How Old is the Earth According to the Bible
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ow Old is the Earth Accordingto the Bible?
Northwest Creation Network ow old is the earth? Earthquake Animation Fun Links
o Creation Links are found on Fun Links here! in the lefthand column
"a#en E$e for the %inner &u$ 'indows of ea#en and the (h$sics of Creation! )arious
Bible *ranslations )ersion 'indows of ea#en and the (h$sics of Creation! +ing ,ames
-.-- *ranslation )ersionLast modified on ,anuar$ /nd! /0-1 2 Contact Brian 3a#isfor comments4 5se
"esolution 6007.00 or finer4 Counter
starting
from
%cri8ture
9N:);
we find this timeline
9#alues rounded tothe closest $ear;
*he cumulati#e
uncertaint$ t$8icall$
inde7es u8 b$ 0 $ears old
when %eth was born!
or ->0 $ears 8lus >.1
da$s4
ear
cumulati#e
uncertaint$
from
Adam
from
,esus=
Birth
&enesis @- *his is the written 0 2
-
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account of Adam=s
line4
&enesis @>%eth born when Adam
is ->00 2 0 1!/61 BC
&enesis @.Enosh born when
%eth is -0@0 2 @ 1!-D BC
&enesis @D+enan born when
Enosh is D00 2 >/@ 1!06D BC
&enesis @-/ahalalel born when
+enan is 00 2 D@ 1!0-D BC
&enesis @-@,ared born when
ahalalel is .@
0 2 !D@1 BC
&enesis @-6Enoch born when
,ared is -./0 2 !D/ BC
&enesis @/-ethuselah born
when Enoch is .@0 2 !/ BC
&enesis @/@Lamech born when
ethuselah is -60 2 !@10 BC
&enesis @/6Noah born when
Lamech is -6/0 2 !>@6 BC
&enesis --Flood starts when
Noah is .000 2
Ark comes to rest
when Noah is .0-
9actuall$ onl$ 6 of
a $ear;
0 2
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&enesis
---1
Eber born when
%helah is >00 2 10 2 -!@6 /!.@. BC
&enesis
---6
"eu born when (eleg
is >00 2
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was at least /0 $ears
old when the$ left
Eg$8t4 Also! assume
that his reign was at
least /0 $ears in the
8romised land4;
Let=s guess this
8eriod lasted @!
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for 10 $ears
,udges >-1
:srael is o88ressed b$
+ing Eglon for -6
$ears
10 2 D BC
,udges >>0
:srael li#es in
de#otion to the Lord
under ,udge Ehud G
,udge %hamgar for 60
$ears
10 2 -
:srael li#es in
de#otion to the Lord
under (ro8hetess
3eborah for 10 $ears
10 2 !0-@ -!>DD BC
,udges .-
:srael is o88ressed b$
the idianites for
$ears
10 2 !0// -!>D/ BC
,udges 6/6
:srael li#es inde#otion to the Lord
under ,udge &ideon
for 10 $ears
10 2 !0./ -!>@/ BC
,udges D//
:srael is o88ressed b$
+ing Abimelech for >
$ears
10 2 !0.@ -!>1D BC
,udges -0-
:srael li#es in
de#otion to the Lordunder ,udge *ola for
/> $ears
10 2 !066 -!>/. BC
,udges -0> :srael li#es in
de#otion to the Lord
under ,udge ,air for
10 2 !--0 -!>01 BC
-
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// $ears
,udges -0
:srael is o88ressed b$
the (hilistines and
the Ammonites for -6
$ears
10 2 >!-/6 -!/6. BC
,udges -/
:srael li#es in
de#otion to the Lord
under ,udge
,e8hthah for . $ears
10 2 !->1 -!/60 BC
,udges -/D
:srael li#es in
de#otion to the Lord
under ,udge :ban for
$ears
10 2 !-1- -!/> BC
,udges
-/--
:srael li#es in
de#otion to the Lord
under ,udge Elon for
-0 $ears
10 2 !-@- -!/.> BC
,udges
-/->
:srael li#es in
de#otion to the Lord
under ,udge Abdonfor 6 $ears
10 2 !-@D -!/@@ BC
,udges ->-
:srael is o88ressed b$
the (hilistines for 10
$ears
10 2 !-DD -!/-@ BC
,udges
-./D
:srael li#es in
de#otion to the Lord
under ,udge %amson
for /0 $ears
10 2 !/-D -!-D@ BC
,udges - :srael has no ,udge in
force! and e#er$one
does whate#er the$
think is right in their
own e$es4 %tories of
0 2 !/1D -!-.@ BC
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icah! attacks on the
tribe of BenIamin b$
the other tribes!
i8ah! etc4
A #er$ big guess is
that this 8eriod lasts
>0! 0
- %amuel
1-6
:srael li#es in
de#otion to the Lord
under ,udge :li for 10
$ears
0 2 !/6D -!-/@ BC
- %amuel .-
Ark of the Co#enant
in (hilistine
8ossession for
months
0 2 !/D0 -!-/1 BC
- %amuel /
Ark of the Co#enant
in the care of the men
of +iriath ,earim for
/0 $ears
0 2 !>-0 -!-01 BC
- %amuel
-@
%amuel is :srael=s last
,udge
A guess is that he
Iudged while the Ark
was in +iriath ,earim!
and for an additional
/0 !>>0 -!061 BC
subtotal
,udges (eriod lasts @/- $ears! @0 2 good
$ears 2 -11 bad $earsJ see - +ings .- for more:sraeli Calendar data;
- %amuel
->-
+ing %aul rules :srael
for 1/ $earsD0 2 / >!>/ -!01/ BC
- +ings /-0+ing 3a#id rules
:srael for 10 $earsD0 2 > >!1-/ -!00/ BC
-
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- +ings
--1/
+ing %olomon rules
:srael for 10 $earsD0 2 1 >!1@/ D./ BC
- +ings
-1-D
+ing ,eroboam rules
:srael for // $earsD0 2 @ >!11 D10 BC
- +ings
-@/@
+ing Nadab rules
:srael for / $earsD0 2 . >!1. D>6 BC
- +ings
-@>>
+ing Baasha rules
:srael for /1 $earsD0 2 >!@00 D-1 BC
- +ings -.6+ing Elah rules :srael
for / $earsD0 2 6 >!@0/ D-/ BC
- +ings
-./>
+ing Omri rules :srael
for -/ $ears
D0 2 D >!@-1 D00 BC
- +ings
-./D
+ing Ahab rules
:srael for // $earsD0 2 !@>. 66 BC
- +ings
//@-
+ing Ahaiah rules
:srael for / $earsD0 2 !@>6 6. BC
/ +ings >-+ing ,oram rules
:srael for -/ $earsD0 2 !@@0 6.1 BC
/ +ings
-0>.
+ing ,ehu rules :srael
for /6 $earsD0 2 >!@6 6>. BC
/ +ings ->-+ing ,ehoaha rules
:srael for - $earsD0 2 !@D@ 6-D BC
/ +ings
->-0
+ing ,ehoash rules
:srael for -. $earsD0 2 !.-- 60> BC
/ +ings
-1/>
+ing ,eroboam ::
rules :srael for 1-
$ears
D0 2 !.@/ ./ BC
/ +ings -@6
/ +ings
-@->
+ing Kechariah 904@
$ears; and then +ing
%hallum 904- $ears;
rule :srael for 04.
$ears
D0 2 !.@> .- BC
-
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/ +ings
-@-
+ing enahem rules
:srael for -0 $earsD0 2 !..> @- BC
/ +ings
-@/>
+ing (ekahiah rules
:srael for / $earsD0 2 !..@ 1D BC
/ +ings
-@/
+ing (ekah rules
:srael for /0 $earsD0 2 !.6@ /D BC
/ +ings --
+ing Hoshea rules
:srael for D $ears 9this
is :srael=s last +ing;
D0 2 !.D1 /0 BC
/ +ings -6-
+ing Heekiah rules
,udah for /D $ears!
starting in +ingHoshea=s >rd $ear4
Net /DD/>
D- 2 !- .D BC
/ +ings /--+ing anasseh rules
,udah for @@ $earsD- 2 !/ .1/ BC
/ +ings
/--D
+ing Amon rules
,udah for / $earsD- 2 >!1 .10 BC
/ +ings //-+ing ,osiah rules
,udah for >- $ears
D- 2 !60@ .0D BC
/ +ings
/>>-
+ing ,ehoaha rules
,udah for 04/@ $earsD- 2 !60@ .0D BC
/ +ings
/>>.
