How Microbes Control Coral Reefs by Dr. Michael Sweet
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Transcript of How Microbes Control Coral Reefs by Dr. Michael Sweet
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How microbes control the health of the reef
By Dr. Michael Sweet Derby University and Korallion Lab
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How Microbes Control Coral Reefs
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Coral reefs have been described as the rainforests of the sea
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Represent some of the densest and most varied ecosystems on Earth
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Although the world’s reefs cover only 0.2% of the ocean’s floor nearly one million species can be found in and around them
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They act as efficient coastal defences, nurseries for reef fish and an important source of tourism for many countries
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Overall 500 million people are thought to depend on reefs and they have an economic value of between £70,000 – 500,000 per square
km per year.
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Corals come in all shapes and sizes
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Coral reef threatened worldwide
30% of the world's coral reefs are seriously damaged
60% of the world's reefs are at risk
by the 2030s, 90% be at risk from human activities
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But what exactly are corals?
Plant? Animal? Or Mineral?
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mesoglea (acellular)
endoderm with
zooxanthellae
ectoderm with
mucus gland cells calcium carbonate exoskeleton
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• Corals are usually sessile and colonial. • The polyps of corals secrete a matrix of organic molecules upon which calcium carbonate is deposited.
• This matrix forms the eventual skeleton of the coral colony.
• As coral colonies grow, old polyps die and leave their calcareous skeletons behind.
• Living members of the colony form a layer on top of a growing reef of skeletal remains.
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Corals Are Not Defenceless Organisms
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Specialized sWnging cells called cnidocytes
Which contain organelles called nematocysts
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ProtecWve mucus layer
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However, the producWon of mucus and nematocysts involve significant
amounts of energy
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What is coral bleaching?
Normal pigmentation is due to the symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) which reside in the tissues
10 µm
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What is coral bleaching?
• The visual whitening of the coral due to loss of pigment
• Which allows the white CaCO3 skeleton to be seen through the thin coral Wssue layer
Normal pigmentation is due to the symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) which reside in the tissues
10 µm
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• Parts or all of a coral colony may bleach • Variable proporWons of the community may bleach • Different species and clones have different suscepWbiliWes
• The severity of bleaching affects the outcome (death or recovery)
• Less serious bleaching may be ‘adapWve’ • EsWmates of mortality from the 1998 event vary from 50-‐100% in Seychelles to very liele on the GBR
*http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/research/coral-bleaching/Broadscale-bleaching/beb-01.html
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Bleaching severity affects outcome
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What is happening to the global climate?
1900 1950
2000 2050
Decadal mean surface temperature change with respect to the period 1880 to 1920. Source: Hadley Data Centre (http://www.met-office.gov.uk/sec5). The model predicts a 3.4°C global rise by 2100.
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Global mean temperature is rising
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How strong is the link between climate and coral bleaching?
Source: Brown BE (1997) Coral bleaching: causes and consequences. Coral Reefs 16:S129-S138
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Bleaching records reflect temperature anomalies
Source: http://psbsgi1.nesdis.noaa.gov:8080/
PSB/EPS/SST/data/ane98c.gif
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12 May 1998: massive bleaching of corals on reefs in Maldives as SST r o s e + 2 . 1 ° C a b o v e 1950-1999 average for May
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Sep 1994 May 1998
Jul 1998
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Live coral cover on natural reefs in Maldives pre-‐ and post-‐bleaching
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
a b c d
% c
over
of l
ive
cora
lPre-bleaching
Post-bleaching
a, c Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN)
b, d Reef Check
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But bleaching has likely evolved alongside corals!
So what’s the problem?
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Nem
atocyst p
rodu
cWon
HEALTHY BLEACHED
Mucus produ
cWon
HEALTHY BLEACHED
Bacterial Load
HEALTHY BLEACHED
AnWm
icrobial Capability
HEALTHY BLEACHED
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SuscepWble to Coral Diseases
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What are coral diseases?
• Strictly speaking, most are ‘syndromes’ not ‘diseases’ since a causal agent has not been idenWfied
• The broad definiWon of disease is “any perturba;on from the healthy state that impairs the func;on of the organism” (so bleaching is a disease)
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Impact/Response
Health Status
homeostasis compensation damage
reversible irreversible
stress
healthy
death
incurable
curable disease
The broad definition of disease
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What are the trends?
