion

standa rd to port 1. The magnitude

of S11 should be less than the

specified calibrated directivity of

th e ana lyzer (typically less th an

30 dB).

3. Connect either an open or sh ort

circuit calibration standard to

port 1. The ma gnitude of S11 should

be close to 0 dB (with in a few tenth s

of a dB).

Quic k CalibrationVerification

HINT

7

9


10/12

Make your Measu remen tsReal-tim e, Accurate andAutomated

Tunin g and testin g RF devices ina pr oduction environment often

requires s peed and a ccur acy from

a n etwork an alyzer. However, at

fast sweep speeds an ana lyzer s

optimum a ccur acy may be unavail-

able. By using save/recall register s

you can get both fast an d accur at e

measurements.

Using save/recall registers

For example, when adjusting the

passba nd an d stopband r ejection of

a ban dpass filter, first set up t he

basic measur ement on t he an alyzer(the start and stop frequencies,

power level, etc.).

Then increase the IF bandwidth

and r educe the nu mber of data

points (to speed up the t ra ce) and

save this as State 1.

Next, reduce the IF bandwidth and

increase th e num ber of data points

(to get a more accurate measure-

ment).

Add the final limit lines a nd sa veth is as Sta te 2. Now, by alter nat ely

recalling these two stat es you can

adjust the filter in r eal time and

th en a ccur ately verify its specifi-

cations.

Hands-free toggl ing betwe en

instrument s tates

Some network ana lyzers like the

HP 8711C family include a BNC

input tha t can be connected to a

footswitch for toggling between t wo

(or more) stat es.

Instrument automation

For m ore complex testing su ch as

fina l test, an an alyzer with IBASIC

program ming capability (HP 8711C

family, HP E5100, and H P 8751)

provides complex computa tion an d

contr ol so you can easily automa te

measurements.

Using t he IBASIC pr ogra m doesnt

require programming experience.

You can ea sily cust omize each tes t

or combinat ion of tests an d activate

th em by a softkey or footswitch t o

aut omatically set up system pa ra-

meter s for ea ch device you test.

HINT

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Guide to HP Ne tw ork Analyzers

HP E5100A/B Hig h-Speed

Network Analyzers

The HP E5100A/B network ana ly-

zers ha ve been designed resonator

and filter ma nufacturers who needextra-high t hroughput. Numer ous

options ta ilor t hese an alyzer with a

minimum investment. The frequency

ra nge is from 10 kHz to 300 MHz.

With 0.04 ms/point m easur ement

speed, waveform a nalysis capabil-

ity, very low noise circuitr y, an d

IBASIC aut omation capability, the

HP E5100 will improve your ma nu-

facturing productivity.

HP 8711C RF

Network Analyzers

The H P 8711C, 8712C, 8713C,

and 8714C network analyzers are

optimized for economical, high -volume component m an ufacturin g.

They offer gr eat flexibility with

th eir m any options, including AM

group dela y, 50 or 75 ohm syst em

impedan ce, an d intern al 60-dB step

at tenu at or. Some m odels also offer

measur ements of amplitude, phase,

an d group delay. The h igh-speed

CPU, large VGA-compatible display,

IBASIC automat ion, an d LAN

inter connectivity round out th is

familys capa bilities. Frequ ency

ra nge is 300 kHz to 1.3 or 3.0 GHz.

HP 4396B Ne twork/Spectrum/

Impedence Analyzer

The HP 4396B provides excellent

RF vector network, spectr um , and

optional impedance measurementsfor la b an d pr oduction applications.

Measure an d evaluate, with one

instrum ent, the gain, phase, group

delay, distortion, spur ious, car rier-

to-noise ra tio, and n oise of your

components an d circuits. As a

vector net work a nalyzer, the

HP 4396B opera tes from 100 kHz

to 1.8 GHz with 1 MHz resolution

for net work a nalyzer mea surement s.

When combined with a t est set,

th e HP 4396B provides reflection

measur ements, such as r eturn loss,

and SWR, and S-para meters.

HP 8751A Precisio n

Network Analyzer

For highly accura te measu rements

at lower frequencies (5 Hz to 500

MHz), the H P 8751A network

ana lyzer pr ovides 0.001 Hz, and

10 ps resolution using full two-port

calibra tions. Th e 8751A also offers

unique features such as conjugate

ma tching ana lysis. With IBASIC

aut omation and built-in disk drive,

the HP 8751A is also ready for

manufacturing applications.