+ing ,ehoiakim rules
,udah for -- $earsD- 2 !6-. @D6 BC
/ +ings /16+ing ,ehoiahin rules
,udah for 04/@ $earsD- 2 !6-. @D6 BC
/ +ings
/1-6
+ing Kedekiah rules
,udah for -- $ears!after which the first
tem8le is burned
down and destro$ed
9/ +ings /@D;
D- 2 !6/ @6 BC
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subtotal +ings (eriod lasts 1D $ears! - 2 6 BC first ,ewish e7iles return to ,erusalem
@-. BC new tem8le com8leted in ,erusalem
1@6 BC Era returns to ,erusalem
11@ BC Nehemiah builds ,erusalem wall
1>0 BC alachi becomes a 8ro8het
:n the $ear /!0-1A3
*he earth is .!1/6 9D-
2 > to .!@61 $ears
old
*he $ear of creation would be
11-1 BC 9D- 2 />
BC to 1!@0 BC
D- 2
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ow Old is the Earth Accordingto the Bible and %cience?b$ "ich 3eem:ntroduction*he age of the earth has been a to8ic of debate among Christians o#er
the last two centuries4 %e#eral Christian ministries 8romote the idea
that the earth is less than -0!000 $ears old! which the$ sa$ comes
from the Bible4 :n realit$! the Bible makes no claim as to the age of the
earth! although it does establish a minimum age4 *his 8age e7amines
some of the histor$ of the contro#ers$Mwhat the Bible actuall$ sa$s
and does not sa$Mand the scientific e#idencesurrounding the age of
the earth4
Age of the earth according to the Bible*he following is a summar$ of the biblical e#idence 8resented on thiswebsite regarding the age of the earth4 For more detailed e78lanations
of each to8ic! 8lease click on the associated link4
istor$ of the age of the earthAs indicated earlier! the Bible does not fi7 the age of the earth!
contrar$ to the claims of Answers in &enesis4-Historicall$! their claim
comes from the work of ,ames 5ssher! Bisho8 in the Church of
:reland! from -./@ to [email protected] Archbisho8 5ssher took the genealogies of
&enesis! assuming the$ were com8lete! and calculated all the $ears to
arri#e at a date for the creation of the earth on %unda$! October />!
1001 B4C4/Of course! e#en assuming the method was #alid! such an
e7act date is not 8ossible from the genealogies of the Bible 95ssher
assumed all the $ears the 8atriarchs li#ed were e7actl$ >.@4/@ da$s
long and that the$ all died the da$ before their ne7t birthda$;4 *here
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are a number of other assum8tions im8licit in the calculation4 *he
first! and foremost! assum8tion is that the genealogies of &enesis are
com8lete! from father to son throughout the entire course of human
e7istence4 *he second assum8tion is that the &enesis creation da$s
were e7actl$ /1hours in length4 :t turns out that both assum8tions arefalse4
:ncom8lete genealogies
Biblical &enealogies
Although Archbisho8 5ssher assumed the &enesis genealogies were
com8lete! it is clear from the rest of the Bible that those genealogies
were telesco8ed 9some names were left out for the sake of bre#it$;!
which is common in biblical genealogies but rare in modern
genealogies4 %imilarl$! the ke$ genealogical terms 9such as son and
father; ha#e much broader meanings in Hebrew than their
corres8onding English words4 *he Hebrew word translated son can
also ha#e the meaning of grandson! great grandson! descendant!
etc4>Likewise! the Hebrew word translated father can mean
grandfather! great grandfather! ancestor! etc41An accurate
understanding of biblical genealogies is difficult! $et it is im8ortant for
the understanding of %cri8ture4 Ha#ing a 8ro8er understanding ofbiblical genealogies is a 8rerequisite to attem8ting to address the
&enesis genealogies4 B$ cross referencing the biblical genealogies
with other e#ents dated in the Bible! one can find instances where
numerous genealogies were telesco8ed! resulting in the e7clusion of
numerous generations of indi#iduals4 'hen e7amining indi#idual
http://www.godandscience.org/images/genealogies.jpghttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.html#n03http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.html#n04http://www.godandscience.org/images/genealogies.jpghttp://www.godandscience.org/images/genealogies.jpghttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.html#n03http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.html#n04 -
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genealogies! one can find e7am8les where indi#iduals are e7cluded or
added to the lists found in &enesis4 *he fact that the genealogies of
the Bible are gi#en s$mmetricall$ 9where the numbers of generations
in each grou8 are identical; lends credence to the argument that the$
are re8resentati#e of generations found throughout human histor$4ore information about the biblical genealogies can be found in our
article! *he &enesis &enealogies Are *he$ Com8lete?
Length of creation da$sost 8eo8le who read English translations of the Bible assume that
the English words ha#e the same meaning as the original languages in
which the Bible was written 9Hebrew and Aramaic for the Old
*estament! and &reek for the New *estament;4 :n fact! the original
biblical languages contained man$ fewer words than modern English!
which means that the words in those languages had more different
meanings4 :n the &enesis - creation account! each da$ ends as
e#ening and morning =n= da$!@where n is the da$=s number4
Although man$ Christians claim this makes the da$s e7actl$ /1hours
in length! the Hebrew word translated da$ in English actuall$ has
three literal translationsJ the da$light 8ortion of a /1hour da$! a /1
hour da$! and a long! uns8ecified 8eriod of time 9as in da$ of the
dinosaurs;4.*he Hebrew word translated e#ening also means
sunset! night or ending of the da$4 *he Hebrew word translated
morning also means sunrise! coming of light! beginning of the
da$! or dawning! with 8ossible meta8horic usage4Our English
e78ression *he dawning of an age ser#es to illustrate this 8oint4 *he
intended meaning of the word should be determined from the conte7t4
ore information and e7am8les can be found in our article Biblical
E#idence for Long Creation 3a$s4
/1hour da$s?Although some Christians claim the da$s of creation are
e7actl$ /1hours in length! it is a88arent from the literal
reading of the &enesis - te7t that this is not so4 *wo da$s
stand out! in 8articular4 On the third da$! &od created the
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8lants4 *he 8articulars are im8ortant! so let=s look at what &enesis -
sa$s
*hen &od said! Let the earth s8rout #egetation! 8lants $ielding seed!
and fruit trees bearing fruit after their kind! with seed in them! on the
earthJ and it was so4 And the earth brought forth #egetation! 8lants
$ielding seed after their kind! and trees bearing fruit! with seed in
them! after their kindJ and &od saw that it was good4 9&enesis ----/;
*he interesting 8art of the account is that &od did not create the
8lants in the manner we might assume He did4 :nstead of creating a
world filled with fullgrown 8lants! &od actuall$ created seeds and
8lanted those4 'e understand this from the word s8rout!6which
refers to &od allowing the earth to 8roduce 8lants through germination
9s8routing;4 *he Hebrew word dashatells us that &od used 8rocesses
identical to what we see on the earth toda$4 (lants s8outed! grew to
maturit$! and 8roduced seeds4 %e#eral kinds of 8lants are described4
*he Hebrew word desheDrefers 8rimaril$ to grassesJ the word eseb-0
refers 8rimaril$ to herbs and the words 8eri--ets-/refer to fruit trees4
%ome Christians claim that &od could ha#e s8ed u8 the 8rocess so
that it all this s8routing and growing ha88ened within a 8eriod of /1
hours4 Howe#er! the te7t clearl$ states that the land8roduced the
#egetation and trees4 ConIecture about what &od could ha#e done to
s8eed u8 the 8rocess ha#e nobiblical su88ort and directl$ contradict
what the te7t actuall$ sa$s4 %ince fruit trees take se#eral $ears to
mature and 8roduce fruit! the third da$ must ha#e been at least
se#eral $ears long4
*he si7th da$ was also a #er$ bus$ da$4 On the si7th da$! &od
created the ne8hesh9soulish; animals! including the wild animals
9carni#ores;! cattle 9herbi#ores; and cree8ing things 9rodents?;
9&enesis -/@;4 *hen &od created Adam! the first man 9&enesis -/!
/;4 He 8laced the man into a s8ecial garden that He had 8lanted
9&enesis /6;4 Again! &od was 8la$ing farmer b$ 8lanting the garden
and letting it grow 9&enesis /D;4 Adam was 8laced into the garden to
work it and take care of it 9&enesis /-@;4 'e don=t know how long
Adam worked the garden before &od ga#e him another assignment4
Howe#er! it wouldn=t ha#e been much work if Adam was there for
http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Genesis%201.11-12http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.html#n08http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.html#n09http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.html#n10http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.html#n11http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.html#n12http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/carnivores.htmlhttp://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Genesis%201.25http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Genesis%201.27http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Genesis%202.7http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Genesis%202.8http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Genesis%202.9http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Genesis%202.15http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Genesis%201.11-12http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.html#n08http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.html#n09http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.html#n10http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.html#n11http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.html#n12http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/carnivores.htmlhttp://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Genesis%201.25http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Genesis%201.27http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Genesis%202.7http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Genesis%202.8http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Genesis%202.9http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Genesis%202.15 -
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less than /1 hours4 Ne7t! &od had Adam gi#e names to all the beasts
of the field and all the birds of the air 9&enesis /-D;4 *he 8rocess
would ha#e required Adam naming tens of thousands of s8ecies
9minimum;4 E#en naming one animal e#er$ ten seconds would ha#e
taken Adam se#eral da$s! at minimum4 *hen &od 8ut Adam to slee8and created E#e from 8art of Adam=s side 9&enesis ////>;4 Adam=s
res8onse to E#e=s creation is also telling! since u8on seeing E#e for
the first time! Adam said at last4->*his is not e7actl$ the res8onse
one would ha#e e78ected from a man who had waited for less than one
da$ 9or else Adam was the most im8atient man in the histor$ of
humanit$;4 %o! we must conclude that the si7th da$ was much longer
than /1 hours! and 8robabl$ took at least se#eral $ears! based on
Adam=s res8onse4 For more information! see our article &enesis - *he
Literal :nter8retation of the Creation Account4
*he se#enth da$Besides the biblical e#idence that at least some of the &enesis da$s
are long 8eriods of time! &enesis /1refers to all . da$s of creation as
one da$
*his is the account of the hea#ens and the earth when the$ were
created! in the da$ that the Lord &od made earth and hea#en4 9&enesis
/1;
:n addition! the se#enth da$ of &enesis is not closed
*hen &od blessed the se#enth da$ and sanctified it! because in it He
rested from all His work which &od had created and made4 9&enesis
/>;
:n all other da$s the te7t sa$s! there is the e#ening and the morning!