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Yellow Band Disease
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V. coralliily;cus V. for;s
V. ro;ferianus V. harveyi
V. alginoly;cus
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Dark Spot Disease
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Rhabdocline sp
Similar Scenario to a New Sponge Disease
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So What Causes White Band Disease?
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‘White Band Disease lead to collapse of dominant reef building corals in the Caribbean’
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ID Type Closest match ND ND ND WB WB WB Amp Amp Amp Gent Gent Gent Met Met Met Para Para ParaOceanicola Gram-‐negative NR_043915.1 0 0 0 2 2 3 2 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0Sandarakinotalea Gram-‐negative NR_041300.1 0 0 0 3 3 4 5 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 4 3 4Sphingopyxis litoris Gram-‐negative NR_043955.1 2 2 3 2 2 2 4 2 2 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0Anaeroplasma bactoclasticum Mollicutes NR_044675.1 0 0 0 3 3 4 2 3 3 5 4 5 1 2 2 5 4 4Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria AF544885 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 4 0 2 2 3 3 4Pseudoalteromonas Gram-‐negative GQ406782 2 3 4 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 2 0 0 0Kocuria Gram-‐positive GQ391989 4 3 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 3Thermoprotei Archaea NR_029316.1 2 3 2 2 3 2 4 3 3 4 4 5 4 2 2 5 3 3Nautella italica Gram-‐negative NR_042673.1 0 3 0 3 3 2 2 4 4 0 0 0 1 2 2 4 4 4Bacteroides coprophilus Gram-‐negative NR_041461.1 5 6 5 2 2 3 4 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Rubrimonas cliftonensis Gram-‐negative NR_037114.1 3 5 3 4 3 4 5 6 5 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0Treponema lecithinolyticum Gram-‐negative NR_026247.1 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 0 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0Clostridium ramosum Gram-‐positive NR_029247.1 3 4 4 3 3 4 0 0 0 2 4 4 0 0 0 2 3 2Chelonobacter Gram-‐negative NR_044466.1 0 0 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0Geobacillus Gram-‐positive NR_028789.1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 0 0 0 3 4 3Parachlamydia acanthamoebae Gram-‐negative NR_026357.1 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 3 4 0 0 0Spiroplasma Mollicutes NR_036849.1 5 4 4 2 3 4 2 3 3 5 4 5 1 2 3 5 4 4Mycoplasma Mollicutes NR_041845.1 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 5 6 6 2 3 4 4 4 4Lactobacillus reuteri Gram-‐positive NR_025911.1 1 3 3 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0Mollicutes Mollicutes NR_041845.1 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 6 5 5 2 3 3 0 3 3Photobacterium aplysiae Gram-‐negative NR_043188.1 0 0 0 4 4 4 2 3 4 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0Geothrix Unknown NR_036779.1 4 3 3 0 0 1 0 1 1 4 4 5 4 3 4 3 3 3Comamonas Gram-‐negative NR_044039.1 0 0 0 3 4 4 2 3 3 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0Leptobacterium flavescens Gram-‐negative NR_041638.1 0 1 0 0 1 0 5 3 4 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0Pseudoalteromonas Gram-‐negative GQ391963 4 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 2 0 0 0 3 3 1 4 4 3Halobacteria Archaea NR_028199.1 0 0 0 3 4 3 2 3 2 5 5 6 3 3 3 2 3 3Treponema Gram-‐negative NR_029296.1 5 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0Asteroleplasma Mollicutes NR_044657.1 0 0 0 3 3 4 5 4 4 6 5 5 1 2 2 5 5 4Roseofilum reptotaenium Cyanobacteria HM048872 4 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 4 2 3 3 1 2 2Vibrio carchariae Gram-‐negative JF792090 0 0 0 2 2 3 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 0 0 0Methanomicrobia Archaea NR_028238.1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 