Marine Ecology Coral reefs. Global distribution of coral reefs.
THE CORAL REEFS THE CORAL REEFS BENEFITS FUNCTIONS THREATS SOLUTIONS.
-
Upload
tyrone-lester -
Category
Documents
-
view
222 -
download
0
Transcript of THE CORAL REEFS THE CORAL REEFS BENEFITS FUNCTIONS THREATS SOLUTIONS.
WHAT ARE CORALS?
CORAL IS AN INVERTEBRATEThere are two groups of corals
◦Hermatypes- hard corals◦Ahermatypes- soft corals
HERMATYPES AHERMATYPES
HARD SOFT ( A FEW HARD ONES)
CONTAINS ZOOXANTHELLAE
THESE DO NOT CONTAIN ZOOXANTHELLAE
How are the reefs formed?
The term coral is used to describe the skeletal remains of these animals, particularly those of the hard corals which form the limestone base that becomes the foundations of the reefs.
THE GREAT BARRIER REEF
DID YOU KNOW?The great Barrier Reef is the largest structure built by living organisms on earth and is the only living structure visible from outer space.
THE CORAL BODYA Hollow sac-like structure that appears smaller than a pencil eraserThe body of a coral animal is called
a polyp.
The Coral Body
Polyps of the hard corals extract calcium carbonate from the sea water and use it to build a hard external limestone skeleton beneath and around their base .
This skeleton secures the fragile polyp to a surface and serves as its protection.
Food Source ZooxanthellaePlanktons
◦Phytoplanktons◦Zooplanktons
◦60 % of the planktons on the reefs are eaten by the coral polyps.
◦Most corals feed only at nights.◦Some coral are herbivores and some
are carnivores
Reproduction and Growth
Sexually AsexuallyCoral polyps reproduce
both sexually and asexually
Sexual reproduction occurs when the corals spawn.
They release eggs and Sperms into the water.
The sperm then fertilizes the eggs forming a new creature called a planula.
Asexual reproduction occurs by budding. The parent polyp clones itself by dividing to from a new polyp which remains attached to the parent poly tissue.
A coral colony then develops by the constant adding of the new buds.
BENEFITSThey benefit both man and the environment
They are living organisms.They are beautiful and enrich the life
of the ocean.They provide food and shelter to
thousands of species of plants and animals.
They exchange energy and nutrients with other marine ecosystem.
BENEFITS TO THE ENVIRONMENTPicture to the right shows the island of Bermuda surrounded by coral reefs.
They break waves.Protect the shorelines from erosion.Help to keep beaches and coastal
communities intact.
More Benefits
• Supplies finfish and shellfish upon which the national
economy depends• They provide food• They provide jobs• They provide recreation and entertainment• Provide ornamentals-jobs and income for
tropical fish gathers• They support tourism- snorkel, diving,
boating fishing. • Health- Recent discoveries for treatment
for cancer, AIDS, infection, arthritis, asthma, herpes, and even broken bones
More Benefits
The calcium carbonate from the skeleton of the corals of coral animals is used to produce lime which is added to cement and mortar to help it set more quickly.
The sand on the beach also benefit from coral reefs as it is formed by the breakdown of dead corals and algae.
ThreatsCorals are highly sensitive to
environmental conditionsThey grow best in shallow waterWater must be clear between 68
degrees Fahrenheit and 84 degrees Fahrenheit.
The need normal oceanic salinityThey are being threatened
globally by natural and man-made disasters.
Threats
NATURAL HUMANS
Global warming and the greenhouse effects.◦ Coral bleaching
Sea level changesHurricanesCyclonesAbnormal weather
patternsFluctuations in
seawater temperatures
Human impact is catastrophic
Over harvesting of fishUse of cyanide and
dynamiteNutrients and pesticides
draining into the reefs from agriculture
Boat anchors carelessly being dropped unto the reefs
Deposits of raw sewage
Threats
NATURAL HUMANS
Heavy rains that dilute salinity
Extreme low tidesDiseasesPredator population
explosion, e.g. Crown- of thorns- sea stars.
Tourists and locals stepping on the corals
Coral mining for construction materials
Sedimentation from deforestation
Road constructionOil pollution from
shipping
SolutionsEducation and ActionReef preservationWhat You can do:Learn about reef preservationVolunteer to help protect your
reefsBe informed about policy making
SolutionsAvoid purchasing products from
coral reefs or their inhabitantsBe a responsible Eco-touristSupport reef conservationsBe responsible when you dive
and snorkelBe a responsible boater and
fisherman