the n da$4 :n the book of Hebrews! the author tells us to labor to enterinto &od=s se#enth da$ of rest
For He has thus said somewhere concerning the se#enth da$! And
&od rested on the se#enth da$ from all His works444 Let us therefore
be diligent to enter that rest! lest an$one fall through following the
same e7am8le of disobedience4 9Hebrews 11--;
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B$ an$ calculation! &od=s se#enth da$ of rest from creating has been
at least .!000 $ears long! since it continues to toda$4 &od=s se#enth
da$ of rest from creating will end when He creates the new hea#ens
and new earth4
Age of humanit$Other than incom8lete genealogies! there are other measures of the
age of humanit$ found in the Bible4 First! the Bible sa$s that the Lord
made a co#enant and commanded his law to -!000 generations
"emember His co#enant fore#er! *he word which He commanded
to a thousand generations! 9- Chronicles -.-@;
He has remembered His co#enant fore#er! *he word which He
commanded to a thousand generations! 9(salm -0@6;
but showing lo#e to a thousand generations of those who lo#e me
and kee8 m$ commandments4 9E7odus /0.;
but showing lo#e to a thousand generations of those who lo#e me
and kee8 m$ commandments4 93euteronom$ @-0;
+now therefore that the LO"3 $our &od is &odJ he is the faithful
&od! kee8ing his co#enant of lo#e to a thousand generations of
those who lo#e him and kee8 his commands4 93euteronom$ D;
5nless those generations are onl$ . $ears long! these #erses indicate
that humanit$ has been around much longer than .!000 $ears4 :n most
instances! a biblical generation is 10 $ears long!-1meaning that
human beings ha#e been around for at least 10!000 $ears4
Another! less accurate wa$ to look at the age of humanit$ is to
com8are an earl$ biblical e#ent with earth=s natural histor$4 One
e7am8le is the 8erson (eleg! of whom it is said for in his da$s theearth was di#ided444 9&enesis -0/@; *his di#iding of the earth was
likel$ a result of the remo#al of land bridges at the end of the last
interglacial 8eriod! about -/!000 $ears ago4 3uring this time! seal
le#els rose se#eral hundred feet as continental ice sheets melted and
flowed into the oceans4 Assuming the biblical genealogies were
com8lete! we could calculate that (eleg li#ed 1!000 $ears ago4
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Howe#er! since the di#iding of the earth reall$ occurred -/!000 $ears
ago! one can determine that the genealogies re8resent onl$ one third
of the actual generations 9-/!000 1!000;4 *his would 8lace the
beginning of humanit$ at /1!000 $ears ago! assuming the missing
genealogies are missing at the same rate throughout human histor$4%ince it would seem likel$ that more of the earlier genealogies are
missing! the estimate is likel$ low! 8robabl$ being more in line with the
biblical 10!000 $ears4
From a scientific stand8oint! : would 8lace the creation of Adam as the
first modern human 9Homo sa8iens sa8iens;! corres8onding with the
e78losion of so8histicated tool making! art! and religious worshi8 in
Euro8e! about @0!000 $ears ago4-@: do not belie#e that Adam was a
Neanderthal! Homo erectus! or other hominid s8ecies found in the
fossil record! but a full$ modern! s8iritual human being4
%ummar$ of biblical e#idenceContrar$ to the calculation of Archbisho8 5ssher! it seems that the
biblical genealogies are telesco8ed! re8resenting onl$ a small
8ercentage of the actual human generations4 *herefore! the time that
humanit$ has e7isted on earth is in the tens of thousands of $ears
rather than thousands of $ears4 Howe#er! humanit$ was the #er$ last
of &od=s creations! on the si7th da$s4 *he da$s of creation can be
shown to be longer than ordinar$ calendar da$s! with at least two of
the da$s being $ears long or longer 9in addition to the se#enth da$!
which is a minimum of thousands of $ears long;4 %o! although the Bible
ma$ gi#e us an a88ro7imate date for the creation of human beings! we
can onl$ guess at how long the other creation da$s are4 Howe#er!
&od has gi#en us another book that testifies to His 8ower and
creati#e abilit$Mnone other than the creation itself4 *he Bible
e78licitl$ tells us that &od=s creation is a reliable witness for the truth
about &od=s 8ower and righteousness4 *he Bible also sa$s that one
can see the truth about &od from His creation! so that unbelie#ers are
without e7cuse in den$ing &od=s eternal 8ower and di#ine nature4-.
%o! the Bible sa$s that we can learn about &od from His creation4 Let=s
do thatP
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Age of the earth according to science
Kircon
*he age of the earth can be measured b$ numerous different
techniques! most of which 8ro#ide Iust a minimumage4 *he absolute
age of the earth has been most accuratel$ measured through
radioacti#e deca$ of its rocks4 Because of 8late tectonics 9which
rec$cles the earth=s crust; and the late hea#$ bombardment! none of
the original rock formations a88ear on the surface of the earth at this
time4 %o! the oldest known rock formations ha#e been dated to 14014/
billion $ears old4-Howe#er! tin$ ircons! some of the hardest minerals
on earth! ha#e sur#i#ed these catastro8hic e#ents and ha#e beenreliabl$ dated to 141 billion $ears old4-6"ocks returned from the A8ollo
moon missions!-Dalong with meteorites deri#ed from ars/0ha#e been
dated at 14@ billion $ears old4 eteorites from the solar s$stem that
ha#e landed on the earth ha#e been dated to 14@. billion $ears old!
which establishes the date at which the solar s$stem and all its worlds
were created4
"adioacti#e deca$
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"adioacti#e *able of Elements
*here are o#er -00 elements in the 8eriodic table 9right;4 *he
8ro8erties of each element are determined b$ the number of 8rotons
and neutrons in each element=s atoms4 *he atomic number 9which
defines each element; is a function of the number of 8rotons
98ositi#el$ charged;! which is e7actl$ balanced b$ the number of
electrons 9negati#el$ charged;4 *he number of neutrons 9each
consisting of a 8roton and electron! being chargeneutral; within each
atom is usuall$ about the same as the number of 8rotons! although
some elements can e7ist in different forms 9called isoto8es; based
u8on different numbers of neutrons4 A fundamental 8h$sical law!
called the weak nuclear force! determines the stabilit$ of atoms that
contain differing numbers of neutrons4 %ome isoto8es are somewhat or
#er$ unstable and deca$ in a 8redictable wa$ and at a 8redictable rate4
3e8ending u8on the isoto8e! this deca$ can occur in se#eral different
wa$s4 One form of radioacti#e deca$ consists of a neutron deca$ing
into a 8roton and electron! which is eIected from the nucleus4 *he
atom=s atomic number increases b$ one! so it becomes one element
higher on the 8eriodic table! although its mass remains about the
same4 :n other forms of radioacti#e deca$! a 8roton combines with an
electron to form a neutron! resulting in its atomic number decreasing
b$ one4 %till another form of radioacti#e deca$ results in the emission
of an al8ha 8article 9two neutrons and two 8rotons;! which lowers the
atomic number b$ / and mass b$ 14 Both the original amount of an
element and its deca$ 8roduct9s; can be measured to determine the
age of the sam8le4
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:soto8es and the age of the earth*he im8ortant thing about radioacti#e deca$ is that is 8ro#ides us with
clocks that allow us to determine the ages of #arious materials on the
earth4 *he stabilit$ of a 8articular isoto8e determines its halflife! theamount of time required for half of the atoms to deca$4 Halfli#es of
isoto8es #ar$ from billions of $ears 9or longer; to fractions of a second4
*he e7istence of certain isoto8es on the earth gi#e us a minimum age
for the earth4 :t is significant that there are o#er -@0 unstable
isoto8es! although the #ast maIorit$ of those do note7ist naturall$ on
the 8lanet4 :t turns out that e#er$ isoto8e 9other than those which are
8roducts of other radioacti#e deca$ or are formed toda$; with a half
life less than 60 million $ears do not e7ist4/-One could make the claim
that ma$be &od didn=t want to create isoto8es with short halfli#es9other than carbon-1;4 Howe#er! the most com8elling answer is that
all those isoto8es with short halfli#es ha#e com8letel$ deca$ed o#er
the earth=s 14@ billion $ear histor$4 An earth that was onl$ tens of
thousands of $ears old would be e78ected to contain isoto8es with
half li#es less than thousands of $ears long4 Howe#er! there are none!
with the e7ce8tion of carbon-1! which is formed continuall$ in the
earth=s atmos8here! through the bombardment of atmos8heric
nitrogen-1 with cosmic ra$s4 %ome $oung earth creationists ha#e
attem8ted to get around the radioisoto8e 8roblem b$ claiming that thehalfli#es of radioacti#e elements were shorter in the 8ast4 Howe#er!
since the halfli#es of radioisoto8es #ar$ o#er man$ orders of
magnitude! this would require that &od would ha#e had to ha#e
changed 8refall or 8reflood 8h$sics to adIust the deca$ rates of
indi#idual isoto8es more or less com8ared to others4 Needless to sa$!
creationists who 8ro8ose such s8ecial 8leading ha#e ne#er 8roduced
an$ kind of coherent scientific model for how this contri#ed idea might
ha#e been accom8lished4 :n addition! the Bible tells us that the
8h$sics of the uni#erse are constant and fi7ed!