5 5 4 3 3 4 2 3 3Lactobacillus suebicus Gram-‐positive NR_042190.1 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0 2 4 3 1 2 2 0 0 0Alphaproteobacteria Gram-‐negative AF544964 3 2 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 2 3 3 6 4 4Nocardiopsis alba Gram-‐positive JF792076 3 2 2 3 2 2 0 0 0 5 4 4 2 2 2 5 3 3Tenacibaculum Gram-‐negative NR_044498.1 2 3 4 3 5 2 4 4 3 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0Nitrobacter Gram-‐negative NR_042449.1 5 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Roseovarius crassostreae Gram-‐negative NR_041731.1 0 0 0 3 4 2 4 3 2 0 1 2 1 2 1 0 0 0Bacillus Gram-‐positive NR_028674.1 0 0 0 3 2 3 0 0 0 4 1 0 3 2 2 0 0 0Acholeplasma Mollicutes NR_042958.1 4 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 1 2 2 5 4 5Thalassobacter Gram-‐negative NR_044471.1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0Cyclobacterium Gram-‐negative NR_043903.1 0 0 0 3 2 2 4 4 3 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 0Betaproteobacteria Gram-‐negative AY323190 0 0 0 2 2 2 4 3 2 0 0 0 5 3 4 4 3 3Legionella Gram-‐negative NR_044963.1 2 2 4 2 2 2 3 4 3 0 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 0Alphaproteobacteria Gram-‐negative AY323140 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 4Actinobacteria Gram-‐positive JX549405 0 2 1 3 1 2 0 1 1 4 3 3 1 2 2 3 4 4Vibrio rotiferianus Gram-‐negative JF792073 4 3 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 3 4Alphaproteobacteria Gram-‐negative AY323132 0 2 2 3 3 2 4 3 4 5 4 4 1 2 0 3 3 2Pseudoalteromonas Gram-‐negative AB675038 3 2 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 4 3 3Streptococcus Gram-‐positive NR_042777.1 2 3 3 2 1 2 0 1 3 5 4 4 3 2 3 0 3 3Mycoplasma Mollicutes NR_041845.1 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 2 4 2 4Pyrobaculum Archaea NR_044615.2 0 1 0 3 2 2 0 2 4 3 3 4 1 1 2 1 2 2Sphingobium Gram-‐negative NR_042479.1 0 2 3 3 4 2 3 3 5 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 2 3Roseobacter litoralis Gram-‐negative NR_027593.1 4 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0
Cyanobacteria α-‐Proteobacteria CFB δ-‐Proteobacteria γ-‐Proteobacteria PlancWnomycetales Unknown β-‐Proteobacteria Firmicutes chloroplasts Green sulfur Bacteria ε-‐ Proteobacteria Verrucomicrobia AcWnobacteria
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ID Type Closest match ND ND ND WB WB WB Amp Amp Amp Gent Gent Gent Met Met Met Para Para ParaOceanicola Gram-‐negative NR_043915.1 0 0 0 2 2 3 2 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0Sandarakinotalea Gram-‐negative NR_041300.1 0 0 0 3 3 4 5 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 4 3 4Sphingopyxis litoris Gram-‐negative NR_043955.1 2 2 3 2 2 2 4 2 2 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0Anaeroplasma bactoclasticum Mollicutes NR_044675.1 0 0 0 3 3 4 2 3 3 5 4 5 1 2 2 5 4 4Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria AF544885 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 4 0 2 2 3 3 4Pseudoalteromonas Gram-‐negative GQ406782 2 3 4 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 2 0 0 0Kocuria Gram-‐positive GQ391989 4 3 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 3Thermoprotei Archaea NR_029316.1 2 3 2 2 3 2 4 3 3 4 4 5 4 2 2 5 3 3Nautella italica Gram-‐negative NR_042673.1 0 3 0 3 3 2 2 4 4 0 0 0 1 2 2 4 4 4Bacteroides coprophilus Gram-‐negative NR_041461.1 5 6 5 2 2 3 4 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Rubrimonas cliftonensis Gram-‐negative NR_037114.1 3 5 3 4 3 4 5 6 5 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0Treponema lecithinolyticum Gram-‐negative NR_026247.1 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 0 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0Clostridium ramosum Gram-‐positive NR_029247.1 3 4 4 3 3 4 0 0 0 2 4 4 0 0 0 2 3 2Chelonobacter Gram-‐negative NR_044466.1 0 0 