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For more information, visit our w ebsi te at Access HP:http://www.tmo.hp.com/For more informat ion about

Hewlett-Packard test and measure-ment products , appl i cat ions ,serv i ce s , and for a current sa l e sof f i ce l i s t ing , v i s i t our web s i t e ,http :/ /w ww.hp .com/go/tmdir . Youcan also contact one of the followingc e n t e r s a n d a s k f o r a t e s t a n dmeasurement sales representative .

United States:Hewlett-Packard CompanyTest and Measu rement Ca ll CenterP.O. Box 4026En glewood, CO 80155-40261 800 452 4844

Canada:Hewlett-Packard Canada Ltd.5150 Spectru m WayMississauga, OntarioL4W 5G1(905) 206 4725

Europe:Hewlett-PackardEuropean Marketing CentreP.O. Box 9991180 AZ AmstelveenThe Netherlands(31 20) 547 9900

Japan:Hewlett-Packard J apan Ltd.Measurement Assistance Center9-1, Takakura-Cho, Hachioji-Shi,

Tokyo 192, J apa nTel: (81-426) 56-7832Fax: (81-426) 56-7840

Latin America:Hewlett-PackardLatin American Region Headquar ters5200 Blue La goon Dr ive, 9th F loorMiam i, Florida 33126, U.S.A.(305) 267 4245/4220

Australia/New Zealand:Hewlett-Packard Australia Ltd.31-41 Joseph Str eetBlackburn, Victoria 3130, Australia1 800 629 485

Asia Pacific:

Hewlett-Packard Asia Pacific Ltd.17-21/F Sh ell Tower, Times Squ ar e,1 Matheson Str eet, Causeway Bay,Hong KongTel: (852) 2599 7777Fa x: (852) 2506 9285

Data Subject to ChangeCopyrigh t 1997Hewlett-Packard CompanyPrinte d in U.S.A. 6/975965-8166E

HP 8510C Microwa ve

Network Analyzer

Since its intr oduction in 1985, theHP 8510 series of microwave net-

work a nalyzers ha ve set the

standard for performance. These

ana lyzers provide a complete solu-

tion for char acterizing the linear

behavior of active or pass ive net-

works from 45 MH z to 50 GHz.

On-wafer, millimeter -wave m easur e-

ments, pulsed-RF m easurements,

broadband bias, calibra tion and

cont rol the H P 8510 does it all.

With options for electr onic

calibration, frequency to 110 GHz,

frequency converter s for m ixer

measurem ents and m ultiple-test-

set support , the HP 8510 fam ily

meets every need.

HP 8752C and 8753D RF

Network Analyzers

A rich set of measur ementcapabilities with excellent perfor-

man ce and accura cy make

th e HP 8752/8753 fam ily the

standa rd by which other analyzers

ar e measur ed. A fully integra ted

S-parameter test set, exceptional

dynam ic ra nge, har monic and offset

frequency mea surement capabilties,

plus thr ee independent, tuned

receivers p rovide afforda ble excel-

lence. Options for time domain

(including TDR functionality),

6 GHz frequency ran ge, high-

sta bility source for SAW meas ur e-

ments, 75 ohms a nd ma ny others

make t he HP 8753D a very versatile

network analyzer.

HP 8720D Microwa ve

Network Analyzers

For m icrowave frequencies, the

HP 8720D fam ily of network a naly-

zers offers excellent perform an ce at

an afforda ble price. Compa ct and

easy to use, this family has th e

same contr ol and interface as the

HP 8753D RF network a nalyzer,

but provides frequen cy-response

covera ge from 50 MHz t o 13.5, 20,

or 40 GHz. Options include four-

sam pler architectur e for full

TRL/LRL calibr at ions for on-wafer

and other noncoaxial measurements,

a h igh-power test set, direct sampler

access, an d time-doma in. DX models

come preconfigured with options

for non-coaxial app licat ions a t a

value pr ice.

HP Ne tw ork Analyzers(contd)

HP-AN1291!1!8 Hints for Making Better Network Analyzer Measurements

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Transcript of HP-AN1291!1!8 Hints for Making Better Network Analyzer Measurements