//
suggesting thatsuch s8ecial 8leading is incongruent with biblical theolog$4
3ating of meteoritesBecause of the earth=s aggressi#e tectonic acti#it$! it was antici8ated
that dating of the earth=s rocks would $ield a minimum! but 8robabl$
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$oung date for the earth4 As stated 8re#iousl$! the oldest rock
formations are Iust o#er 14/ billion $ears old! while the earth=s oldest
minerals are 141 billion $ears old4 %ince the moon has no measureable
tectonics! its oldest rocks date from 14@ billion $ears ago4 'ith the
assum8tion that all the solar s$stem bodies were formed at the sametime!/>scientists ha#e dated meteorites to determine the age of the
solar s$stem4 5sing different isochron methods! the dates for all these
meteorites fall in the same rangeMfrom 14@14. billion $ears ago4
:sochron 3ating of eteorites/1
eteorite :sochron Age 9billions of $ears;(b(b %mNd "b%r "eOs ArAr%t4 %e#erin 14@1> Q 040-D 14@@ Q 04>> 14@- Q 04-@ 14.6 Q 04-@
,u#inas 14@@. Q 040-/ 14@. Q 0406 14@0 Q 040Allende 14@@> Q 04001 14@@ Q 040>
Other dating techniques"adioacti#it$ is not the onl$ means of measuring the age of the earth!
although it does gi#e us the most accurate measure4 Howe#er! other
techniques allow us to calculate a minimumage for the earth4 Below is
a table of these techniques! all of which show the earth is much older
than .!000 $ears4
*echniques for easuring the Earth=s Age
(art of &od=s CreationEinimum Age
of theformation
9$rs4;Age of moon rocks 14@ billion-D
Age of meteorites 14@ billion/1
Accumulation of s8ace dust on the moon 9at themeasured rate of about / nanograms 8er square
centimeter 8er $ear;
14@ billion/@
Age of earth rocks 14/ billion-
"ela7ation times of star clusters 1 billion/.
Erosion on ercur$ ars! and oon 1 billion/
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*echniques for easuring the Earth=s Age
(art of &od=s CreationEinimum Age
of theformation
9$rs4;Length of da$s of coral fossils >0 million/6
Accumulation of sodium in the oceans /.0 million/D
"ate of continental drift to form the the Atlantic Ocean /00 million>0
"e#ersals of the earth=s magnetic 8ole recorded in the
Atlantic Ocean sea bottom60 million>-
Erosion of the &rand Can$on - million>/
&eometric measurement to the gala7$ N&C1/@6 />4@ million>>
Carbonate de8osits *he &reat Bahama Bank! off the
coast of Florida! has multi8le la$ers o#er -1!@00 feet
thick
-/41 million>1
*here are sedimentar$ rock formations on ars that are
o#er 1 kilometers thick4 %uch la$ers would require tens
to hundreds of millions of $ears of running water to
form4 :n addition there must ha#e been millions of $ears
for all the water to ha#e disa88eared! since ars is now
e7tremel$ dr$4 9)iew 8ictures from the article;
-0 million>@
Ooids 9small s8heroidal bodies; Formation for addingman$ la$ers of mineral de8osits in#ol#es massi#e time
elements4
R million>.
*he &reen "i#er annual la$ers 9alternating %ummer
calcium carbonate and 'inter organic la$ers;1 million>
&eometric measurement to the gala7$ >> /41 million>6
E#a8orites 'hen bodies of salt water are tra88ed so
that circulation is limited! e#a8oration 8roduces
8reci8itation of calcium carbonate! then calcium sulfate
and finall$ calcium chloride out of the water4 Each la$ertakes se#eral $ears to form4 *he 3elaware Basin
formation is -!100 feet thick! consisting of /00!000
la$ers! requiring at least .00!000 $ears to form4 *he
editerranean %ea floor is underlain b$ about !000 feet
of e#a8orites! requiring millions of $ears to form and
R> million>D
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*echniques for easuring the Earth=s Age
(art of &od=s CreationEinimum Age
of theformation
9$rs4;e#a8oration of a .0 miles de8th of salt water4
Length of time that surface rocks ha#e been e78osed to
cosmic ra$s 9Antarctic rocks;> million10
Huge stalactites! stalagmites! and columns in the
Carlsbad Ca#erns in New e7ico 9Carlsbad reference;@00!0001-
)ostok ice core in Antarctica 1/0!0001/
*hickness of coral reefs ->0!0001>
Organic banks 9*he Ca8itan "eef of 'est *e7as! /!000
feet thick in 8laces! with fossilied remains of
organisms4;
-00!00011
"adiocarbon dating of wood 9u88er limit of -1C dating
method;@0!0001@
Bristlecone 8ine trees in California --!0001.
3olomite formation "e8lacement of calcium carbonate
8articles in lime sediment or lime rock gi#es strong
e#idence of #ast amounts of time required4 "ate is as
slow as /00 million $ears2mm4
millions1
Conclusion*he Bible establishes a minimum date for the creation of human
beings on the si7th da$ of @0!000 $ears ago4 Howe#er! because the
Bible clearl$ indicates the length of the 8re#ious fi#e creation da$s!
are longer than ordinar$ solar da$s! we must look to &od=s creation to
establish an accurate date for the length of the da$s and the age of
the earth4 *he age of the earth is most accuratel$ established b$
e7amining the age of its rocks! along with the age of rocks from the
moon and meteorites! which were formed around the same time4 All
these measurements indicate that the earth is Iust o#er 14@ billion
$ears old4 easurement of the ages of some of earth=s features
establish a minimum age for those features that is in the hundred of
thousands to millions of $ears4 %ince most of the measurement merel$
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in#ol#e the counting of annual la$ers! the$ are unlikel$ to be grossl$
inaccurate4 *herefore! the $oung earth 8aradigm that the earth is
merel$ .!000 $ears old is falsified b$ both the Bible and science4 *he
#ast ages of the earth does not diminish the 8ower and glor$ of &od!
but establishes that &od thought that 8re8aring the earth for humanhabitation was worth the billions of $ears of 8re8aration4 %ince &od is
not subIect to the tem8oral dimension of this uni#erse!16it all
ha88ened instantl$ for Him4
But now ask the beasts! and let them teach $ouJ And the birds of the
hea#ens! and let them tell $ou4 Or s8eak to the earth! and let it teach
$ouJ And let the fish of the sea declare to $ou4 'ho among all these
does not know *hat the hand of the LO"3 has done this! :n whose
hand is the life of e#er$ li#ing thing! And the breath of all mankind?
3oes not the ear test words! As the 8alate tastes its food? 9,ob -/
--;
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*he Age of the Earth and the Bible *imeline *his Bible *imeline research concludes that the first da$ of Creation 'eek
starts on the ®orian calendar on %unda$ October /-! 1-0- BC at .00 84m4 in what
is now :srael4 *his e7act moment in time starts onda$ October -1 Creation 3a$
One in 1--@ BC on a ,ewish Hebrew >.13a$ SsacredT calendar4 *his >.13a$
calendar is called SsacredT because it is totall$ deri#ed from the numbered $ears in
the te7t of %cri8ture4 :n October of /0-/! the real age of the earth is .!0-/ solar $ears
according to the Bible4 *he Biblical te7t clearl$ states there are 1!0D. solar $ears
from Creation 'eek in 1-0- BC until the birth of ,esus in @ BC4 *his web site and the
digital book commentar$! Earth=s %acredCalendar *he 3ated E#ents of the Old*estament!a#ailable at www4Laridian4com ! are the onl$ sources of this oneofakind research4 *he other web site! www4thesacredcalendar4com! isstill beingconstructed and has more detailed information4 *he Bible chronolog$ dates a#ailable
on these web sites were calculated b$ ,im Liles o#er the 8ast eight 8lus $ears using
onl$ thenumbered dates gi#en in the New +ing ,ames )ersion of the acArthur%tud$ Bible4 All of the e7act and estimated dates used in this *imeline of the Bible until the
E7odus are based on information found in the Old *estament Book of &enesis4 *he
remaining Bible e#ents are also dated from the Book of E7odus until the e#ents of
Easter 'eek in >0 A3 found in the New *estament4 *he $ear of -11@ BC! the most
acce8ted $ear of the E7odus! was used as the Anchor ear for the entire Bible
*imeline4 *he Author of this *imeline of the Bible ho8es $ou will enIo$ e78loring this
unique research and gain a greater understanding His %o#ereignt$4 'hen $ou gras8the ob#ious fact that onl$ the &od of the Bible is in control of e#er$thing! there is no
e7cuse for $ou to be an7ious or worr$ about an$thing unless $ou do not belong to
HimP *he Bible is #er$ clear that if $ou do not belie#e in the &od of Abraham! :saac!