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0Geobacillus Gram-‐positive NR_028789.1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 0 0 0 3 4 3Parachlamydia acanthamoebae Gram-‐negative NR_026357.1 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 3 4 0 0 0Spiroplasma Mollicutes NR_036849.1 5 4 4 2 3 4 2 3 3 5 4 5 1 2 3 5 4 4Mycoplasma Mollicutes NR_041845.1 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 5 6 6 2 3 4 4 4 4Lactobacillus reuteri Gram-‐positive NR_025911.1 1 3 3 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0Mollicutes Mollicutes NR_041845.1 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 6 5 5 2 3 3 0 3 3Photobacterium aplysiae Gram-‐negative NR_043188.1 0 0 0 4 4 4 2 3 4 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0Geothrix Unknown NR_036779.1 4 3 3 0 0 1 0 1 1 4 4 5 4 3 4 3 3 3Comamonas Gram-‐negative NR_044039.1 0 0 0 3 4 4 2 3 3 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0Leptobacterium flavescens Gram-‐negative NR_041638.1 0 1 0 0 1 0 5 3 4 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0Pseudoalteromonas Gram-‐negative GQ391963 4 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 2 0 0 0 3 3 1 4 4 3Halobacteria Archaea NR_028199.1 0 0 0 3 4 3 2 3 2 5 5 6 3 3 3 2 3 3Treponema Gram-‐negative NR_029296.1 5 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0Asteroleplasma Mollicutes NR_044657.1 0 0 0 3 3 4 5 4 4 6 5 5 1 2 2 5 5 4Roseofilum reptotaenium Cyanobacteria HM048872 4 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 4 2 3 3 1 2 2Vibrio carchariae Gram-‐negative JF792090 0 0 0 2 2 3 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 0 0 0Methanomicrobia Archaea NR_028238.1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 5 5 4 3 3 4 2 3 3Lactobacillus suebicus Gram-‐positive NR_042190.1 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0 2 4 3 1 2 2 0 0 0Alphaproteobacteria Gram-‐negative AF544964 3 2 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 2 3 3 6 4 4Nocardiopsis alba Gram-‐positive JF792076 3 2 2 3 2 2 0 0 0 5 4 4 2 2 2 5 3 3Tenacibaculum Gram-‐negative NR_044498.1 2 3 4 3 5 2 4 4 3 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0Nitrobacter Gram-‐negative NR_042449.1 5 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Roseovarius crassostreae Gram-‐negative NR_041731.1 0 0 0 3 4 2 4 3 2 0 1 2 1 2 1 0 0 0Bacillus Gram-‐positive NR_028674.1 0 0 0 3 2 3 0 0 0 4 1 0 3 2 2 0 0 0Acholeplasma Mollicutes NR_042958.1 4 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 1 2 2 5 4 5Thalassobacter Gram-‐negative NR_044471.1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0Cyclobacterium Gram-‐negative NR_043903.1 0 0 0 3 2 2 4 4 3 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 0Betaproteobacteria Gram-‐negative AY323190 0 0 0 2 2 2 4 3 2 0 0 0 5 3 4 4 3 3Legionella Gram-‐negative NR_044963.1 2 2 4 2 2 2 3 4 3 0 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 0Alphaproteobacteria Gram-‐negative AY323140 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 4Actinobacteria Gram-‐positive JX549405 0 2 1 3 1 2 0 1 1 4 3 3 1 2 2 3 4 4Vibrio rotiferianus Gram-‐negative JF792073 4 3 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 3 4Alphaproteobacteria Gram-‐negative AY323132 0 2 2 3 3 2 4 3 4 5 4 4 1 2 0 3 3 2Pseudoalteromonas Gram-‐negative AB675038 3 2 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 4 3 3Streptococcus Gram-‐positive NR_042777.1 2 3 3 2 1 2 0 1 3 5 4 4 3 2 3 0 3 3Mycoplasma Mollicutes NR_041845.1 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 2 4 2 4Pyrobaculum Archaea NR_044615.2 0 1 0 3 2 2 0 2 4 3 3 4 1 1 2 1 2 2Sphingobium Gram-‐negative NR_042479.1 0 2 3 3 4 2 3 3 5 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 2 3Roseobacter litoralis Gram-‐negative NR_027593.1 4 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0
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13 PotenWal Bacterial Pathogens ID Type Closest match ND ND ND WB WB WB Amp Amp Amp Gent Gent Gent Met Met Met Para Para Para