and ,ose8h andacknowledge ,esus the Christ as essiah and Lord! $ou ha#e a greatdeal to be worried about for a #er$ long time4
*he >.13a$ Bible "eference CalendarConsistent with%cri8ture UF"EEClick link below to )iew and (rint the >.13a$Calendar4 *his Calendar shows the months G da$s at Creationand the . month change at the start of the E7odus4*his Bible *imeline Calendar assumes a >.1 da$ $ear in *he Bible4 *he
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3a$s of Creation 'eek from %unda$to%unda$ 8lus the >@. da$s of the
Hebrew Calendar make u8 the >.13a$ Bible "eference Calendar 9B";4
*he dates and da$s of the week on the B" Calendar are the same da$
of the week e#er$ $ear4 *he calendar shows the months G da$s at
Creation and the . month change at the start of the E7odus4 Learnore About *he Calendar RR
F"EE %ee and (rint the >.1 3a$ Bible Calendar4 Click ere RR
5ssher=s 3ates Com8ared Biblical *e7t ears >!DDD %olar ears 1!0D. %olar ears 1001 BC to @ BC i 1-0- BC to @ BCClick ere to %ee 5ssher=s 3ates Chart RRClick here to order the 5ssher Com8arison Chart RR
*he Beginning of Creation 'eek &enesis --/>%unda$ October ->! 1--@ BC 9B";is S*he BeginningTof Creation'eek with / calendars starting -1 $ears and da$s a8art4 *he®orian Calendar date! for this same e#ent at .00 (! is%unda$ October /-! 1-0- BC4At .00 ( in :srael on %unda$ itbecomes the start of onda$ October -1 on the Hebrew Calendar and
the start of 3a$ - of Creation4 *he 3a$s of Creation 'eek are not on
the current secular Hebrew Calendar and occur between *ishri >0 and
Hesh#an -4
Learn more about the e#ents of Creation 'eek RR
http://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/364daycalendar.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/364daycalendar.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/Color364DayCalendar.pdfhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/364daycalendar.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/364daycalendar.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/Color364DayCalendar.pdfhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/CompareDates.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/Items/Details15.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/creationweek.cfm -
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NoahVs Ark and *he Flood &enesis Cha8ters .--
Frida$ %e8tember -> W *ishri -! /1@6 BC 9B";starts the e#ents of*he Flood and NoahVs Ark with the 3eath of ethuselah4 Noah entersthe Ark 1 da$s later on 'ednesda$ October >0 esh#an -0 in /1@6BC 9B";4 %e#en da$s later! on 'ednesda$ No#ember . W esh#an -!it begins to rain Sfor 10 da$s and 10 nights4T*he co#ering on NoahVsArk is remo#ed on the Sfirst month! the first da$ of the monthTaccording to &enesis 6->4 *his date is Frida$ %e8tember -> *ishri- in /1@ BC 9B";4 *he ®orian date of Noah remo#ing the ArkCo#ering is Frida$ ,anuar$ >0! /116 BC4*his date would be thebeginning of *he :ce Age4Learn more about Noah=s Flood RR
,ose8h in Eg$8t to *he E7odus &enesis 1D *o E7odus-/1-'ednesda$ ,anuar$ D W *e#et /0 in -6@ BC 9B"; is when ,acob tells (haraoh heis ->0 ears old4 *his date is also ,ose8hVs *h birthda$ as he was born on ,anuar$ -W *e#et -/ in -D-1 BC 9B"; 4 oses is 60 $ears old on Frida$ A8ril 1 W Nisan - in-11@ BC 9B";4 On this same date! :srael makes cam8 at %uccoth the first da$ out ofEg$8t at the time of the E7odus4 *his date is e7actl$ 1>0 $ears and 6. da$s after
,acob arri#es with his famil$ to Ioin ,ose8h in Eg$8t4 *he E7odus start date is the
Anchor 3ate and ear for all other Bible *imeline calculations using onl$ dates and
information gi#en in %cri8ture4
Learn more about ,acob and ,ose8h in Eg$8t RR
+ing %olomonVs *em8le Begins W : +ings .- and ::Chronicles >/%unda$ a$ -6 W %i#an / in D.@ BC 9B";is the start date for%olomon=s *em8le in the Fourth ear of his "eign4 On this same date
http://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/noahsarkandtheflood.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/josephinegypttomosesandtheexodus.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/noahsarkandtheflood.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/josephinegypttomosesandtheexodus.cfm -
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160 $ears before! oses climbs ount %inai for the first time in the
second month of the E7odus on %unda$ a$ -6 W %i#an / in -11@ BC9B";4 *he ®orian date of this same e#ent is %unda$ %e8tember6! D./ BC4Four da$s later! &od s8eaks to the Nation of :srael fromount %inai4 *his e#ent on *hursda$ %i#an . marks the start of whatwould be called (entecost in >0 A34
Learn more about +ing %olomon=s *em8le RR
Bab$lonian Ca8ti#it$ 0 ears of E7ileOn onda$ ,ul$ /- W A# in @/. BC 9B";! the Bab$lonian arm$ enters ,erusalemand starts burning the *em8le according to / +ings /@6D4 *he ®orian date forthis same e#ent is onda$ a$ -1! @/1 BC4 *he battle is o#er > da$s later on*hursda$ ,ul$ /1 W A# -0as stated in ,eremiah @/-/-.4*his date marks the endof the "eigns of the %outhern +ings of :srael along with the destruction of ,erusalem
and %olomonVs *em8le4 ,eremiah /@---/tells us the Bab$lonian E7ile will last for- $ears until S0 $ears are com8leted4T*he end of the E7ile is the start date of3anielVs S0 'eeks (ro8hec$4T
Learn more about the E#ents of the E7ile RR
11 BC3aniel=s has #ision of 0 'eeks (ro8hec$ W3aniel D-/onda$! ,ul$ /- W A# in 1@@ BC 9B";marks! the start date of3aniel=s 0 'eeks (ro8hec$! the end of the E7ile in Bab$lon! and the
*h da$ of rebuilding of the ,erusalem 'all4 *his is the most likel$ start
date for the e#ents described in 3aniel D-/4 *he ®orian date isonda$ Februar$ -.! 1@> BC4 3aniel=s (ro8hec$ ends 16> $ears and10 weeks later on onda$ A8ril /6 W :$ar --! >0 A3 9B";beginningthe e#ents of Easter 'eek4 *his da$ is onda$ A8ril - W Nisan -0!>0 A3 on the ®orian ebrew calendar 9& ;4,esus enters,erusalem on this first da$ of the Feast of (asso#er4 On this da$ the
Lamb is chosen to be sacrificed on (asso#er on Frida$ Nisan -1 in >0
A3 as instructed in E7odus -//>4
http://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/kingsolomonstempleandisraelskings.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/kingsolomonstempleandisraelskings.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/babyloniancaptivityandtheexile.cfm -
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Learn more about 3aniel=s 0 'eeks RR
*he Birth of ,esus %unda$ October /0 Creation 3a$ !@ BC%unda$ October /0 W Creation 3a$ in @ BC 9B";is the 3a$ that,esus was born in Bethlehem4 *he ®orian ebrew Calendar 9& ;date is %unda$ No#ember > W esh#an ->! @ BC4:n the ear that,esus was born! the numbers of the $ears on the >.13a$ Bible"eference Calendar 9B";and the ®orian Calendarwere thesame but -1 da$s a8art4 From 3a$ of Creation 'eekon %unda$October /6 W esh#an ! 1-0- BC 9& ;until the Birth of ,esus !there are 10D. solar $earsthat are com8leted4 *his number e7actl$matches the number of $ears stated in %cri8ture4 *he 8recise datingof these two historical e#ents is the foundational mathematical error
in all other current Bible Chronolog$4
Learn ore about the Birth of ,esus RR
*he Ba8tism and Life of ,esus and Easter 'eekOn %unda$ %e8tember 6 W Elul /@ in /. A3! ,esus walks down to the"i#er ,ordon and is ba8tied at about thirt$ $ears of age according to Luke >/>4
*his e#ent starts the 1/ months of His (ublic inistr$4 On the ®orianHebrew
solar calendar! ,esus starts Easter 'eek b$ entering ,erusalem on onda$ A8ril - W
Nisan -0 in >0 A34 *his is the start of (asso#er and the da$ the sacrificial Lamb is
chosen4 ,esus is crucified on Frida$ A8ril @ W Nisan -1 which is the da$ the (asso#er
Lamb is sacrificed according to ,ewish Law stated in the Book of E7odus4 *he >.1
3a$ calendar of %cri8ture is connected to the ®orianHebrew calendar because
Nisan -1 (asso#er alwa$s falls on A8ril @ in a nonlea8 $ear4 *he Ascension of ,esus
ha88ens 10 da$s after the "esurrection and is the last date in %cri8turethat can be8recisel$ dated4
Learn moreBa8tism and Life of ,esus and Easter 'eek RR
http://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/daniels70weeksprophecy.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/thebirthofJesus.cfmhttp://www.bibletimeline.org/webdocs/lifeofjesus.cfm -
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@ ears
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An E#aluation of E#idence forthe Age of the 5ni#erse:ntroductionA grou8 of Christians 8rofessionall$ trained in astronomical research
has re#iewed 8resentations b$ 3rs4 3ann$ Faulkner and Hugh "oss!
co#ering arguments on the age of the uni#erse4 'e a88reciated the
ci#ilit$ and res8ect of the discourse on a to8ic often generating more
heat than light within the Christian communit$4 Our anal$sis
concentrates on arguments made b$ the s8eakers dealing with
astronomical data and calculations! rather than about Biblical
inter8retation or biological e#olution! because the former are our areas
of 8rofessional e78ertise4 'e do note that! for e7am8le! one=s #iew of
%cri8tural inter8retation and theolog$ will affect the range of models
one would consider4
AimOur aim has been to assess the e#idence for the age of the uni#erse in
the light of the arguments 8resented! using a standard scientific
a88roach4 %cience seeks to make 8rogress in understanding the
8h$sical world through inducti#e reasoning! rather than the watertight
8roofs found in mathematics4 *his means that scientific understanding
ad#ances through an enormous amount of focused! incremental efforts
with man$ consistenc$ checks in the conte7t of a mutuall$
accountable scientific communit$4 3rawing sound conclusions about a
general question such as the age of the uni#erse cannot be done on
the basis of one argument alone but requires man$ different
inde8endent e78eriments including tests that could falsif$ com8eting
claims4 An$ conclusions! along with an e#aluation of their certaint$!
are then made on the basis of the o#erall weight of the a#ailable
e#idence4 *here will often be some data that a88ear to disagree with
the rest of the e#idenceJ this does not automaticall$ 8ro#ide e#idence
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for alternati#e h$8otheses but often means that our theoretical
understanding is not $et entirel$ com8lete4
Anal$sis"oss=s arguments 8ro#ide solid e#idence that the uni#erse is billions of
$ears old4 He 8resents se#eral inde8endent arguments! based on a
wide range of data! indicating that the uni#erse and most obIects in it
are much older than ten thousand $ears4 *he lighttra#eltime
argument is 8articularl$ strong in both its basis in 8h$sical 8rinci8les
and its sim8licit$4 Faulkner does not 8resent e#idence for a uni#erse
thousands of $ears old but rather makes claims for isolated
inconsistencies in the case for great age4 'hile it is common scientific
8ractice to look for holes in wellestablished theories! the new
contrar$ e#idence must either be #er$ strong to counter the e7isting
e#idence for the theor$ or else be su88orted b$ a new theor$ that
readil$ e78lains both the new e#idence and the old4 'e Iudge that the
inconsistencies 8ointed out b$ Faulkner do not meet either of these
criteria4 :n some instances the obser#ations are com8letel$ consistent
with our current understanding of these 8h$sical s$stems in the
conte7t of an old uni#erseJ in others! while uni#ersall$ acce8ted
inter8retations don=t e7ist toda$ and our knowledge is often still
incom8lete! such e78lanations are likel$ to be forthcoming as
obser#ations and theor$ 8rogress4 :t is our 8rofessional Iudgment that
the weight of the e#idence o#erwhelmingl$ su88orts a uni#erse that is
billions of $ears old4
%ignatories &abriela Canalio! (h434 9Associate (rofessor!
3e8artment of (h$sics and Astronom$! 5ni#ersit$ of
California! "i#erside; &erald Clea#er! (h434 9Associate (rofessor! 3e8artment
of (h$sics! Ba$lor 5ni#ersit$;
+$le Cudworth! (h434 93irector! erkes Obser#ator$!
(rofessor! *he 5ni#ersit$ of Chicago;
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"elated (ages How Old is the Earth According to the Bible and
%cience?
%cientific E#idence for the Age of the 5ni#erse
"ebuttal to =*en (roblems Against the Big Bang=
%cientific E#idence for the Ageof the 5ni#erseb$ "ich 3eem:ntroduction*his is not a com8lete list of the e#idence from creation that the Earth
is ancient! but is sufficient to 8ro#ide a reasonable su88ort for the
idea4 *he Bible is not silent on the issue! since e#en &enesis 9the first
book of the Bible; declares that the mountains and hills are ancient4-
ost of the e#idence 8resented does not gi#e an e7act age of the
uni#erse! but Iust a lower minimum age4 an$ ha#e com8lained that
the measurements of the age of the uni#erse are based u8on
assum8tions that are questionable4 Howe#er! recent studies ha#e
calculated the #ast distances to astronomical sources based u8on
geometr$P *he calculation of distances using triangulation require no
assum8tions! but are based 8urel$ u8on mathematical 8rinci8les4
'h$ must we! who trust the Bible! belie#e the testimon$ of the
creation? *he Bible tells us that the creation declares the truth about
&od
*he hea#ens declare the glor$ of &odJ the skies 8roclaim the
work of His hands4 3a$ after da$ the$ 8our forth s8eechJ night
after night the$ dis8la$ knowledge4 *here is no s8eech or
language where their #oice is not heard4 *heir #oice goes out into
all the earth! their words to the ends of the world4 9(salm -D-1;
http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/ageofuniverse.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/bigbangrebuttal.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/bigbangrebuttal.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/contact.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/ageofuniverse.html#n01http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Psalm%2019.1-4http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_universe_evidence.html#tophttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/ageofuniverse.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/bigbangrebuttal.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/contact.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/ageofuniverse.html#n01http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Psalm%2019.1-4 -
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And the hea#ens declare His righteousness! For &od Himself is
Iudge4 %elah4 9(salm @0.;
*he hea#ens 8roclaim His righteousness! and all the 8eo8les see
His glor$4 9(salm D.;
For since the creation of the world His in#isible attributes! His
eternal 8ower and di#ine nature! ha#e been clearl$ seen! being
understood through what has been made! so that the$ are
without e7cuse4 9"omans -/0;
&eometric measurements of quasar >C /D now establish that the
uni#erse is at least @4D billion light $ears across4 %ince light cannot
tra#el faster than the s8eed of light! the light from that quasar must
ha#e been tra#eling for @4D billion $ears4 *he alternati#e $oung earthe78lanation is that &od created the light in transit4 Howe#er! we know
that quasars e7isted onl$ during the beginning of the uni#erse! since
none are seen closer to us than billions of light $ears4 :f &od created
light in transit! He would ha#e created the light in transit from a
quasar that does not now e7ist4 Likewise! we ha#e obser#ed
su8erno#a e78losions in gala7ies millions of light $ears awa$4 :f &od
created light in transit from these obIects! He would ha#e made the
light from an obIect that does not now e7ist! since it a88eared to ha#e
blown u8 millions of $ears before the uni#erse was actuall$ created4How can the uni#erse declare the glor$ and righteousness of &od if it
declares a lie? Like man$ $oung earth doctrines! the a88earance of
age argumentis nowhere taught in the Bible4
Here is the testimon$ from the creation about the glor$ of &od4 :t is
still under construction! since : ha#e been adding to it as : find new
studies in the literature4
http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Psalm%2050.6http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Psalm%2097.6http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Romans%201.20http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/appearance.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/appearance.htmlhttp://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Psalm%2050.6http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Psalm%2097.6http://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Romans%201.20http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/appearance.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/appearance.html -
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"ocks 9and other 8arts of the creation; of Ages
&od=s Creation (roclaimsEinimum
Age of the5ni#erse
9$rs4;3euterium abundance and mass densit$ -D billion
%un$ae#Kel=do#ich effect -6 billion
Nucleochronolog$ 9deca$ of radioacti#e nuclides; - billion
Anthro8ic 8rinci8les - billion
%tar color luminosit$ fitting 9Chabo$er; -1 billion
E78ansion of the uni#erse 9'A(; ->46 billion
&ala7$ lenses time dela$ 9%aha; ->4@ billion
Age of oldest stars 952*h! 52:r! *h2Eu! and *h2Os dating; ->4/ billion
%8ectral line of 5ranium/>6 9halflife14@ billion $ears;
9Ca$rel;-/4@ billion
%u8erno#a standard candles 9'atson; -/ billion
&lobular Clusters 9Chabo$er! (eterson! 3=Antona; -/ billion
&ra#itational lensing 9+undic! Falco; -- billion
Light tra#eltime based on quasarlight source -0 billion
Ce8heids 9Freedman; D billion
E78anding 8hotos8here 9%chmidt; D billion
%tar stream interactions in gala7ies 6 billion
&eometric measurement to the quasar >C /D 9Homan; @4D billion
Age of moon rocks 14@ billion
Age of meteorites 14@ billion
Accumulation of s8ace dust on the moon 9at the 14@ billion
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"ocks 9and other 8arts of the creation; of Ages
&od=s Creation (roclaimsEinimum
Age of the5ni#erse
9$rs4;measured rate of about / nanograms 8er square
centimeter 8er $ear;
"ela7ation times of star clusters 1 billion
Erosion on ercur$ ars! and oon 1 billion
Age of earth rocks 1 billion
Length of da$s of coral fossils 9coral reference; >0 million
Accumulation of sodium in the oceans 9sodium
reference;/.0 million
"ate of continental drift to form the the Atlantic Ocean /00 million
"e#ersals of the earth=s magnetic 8ole recorded in the
Atlantic Ocean sea bottom60 million
Erosion of the &rand Can$on /@ million
&eometric measurement to the gala7$ N&C1/@6
9Hernstein;/>4@ million
Carbonate de8osits *he &reat Bahama Bank! off the