Oceanicola Gram-‐negative NR_043915.1 0 0 0 2 2 3 2 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0Sandarakinotalea Gram-‐negative NR_041300.1 0 0 0 3 3 4 5 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 4 3 4Sphingopyxis litoris Gram-‐negative NR_043955.1 2 2 3 2 2 2 4 2 2 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0Anaeroplasma bactoclasticum Mollicutes NR_044675.1 0 0 0 3 3 4 2 3 3 5 4 5 1 2 2 5 4 4Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria AF544885 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 4 0 2 2 3 3 4Pseudoalteromonas Gram-‐negative GQ406782 2 3 4 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 2 0 0 0Kocuria Gram-‐positive GQ391989 4 3 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 3Thermoprotei Archaea NR_029316.1 2 3 2 2 3 2 4 3 3 4 4 5 4 2 2 5 3 3Nautella italica Gram-‐negative NR_042673.1 0 3 0 3 3 2 2 4 4 0 0 0 1 2 2 4 4 4Bacteroides coprophilus Gram-‐negative NR_041461.1 5 6 5 2 2 3 4 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Rubrimonas cliftonensis Gram-‐negative NR_037114.1 3 5 3 4 3 4 5 6 5 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0Treponema lecithinolyticum Gram-‐negative NR_026247.1 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 0 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0Clostridium ramosum Gram-‐positive NR_029247.1 3 4 4 3 3 4 0 0 0 2 4 4 0 0 0 2 3 2Chelonobacter Gram-‐negative NR_044466.1 0 0 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0Geobacillus Gram-‐positive NR_028789.1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 0 0 0 3 4 3Parachlamydia acanthamoebae Gram-‐negative NR_026357.1 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 3 4 0 0 0Spiroplasma Mollicutes NR_036849.1 5 4 4 2 3 4 2 3 3 5 4 5 1 2 3 5 4 4Mycoplasma Mollicutes NR_041845.1 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 5 6 6 2 3 4 4 4 4Lactobacillus reuteri Gram-‐positive NR_025911.1 1 3 3 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0Mollicutes Mollicutes NR_041845.1 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 6 5 5 2 3 3 0 3 3Photobacterium aplysiae Gram-‐negative NR_043188.1 0 0 0 4 4 4 2 3 4 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0Geothrix Unknown NR_036779.1 4 3 3 0 0 1 0 1 1 4 4 5 4 3 4 3 3 3Comamonas Gram-‐negative NR_044039.1 0 0 0 3 4 4 2 3 3 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0Leptobacterium flavescens Gram-‐negative NR_041638.1 0 1 0 0 1 0 5 3 4 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0Pseudoalteromonas Gram-‐negative GQ391963 4 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 2 0 0 0 3 3 1 4 4 3Halobacteria Archaea NR_028199.1 0 0 0 3 4 3 2 3 2 5 5 6 3 3 3 2 3 3Treponema Gram-‐negative NR_029296.1 5 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0Asteroleplasma Mollicutes NR_044657.1 0 0 0 3 3 4 5 4 4 6 5 5 1 2 2 5 5 4Roseofilum reptotaenium Cyanobacteria HM048872 4 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 4 2 3 3 1 2 2Vibrio carchariae Gram-‐negative JF792090 0 0 0 2 2 3 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 0 0 0Methanomicrobia Archaea NR_028238.1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 5 5 4 3 3 4 2 3 3Lactobacillus suebicus Gram-‐positive NR_042190.1 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0 2 4 3 1 2 2 0 0 0Alphaproteobacteria Gram-‐negative AF544964 3 2 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 2 3 3 6 4 4Nocardiopsis alba Gram-‐positive JF792076 3 2 2 3 2 2 0 0 0 5 4 4 2 2 2 5 3 3Tenacibaculum Gram-‐negative NR_044498.1 2 3 4 3 5 2 4 4 3 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0Nitrobacter Gram-‐negative NR_042449.1 5 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Roseovarius crassostreae Gram-‐negative NR_041731.1 0 0 0 3 4 2 4 3 2 0 1 2 1 2 1 0 0 0Bacillus Gram-‐positive NR_028674.1 0 0 