coast of Florida! has multi8le la$ers o#er -1!@00 feet
thick 9Anselmetti;
-/41 million
*here are sedimentar$ rock formations on ars that are
o#er 1 kilometers thick4 %uch la$ers would require tens
to hundreds of millions of $ears of running water toform4 :n addition there must ha#e been millions of $ears
for all the water to ha#e disa88eared! since ars is now
e7tremel$ dr$4 9)iew 8ictures from the article; 9alin;
-0 million
Ooids 9small s8heroidal bodies; Formation for adding
man$ la$ers of mineral de8osits in#ol#es massi#e time
R million
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"ocks 9and other 8arts of the creation; of Ages
&od=s Creation (roclaimsEinimum
Age of the5ni#erse
9$rs4;elements4 9Algeo;
*he &reen "i#er annual la$ers 9alternating %ummer
calcium carbonate and 'inter organic la$ers;1 million
&eometric measurement to the gala7$ >> 9Brunthaler; /41 million
E#a8orites 'hen bodies of salt water are tra88ed so
that circulation is limited! e#a8oration 8roduces8reci8itation of calcium carbonate! then calcium sulfate
and finall$ calcium chloride out of the water4 Each la$er
takes se#eral $ears to form4 *he 3elaware Basin
formation is -!>00 feet thick! consisting of /00!000
la$ers! requiring at least .00!000 $ears to form4 *he
editerranean %ea floor is underlain b$ about !000 feet
of e#a8orites! requiring millions of $ears to form and
e#a8oration of a .0 miles de8th of salt water4
R> million
Length of time that surface rocks ha#e been e78osed to
cosmic ra$s 9e7tinct #olcanoes in Ne#ada;6>0!000
Huge stalactites! stalagmites! and columns in the
Carlsbad Ca#erns in New e7ico 9Carlsbad reference;@00!000
)ostok ice core in Antarctica 9(etit; 1/0!000
*hickness of coral reefs ->0!000
Organic banks 9*he Ca8itan "eef of 'est *e7as! /!000
feet thick in 8laces! with fossilied remains of
organisms4;
-00!000
"adiocarbon dating of wood 9u88er limit of dating
method;@0!000
Bristlecone 8ine trees in California -0!000
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"ocks 9and other 8arts of the creation; of Ages
&od=s Creation (roclaimsEinimum
Age of the5ni#erse
9$rs4;3olomite formation "e8lacement of calcium carbonate
8articles in lime sediment or lime rock gi#es strong
e#idence of #ast amounts of time required4 "ate is as
slow as /00 million $ears2mm4 9Ar#idson;
millions
"elated (ages An E#aluation of E#idence for the Age of the 5ni#erse
How Old is the Earth According to the Bible and %cience?
'h$ A:&=s Origins %cience #s4 O8erational %cience 3istinction is
Bogus
"ebuttal to =*en (roblems Against the Big Bang=
issing :soto8es from Accurac$ in &enesis
3a$Age &enesis One :nter8retation
Biblical E#idence for Long Creation 3a$s
:s the oungEarth :nter8retation Biblical?
"eferences1.our father=s blessings are greater than the blessings of the
ancient mountains! than the bount$ of the ageold hills4 Let all
these rest on the head of ,ose8h! on the brow of the 8rince
among his brothers4 9&enesis 1D/.;
2.Chabo$er! B4! (4 3emarque! (4,4 +ernan! and L44 +rauss4 -DD.4 A
Lower Limit on the Age of the 5ni#erse4 %cience/- [email protected]
34 N4 %8ergel! "4 Bean! O4 3orX! 4 "4 Nolta! C4 L4 Bennett! ,4
3unkle$! &4 Hinshaw! N4 ,arosik! E4 +omatsu! L4 (age! H4 )4
http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_universe_evidence.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/operational_vs_origins_science.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/operational_vs_origins_science.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/bigbangrebuttal.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/bigbangrebuttal.htmlhttp://www.accuracyingenesis.com/missing.htmlhttp://www.accuracyingenesis.com/http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/day-age.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/longdays.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/youngearth.htmlhttp://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Genesis%2049.26http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/ageofuniverse.html#tophttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/ageofuniverse.html#tophttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_universe_evidence.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/age_of_the_earth.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/operational_vs_origins_science.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/operational_vs_origins_science.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/bigbangrebuttal.htmlhttp://www.accuracyingenesis.com/missing.htmlhttp://www.accuracyingenesis.com/http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/day-age.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/longdays.htmlhttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/youngearth.htmlhttp://biblia.com/bible/nasb95/Genesis%2049.26 -
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(eiris! L4 )erde! 4 Hal8ern! "4 %4 Hill! A4 +ogut! 4 Limon! %4 %4
e$er! N4 Odegard! &4 %4 *ucker! ,4 L4 'eiland! E4 'ollack! E4 L4
'right4 /004 'ilkinson icrowa#e Anisotro8$ (robe 9'A(;
*hree ear "esults :m8lications for Cosmolog$4 Astro8h$sics
arYi#astro8h20.0>11D#/4
3.%aha! (4! ,4 Coles! A4 )4 acciZ! and L4 L4 "4 'illiams4 /00.4 *he
Hubble *ime :nferred from -0 *ime 3ela$ Lenses4 *he
Astro8h$sical ,ournal .@0 L-L/04
4.Frebel! A4! N4 Christlieb! ,4 E4 Norris! C4 *hom! *4 C4 Beers! and ,4
"hee4 /004 3isco#er$ of HE -@/>0D0-! a %trongl$ r(rocessW
enhanced etal8oor %tar with 3etected 5ranium4 Astro8h$sical
,ournal! ..0L--L-/04
@4 Ca$rel! "4! )4 Hill! *4 C4 Beers! B4 Barbu$! 4 %8ite! F4 %8ite! B4
(le! ,4 Anderson! (4 Bonifacio! (4 Francois! (4 olaro! B4
Nordstrom! F4 (rimas4 /00-4 easurement of stellar age from
uranium deca$4 Nature10D! .D-.D/4
.4 'atson! A4 -DD64 Cosmolog$ *he 5ni#erse %hows :ts Age4
%cience/D D6-D6>
4 Homan! 34C4 and ,4F4C4 'ardle4 /0004 3irect distance
measurements to su8erluminal radio sources4 Astro8h$sical,ournal@>@ @@@6@4
8.%cientific obser#ation shows that erosion of the &rand Can$on
takes 8lace at a rate of - ft4 e#er$ @!000 $ears4 :f the Can$on
started out flat! it would take /@!000!000 $ears for the Colorado
ri#er to erode @000 ft of the &rand Can$on4
9librar$4thinkquest4org;
D4 Hernstein! et al4 -DDD4 A geometric distance to the gala7$ N&C
1/@6 from orbital motions in a nuclear gas disk4 Nature100 @>D@1-4
10. Fla#io %4 Anselmetti! ®or (4 Eberli! and Kan3ong 3ing4
/0004 From the &reat Bahama Bank into the %traits of Florida A
margin architecture controlled b$ seale#el fluctuations and
ocean currents4 &%A Bulletin --/ 6/D6114
http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0603449v2http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v650n1/20745/brief/20745.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v650n1/20745/brief/20745.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v650n1/20745/brief/20745.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v650n1/20745/brief/20745.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v650n1/20745/brief/20745.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v660n2/21308/brief/21308.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v660n2/21308/brief/21308.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v660n2/21308/brief/21308.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v660n2/21308/brief/21308.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v660n2/21308/brief/21308.abstract.htmlhttp://library.thinkquest.org/19012/earthage.htmhttp://www.geosociety.org/pubs/bulletin/0600bul.htm#S3http://www.geosociety.org/pubs/bulletin/0600bul.htm#S3http://www.geosociety.org/pubs/bulletin/0600bul.htm#S3http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0603449v2http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v650n1/20745/brief/20745.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v650n1/20745/brief/20745.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v660n2/21308/brief/21308.abstract.htmlhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v660n2/21308/brief/21308.abstract.htmlhttp://library.thinkquest.org/19012/earthage.htmhttp://www.geosociety.org/pubs/bulletin/0600bul.htm#S3http://www.geosociety.org/pubs/bulletin/0600bul.htm#S3 -
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11. alin! 4C4 and +4 %4 Edgett4 /0004 %edimentar$ "ocks of
Earl$ ars4 %cience/D0 -D/-D>4 9)iew 8ictures from the
article;
+err! "4A4 /0004 (LANE*A" %C:ENCE A 3ri88ing 'et Earl$ ars
Emerging From New (ictures4 %cience/D0 -6D-660
12. Algeo! *4,4! and 'atson! B4A4! -DD@! Calcite! aragonite! and
bimineralic ooids in issourian 9588er (enns$l#anian; strata of
+ansas %tratigra8hic and geogra8hic 8atterns of #ariation! in
(ausX! (4H4! and Candelaria! 4(4! eds4! Carbonate Facies and
%equence %tratigra8h$ (ractical A88lications of Carbonate
odels (ermian Basin %ection %E(! (ubl4 D@>.! 84 -1-->4
13. Brunthaler! A4! 4 ,4 "eid! H4 Falcke! L4 ,4 &reenhill! C4
Henkel4 /00@4 *he &eometric 3istance and (ro8er otion of the*riangulum &ala7$ 9>>;4 %cience >0-1104
-14 Because of the tidal interaction with the moon! the rotation
of the earth is graduall$ slowing! b$ about 0400@ seconds 8er
$ear4 About >0 million $ears ago! each da$ would ha#e been
onl$ //4 hours longP %tudies of rugose coral fossils that were
inde8endentl$ estimated to be >0 million $ears old re#ealed that
when the$ were ali#e a da$ lasted about // hours4 *his
relationshi8 has been confirmed with other coral fossils4
-@4 :f we assumed that all of the minerals which are carried b$
ri#ers into the oceans remains tra88ed in the oceans! then it
would take /.0 million $ears for the concentration of sodium to
reach its 8resent le#el 9assuming 8lankton! fish and 8lants do not
adsorb sodium! which the$ do;4
-.4
17. Huge stalactites! stalagmites! and columns
9o#er @0 feet high and o#er >0 feet in diameter;
e7ist in the Carlsbad Ca#erns in New e7ico4 *he
rate of de8osition of minerals is such that the
structures must be at least @00!000 $ears old4
*here is no wa$ to increase the rate of de8osition!