0 3 2 3 0 0 0 4 1 0 3 2 2 0 0 0Acholeplasma Mollicutes NR_042958.1 4 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 1 2 2 5 4 5Thalassobacter Gram-‐negative NR_044471.1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0Cyclobacterium Gram-‐negative NR_043903.1 0 0 0 3 2 2 4 4 3 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 0Betaproteobacteria Gram-‐negative AY323190 0 0 0 2 2 2 4 3 2 0 0 0 5 3 4 4 3 3Legionella Gram-‐negative NR_044963.1 2 2 4 2 2 2 3 4 3 0 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 0Alphaproteobacteria Gram-‐negative AY323140 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 4Actinobacteria Gram-‐positive JX549405 0 2 1 3 1 2 0 1 1 4 3 3 1 2 2 3 4 4Vibrio rotiferianus Gram-‐negative JF792073 4 3 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 3 4Alphaproteobacteria Gram-‐negative AY323132 0 2 2 3 3 2 4 3 4 5 4 4 1 2 0 3 3 2Pseudoalteromonas Gram-‐negative AB675038 3 2 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 4 3 3Streptococcus Gram-‐positive NR_042777.1 2 3 3 2 1 2 0 1 3 5 4 4 3 2 3 0 3 3Mycoplasma Mollicutes NR_041845.1 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 2 4 2 4Pyrobaculum Archaea NR_044615.2 0 1 0 3 2 2 0 2 4 3 3 4 1 1 2 1 2 2Sphingobium Gram-‐negative NR_042479.1 0 2 3 3 4 2 3 3 5 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 2 3Roseobacter litoralis Gram-‐negative NR_027593.1 4 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0
Oceanicola Sandarakinotalea Anaeroplasma bactoclas;cum Parachlamydia acanthamoebae Photobacterium aplysia Comamonas Halobacteria Asteroleplasma Vibrio charchariae Lactobacillus suebicus Roseovarius crassostreae Bacillus Cyclobacterium
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ID Closest Match (%) ND WB Amp Gent Met ParaAlveolate sp. HM561010 (99)Philaster sp. HM030719 (99)Alveolate sp. HM561010 (95)Varistrombidium kielum DQ811090 (100)Pseudocarnopsis sp. HQ013358 (100)Glauconema sp. JN406267 (100)Unidientified Phyllopharyngid FN598325 (95)Dysteria sp. FJ868205 (98)Dysteria derouxi AY378112 (100)Paracineta limbata FJ865207 (100)Trachelotractus sp. FJ876954 (95)Trochilioides recta JN867017 (100)Unidentified Phyllopharyngid FN598325 (98)Trachelotractus sp FJ876954 (98)Anteholosticha scutellum FJ156105 (100)Protocruzia adherens AY217727 (100)
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Bacterial induced necrosis
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‘Our Novel Approach’
v Paromomycin
v Ampicillin
v Gentamicin
v Metronidazole
-‐ Gram posiWve and some gram negaWve
-‐ Protozoa's
-‐ Gram negaWve
-‐ Broad spectrum
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Reduces Number of PotenWal Pathogens to 3
Vibrio carchariae 0 0 0 2 2 3 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 0 0 0Methanomicrobia 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 5 5 4 3 3 4 2 3 3Lactobacillus suebicus 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0 2 4 3 1 2 2 0 0 0Alphaproteobacteria 3 2 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 2 3 3 6 4 4Nocardiopsis alba 3 2 2 3 2 2 0 0 0 5 4 4 2 2 2 5 3 3Tenacibaculum 2 3 4 3 5 2 4 4 3 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0Nitrobacter 5 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Roseovarius crassostreae 0 0 0 3 4 2 4 3 2 0 1 2 1 2 1 0 0 0Bacillus 0 0 0 3 2 3 0 0 0 4 1 0 3 2 2 0 0 0
ID ND ND ND WB WB WB Amp Amp AmpGentGent Gent Met Met Met Para Para Para
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ID Closest Match (%) ND WB Amp Gent Met ParaAlveolate sp. HM561010 (99)Philaster sp. HM030719 (99)Alveolate sp. HM561010 (95)Varistrombidium kielum DQ811090 (100)Pseudocarnopsis sp. HQ013358 (100)Glauconema sp. JN406267 (100)Unidientified Phyllopharyngid FN598325 (95)Dysteria sp. FJ868205 (98)Dysteria derouxi AY378112 (100)Paracineta limbata FJ865207 (100)Trachelotractus sp. FJ876954 (95)Trochilioides recta JN867017 (100)Unidentified Phyllopharyngid FN598325 (98)Trachelotractus sp FJ876954 (98)Anteholosticha scutellum FJ156105 (100)Protocruzia adherens AY217727 (100)