since increasing the flow of water merel$
(hoto courtes$ of the
National (ark %er#ice4
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol290/issue5498/images/medium/se4709045003.gifhttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol290/issue5498/images/medium/se4709045003.gifhttp://ucaswww.mcm.uc.edu/geology/algeo/Research/Abstract-SEPM-PBS.htmhttp://ucaswww.mcm.uc.edu/geology/algeo/Research/Abstract-SEPM-PBS.htmhttp://ucaswww.mcm.uc.edu/geology/algeo/Research/Abstract-SEPM-PBS.htmhttp://ucaswww.mcm.uc.edu/geology/algeo/Research/Abstract-SEPM-PBS.htmhttp://ucaswww.mcm.uc.edu/geology/algeo/Research/Abstract-SEPM-PBS.htmhttp://ucaswww.mcm.uc.edu/geology/algeo/Research/Abstract-SEPM-PBS.htmhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/307/5714/1440http://www.carlsbad.caverns.national-park.com/info.htmhttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol290/issue5498/images/medium/se4709045003.gifhttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol290/issue5498/images/medium/se4709045003.gifhttp://ucaswww.mcm.uc.edu/geology/algeo/Research/Abstract-SEPM-PBS.htmhttp://ucaswww.mcm.uc.edu/geology/algeo/Research/Abstract-SEPM-PBS.htmhttp://ucaswww.mcm.uc.edu/geology/algeo/Research/Abstract-SEPM-PBS.htmhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/307/5714/1440 -
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8roduces a waterfall and decreasing the flow of water 8roduces
no de8osition4 9carlsbad4ca#erns4national8ark4com;
-64 (etit et al4 -DDD4 Climate and atmos8heric histor$ of the
8ast 1/0!000 $ears from the )ostok ice core! Antarctica4 Nature
>DD 1/D1>.4
-D4 *he coral reef at Eniwetok atoll in the (acific Ocean
has been measured to ha#e a thickness of u8 to 1!.-0
feet4 E#en the most o8timistic coral growth rates would
require that the atoll be o#er ->0!000 $ears of age4
/04 %ome bristlecone 8ine trees in California date back
to /@00 BC4 But their tree rings ha#e been matched with those of
dead treesJ this shows that the latter germinated about 000 BC
/-4 Ar#idson! "4 %4 and F"E3 *4 AC+ENK:E4 -DDD4 *he
dolomite 8roblemJ control of 8reci8itation kinetics b$
tem8erature and saturation state4 American ,4 of %cience /DD
/@W/664
"ebuttal to *en (roblemsAgainst the Big Bang-b$ "ich 3eem[ Claim *ruth-4 %taticuni#erse models
fit the data better than
e78andinguni#erse
models
*his statement is blatantl$ false4 *he
static uni#erse model is acce8ted b$
#irtuall$ no cosmologists or astronomers!
since it fails to correctl$ 8redict what theuni#erse should be like4 :n 8articular! it
would 8redict that gala7ies would be in all
stages of de#elo8ment W forming! $oung!
middle age! and old4 Howe#er! the
uni#erse contains onl$ middleage
http://www.carlsbad.caverns.national-park.com/info.htmhttp://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1999/04.1999.01Arvidson.pdfhttp://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1999/04.1999.01Arvidson.pdfhttp://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1999/04.1999.01Arvidson.pdfhttp://www.godandscience.org/contact.htmlhttp://www.carlsbad.caverns.national-park.com/info.htmhttp://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1999/04.1999.01Arvidson.pdfhttp://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1999/04.1999.01Arvidson.pdfhttp://www.godandscience.org/contact.html -
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gala7ies4 *here are no old gala7ies! and
the onl$ $oung gala7ies we see are those
that are -0-> billion light $ears awa$ Wat
a time that was onl$ 04@ billion $ears after
the Big Bang e#ent4
/4 *he microwa#e
background makes
more sense as the
limiting tem8erature of
s8ace heated b$
starlight than as the
remnant of a fireball4
Another false statement4 *he #ariation in
background radiation is inde8endent of
stars or gala7$ clusters within our
uni#erse4 :t is e7tremel$ e#en W something
one would 8redict from an e78ansion that
began -1 billion $ears ago4 *he #ariation
in background radiation is onl$ 040000-\+
W the e7act amount 8redicted b$ the HotBig Bang model4 *his #ariation re8resents
the largescale structure of the uni#erse
onl$ a few hundred million $ears after the
Big Bang4
>4 Elementabundance
8redictions using the
Big Bang require too
man$ adIustable
8arameters to make
them work4
*he o#erall 8rediction of element
abundance is e7actl$ what would be
e78ected from the Big Bang4 :mmediatel$
after the quarks and antiquarks combine
to annihilate each other! atomic nuclei
form 9h$drogen; and for > minutes! the
fireball remained hot enough to su88ort
nuclear fusion! which formed the /@
helium that we see in the stars toda$4 :n
local areas! the abundance of elements is
different from that 8redicted from the Big
Bang4 :t is 8recisel$ because &od has
8ro#ided a wa$ for hea#ier elements to
form that we are ali#e toda$4 *he %un and
our %olar %$stem formed late in the
histor$ of the uni#erse! and so contain the
remnants of hea#$ elements formed
during multi8le su8erno#a e#ents within
our gala7$4
-
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14 *he uni#erse has too
much largescale
structure 9inters8ersed
walls and #oids; to
form in a time as shortas -0/0 billion $ears4
*he amount of matter W both bar$onic and
dark matter W is sufficient to account for
the largescale structure of the uni#erse4
@4 *he a#erage luminosit$
of quasar must
decrease in Iust the
right wa$ so that their
mean a88arent
brightness is the same
at all redshifts! whichis e7ceedingl$ unlikel$4
%ince quasars ha#e a #er$ short lifes8an
9a few billion $ears at most;! the$ would
all ha#e the same a88arent brightness
because the$ would be all roughl$ the
same age4 All quasars ha#e large redshift
#alues! since the$ were all formed o#er @
billion $ears ago4
.4 *he ages of globular
clusters a88ear older
than the uni#erse4
*his a88earedto be true a few $ears ago4
Howe#er! recent measurements ha#e
indicated that the Hubble constant is
smaller than originall$ thought 9making
the uni#erse older; and the ages of
globular clusters $ounger than 8re#iousl$
thought4 *he results of these studies are
shown in the table belowfrom a stud$
8ublished in %cience4
4 *he local streaming
motions of gala7ies are
too high for a finite
uni#erse that is
su88osed to be
e#er$where uniform4
*he motions of the gala7ies are e7actl$
what are 8redicted from the Big Bang4 *he
farther gala7ies are receding at a higher
rate than those that are nearer4 *he
relationshi8 is e7tremel$ linear 9#er$ little
de#iation;4
64 :n#isible dark matter of
an unknown but non
bar$onic nature must
be the dominant
ingredient of the entire
uni#erse4
At least four different scientific
techniques ha#e confirmed the 8resence
of large amounts of cold dark matter in
the uni#erse4 For a detailed descri8tion of
these studies! see 3r4 "ossV book! *he
Creator and the Cosmos4
http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/bigbangrebuttal.html#tablehttp://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/bigbangrebuttal.html#table -
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D4 *he most distant
gala7ies in the Hubble
3ee8 Field show
insufficient e#idence of
e#olution! with some ofthem a88arentl$ ha#ing
higher redshifts 9 .
; than the faintest
quasars4
"ecent 8ictures from the Hubble 3ee8
Field ha#e re#ealed gala7ies when the$
were forming W o#er -1 billion $ears ago4
*he light that is reaching us now is -1
billion $ears old! and! as such! shows noe#idence of e#olution! since we are
looking back in time! and can see e#en
before true gala7ies were formed4
]uasars are formed when two gala7ies
collide and their combined ga