Same with the ciliates
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v IndicaWon that one or more microorganisms (a consorWum) are the primary pathogens of WBD
v An iniWal systemic bacterial infecWon
v Causes necrosis of the symbioWc algae and Wssues
v Followed by ciliate histophagy; Philaster sp. feeds off the health compromised Wssues
v Can be treated with two types of anWbioWcs
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White Syndrome and Brown Band Disease
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Taxon (SP.) H H H H WS WS WS WS AMP AMP AMP AMP PARA PARA PARA PARA MET MET MET METAcidimicrobialesCorynebacteriumBacteroidetesFlavobacteriaceaeFlavobacteriaceaeLeeuwenhoekiellaFlavobacteriumSandarakinotaleaSediminicolaTenacibaculumWinogradskyellaAmoebophilaceaeFlammeovirgaceaeEkhidnaceaeEkhidnaceaeSaprospiraceaeAureispiraLewinellaCyanobacteriaCyanobacteriaUlvophyceaeRhodophytaStramenopilesChroococcalesSpirulinaXenococcaceaePseudanabaenaceaeHalomicronemaProchlorococcusLentisphaeralesClostridiaceaeClostridiaceaeLeptotrichiaProteobacteriaAlphaproteobacteriaThalassospiraKordiimonadaceaeHyphomonadaceaeHyphomonasRhizobialesRhodobacteraceaeRhodobacteraceaeRuegeriaAnaerosporaRickettsialesRickettsialesRickettsiaceaeRickettsialesErythrobacteraceaeSpirobacillalesBacteriovoraxArcobacterHelicobacteraceaeGammaproteobacteriaAlteromonadalesAlteromonadalesAlteromonadaceae
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Taxon (SP.) H H H H WS WS WS WS AMP AMP AMP AMP PARA PARA PARA PARA MET MET MET METAcidimicrobialesCorynebacteriumBacteroidetesFlavobacteriaceaeFlavobacteriaceaeLeeuwenhoekiellaFlavobacteriumSandarakinotaleaSediminicolaTenacibaculumWinogradskyellaAmoebophilaceaeFlammeovirgaceaeEkhidnaceaeEkhidnaceaeSaprospiraceaeAureispiraLewinellaCyanobacteriaCyanobacteriaUlvophyceaeRhodophytaStramenopilesChroococcalesSpirulinaXenococcaceaePseudanabaenaceaeHalomicronemaProchlorococcusLentisphaeralesClostridiaceaeClostridiaceaeLeptotrichiaProteobacteriaAlphaproteobacteriaThalassospiraKordiimonadaceaeHyphomonadaceaeHyphomonasRhizobialesRhodobacteraceaeRhodobacteraceaeRuegeriaAnaerosporaRickettsialesRickettsialesRickettsiaceaeRickettsialesErythrobacteraceaeSpirobacillalesBacteriovoraxArcobacterHelicobacteraceaeGammaproteobacteriaAlteromonadalesAlteromonadalesAlteromonadaceae
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Taxon (SP.) H H H H WS WS WS WS AMP AMP AMP AMP PARA PARA PARA PARA MET MET MET METAcidimicrobialesCorynebacteriumBacteroidetesFlavobacteriaceaeFlavobacteriaceaeLeeuwenhoekiellaFlavobacteriumSandarakinotaleaSediminicolaTenacibaculumWinogradskyellaAmoebophilaceaeFlammeovirgaceaeEkhidnaceaeEkhidnaceaeSaprospiraceaeAureispiraLewinellaCyanobacteriaCyanobacteriaUlvophyceaeRhodophytaStramenopilesChroococcalesSpirulinaXenococcaceaePseudanabaenaceaeHalomicronemaProchlorococcusLentisphaeralesClostridiaceaeClostridiaceaeLeptotrichiaProteobacteriaAlphaproteobacteriaThalassospiraKordiimonadaceaeHyphomonadaceaeHyphomonasRhizobialesRhodobacteraceaeRhodobacteraceaeRuegeriaAnaerosporaRickettsialesRickettsialesRickettsiaceaeRickettsialesErythrobacteraceaeSpirobacillalesBacteriovoraxArcobacterHelicobacteraceaeGammaproteobacteriaAlteromonadalesAlteromonadalesAlteromonadaceae
Verrucomicrobiaceae Reinekea
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CILIATES
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The future
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It is unlikely that the thermal tolerance threshold is staWc, but the upper limits and possible rate of
change are unknown
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AdaptaWon
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How microbes control the health of the reef
By Dr. Michael Sweet Derby University and Korallion Lab
THANK YOU!