How far has the Reliance How far has the Reliance refinery affected the refinery affected the

mechanisation of its adjacent mechanisation of its adjacent villages and what are its villages and what are its

effects?effects?

Multinational investment and Multinational investment and the traditional rural the traditional rural communitycommunityHow we derived our topic?How we derived our topic?

When we visited the first village after visiting the When we visited the first village after visiting the green belt, we saw a vast difference in the green belt, we saw a vast difference in the technological advancement of the two locations. technological advancement of the two locations.

While talking to the teachers regarding the While talking to the teachers regarding the feasibility of working on the idea of ‘transport’ in feasibility of working on the idea of ‘transport’ in and around the refinery, the idea of finding the and around the refinery, the idea of finding the efficiency of the tractors used in the plantations efficiency of the tractors used in the plantations came up. Once this happened, the Chemistry, came up. Once this happened, the Chemistry, Biology and EVS portions came naturally as all Biology and EVS portions came naturally as all tractors combust diesel to give out various harmful tractors combust diesel to give out various harmful gases and these gases eventually effect those in gases and these gases eventually effect those in contact with them and the surrounding contact with them and the surrounding environment as well. Hence we came up with – environment as well. Hence we came up with –

““How far has the Reliance refinery affected the How far has the Reliance refinery affected the mechanisation of its adjacent villages and what are mechanisation of its adjacent villages and what are

its effects?”its effects?”

PhysicsPhysics““The efficiency of the tyres used as well as the The efficiency of the tyres used as well as the

cost efficiency of the tractors used in the cost efficiency of the tractors used in the plantations”plantations”

Basic ConceptBasic Concept

There are two things that we are looking at in this There are two things that we are looking at in this practical experiment.practical experiment.

Firstly, there is the cost efficiency of the tractors Firstly, there is the cost efficiency of the tractors that are used in the plantations. The following is that are used in the plantations. The following is the method that the method that wewe used to determine the more used to determine the more cost efficient tractor:cost efficient tractor:

- We asked the farmers who worked the tractors - We asked the farmers who worked the tractors the approximate distance travelled in a day, the the approximate distance travelled in a day, the amount of diesel that is used per day as well as the amount of diesel that is used per day as well as the approximate speed they travel atapproximate speed they travel at

- Taking those factors into account, we calculated - Taking those factors into account, we calculated the cost efficiency after finding out the market the cost efficiency after finding out the market price of dieselprice of diesel

- What we concluded is the tractor with the greater - What we concluded is the tractor with the greater cost efficiency is no doubt better than a less cost cost efficiency is no doubt better than a less cost efficient oneefficient one

To calculate the cost efficiencyTo calculate the cost efficiencyThis is dependant on the mileage – This is dependant on the mileage –

Nanikhaudi:Nanikhaudi:

Daily diesel input = 20 litresDaily diesel input = 20 litres

Time spent driving tractor daily = 12 hoursTime spent driving tractor daily = 12 hours

Total use of diesel per day = 14 litresTotal use of diesel per day = 14 litres

Distance travelled = 30 kmDistance travelled = 30 km

per day on field per day on field

Mileage = Mileage = Distance travelledDistance travelled = = 3030 =2.14 km/l =2.14 km/l

Amount of diesel used 14Amount of diesel used 14Amount spent on diesel per day = 35.2 x 14Amount spent on diesel per day = 35.2 x 14 = Rs. 492.80= Rs. 492.80Cost efficiency = Cost efficiency = Cost of diesel per litreCost of diesel per litre = = 35.2035.20 = Rs. 16.44 = Rs. 16.44 Mileage 2.14Mileage 2.14

Padana:Padana:

Daily diesel input = 22 litresDaily diesel input = 22 litresTime spent driving tractor daily = 11 hoursTime spent driving tractor daily = 11 hoursTotal use of diesel per day = 11 litresTotal use of diesel per day = 11 litresDistance travelled per day on field = 27 kmDistance travelled per day on field = 27 kmMileage = Mileage = Distance travelledDistance travelled = = 2727 = 2.66 km/l = 2.66 km/l Amount of diesel used 11Amount of diesel used 11Amount spent on diesel per day = 35.2 x 11Amount spent on diesel per day = 35.2 x 11 = Rs. 387.20= Rs. 387.20Cost efficiency = Cost efficiency = Cost of diesel per litreCost of diesel per litre = = 35.2035.20 = Rs. 13.23 = Rs. 13.23 Mileage 2.66Mileage 2.66

Reliance Greens:Reliance Greens:

Daily diesel input = 12 litresDaily diesel input = 12 litresTime spent driving tractor daily = 8 hoursTime spent driving tractor daily = 8 hoursTotal use of diesel per day = 10 litresTotal use of diesel per day = 10 litresDistance travelled per day on field = 32 kmDistance travelled per day on field = 32 kmMileage = Mileage = Distance travelledDistance travelled = = 3232 = 3.2 km/l = 3.2 km/l Amount of diesel used 10Amount of diesel used 10Amount spent on diesel per day = 35.2 x 10Amount spent on diesel per day = 35.2 x 10 = Rs. 352= Rs. 352Cost efficiency = Cost efficiency = Cost of diesel per litreCost of diesel per litre = = 35.2035.20 = Rs. 11 = Rs. 11 Mileage 3.2Mileage 3.2

Note: What should be noted is that in Reliance Greens, the tractors aren’t used Note: What should be noted is that in Reliance Greens, the tractors aren’t used extremely often though maintained well nonetheless.extremely often though maintained well nonetheless.

Secondly, we looked at the frictional force Secondly, we looked at the frictional force between the tyres of the tractor and the surface. between the tyres of the tractor and the surface. The following is the method that we used to The following is the method that we used to determine the more suited plantation tractor: determine the more suited plantation tractor:

- By looking at and around the tractor we found - By looking at and around the tractor we found out the model number and the tractor brand using out the model number and the tractor brand using which we researched on different websites which we researched on different websites regarding the power of the tractor and the weight regarding the power of the tractor and the weight of the tractorof the tractor

- Then we asked the driver to drive a certain - Then we asked the driver to drive a certain measured distance at a constant velocity; the measured distance at a constant velocity; the time taken was noted down for the sametime taken was noted down for the same

- Using the formula Power = Force x Velocity, we - Using the formula Power = Force x Velocity, we calculated the force of the truck. Now, since the calculated the force of the truck. Now, since the force of the truck is equal to the frictional force force of the truck is equal to the frictional force experienced by the truck as acceleration is zero, experienced by the truck as acceleration is zero, assuming velocity is constant, this obtained value assuming velocity is constant, this obtained value of force is nothing else but the frictional force.of force is nothing else but the frictional force.

- Once we calculated the force of the tractor, - Once we calculated the force of the tractor, using the formula Force = using the formula Force = μμ x the total weight of x the total weight of the tractor, we calculated the value of ‘the tractor, we calculated the value of ‘μ’, which is μ’, which is the co-efficient of friction (depending on the the co-efficient of friction (depending on the nature of the surface, the value of μ varies with it nature of the surface, the value of μ varies with it being around 1 on an extremely smooth surface)being around 1 on an extremely smooth surface)

Collected data

Acceleration due to gravity = 9.78 m/s-Acceleration due to gravity = 9.78 m/s-22

Price of diesel = Rs 35.20Price of diesel = Rs 35.20

Mahindra Yuvraj 275Mahindra Yuvraj 275

Power of the tractor = 30HP (22380W)Power of the tractor = 30HP (22380W)

Distance travelled by tractor = 30 mDistance travelled by tractor = 30 m

Time taken = 20 secondsTime taken = 20 seconds

Weight of tractor = 17354.61 NWeight of tractor = 17354.61 N

Ford 3600Ford 3600

Power of the tractor = 34.4HP (25662.4W)Power of the tractor = 34.4HP (25662.4W)

Distance travelled by tractor = 1500 mDistance travelled by tractor = 1500 m

Time taken = 180 secondsTime taken = 180 seconds

Weight of the tractor = 28626.06 NWeight of the tractor = 28626.06 N

CalculationsCalculationsMahindra Yuvraj 275Mahindra Yuvraj 275Power (P) = 30 HP = 22380WPower (P) = 30 HP = 22380WDistance (d) = 30 mDistance (d) = 30 mTime (t) = 20 secondsTime (t) = 20 secondsTotal weight of the tractor (including weight Total weight of the tractor (including weight of driver) = 17354.61 Nof driver) = 17354.61 NCo-efficient of friction = μCo-efficient of friction = μ Power = Force (F) x VelocityPower = Force (F) x Velocity22380 = F x (22380 = F x (3030)) 202022380 x 2 = 3F22380 x 2 = 3F44760 = 3F44760 = 3F

F = F = 4476044760 = 1492 N = 1492 N 33F = Weight of the tractor x μ F = Weight of the tractor x μ 1492 = 17354.61 x μ1492 = 17354.61 x μ

μ = μ = 14921492 = 0.086 = 0.086 17354.6117354.61

Ford 3600Ford 3600Power (P) = 34.4 HP = 25662.4WPower (P) = 34.4 HP = 25662.4WDistance (d) = 1500 mDistance (d) = 1500 mTime (t) = 10 secondsTime (t) = 10 secondsTotal weight of the tractor (including Total weight of the tractor (including weight of driver) = 28626.06 Nweight of driver) = 28626.06 NCo-efficient of friction = μCo-efficient of friction = μPower = Force (F) x VelocityPower = Force (F) x Velocity25662.4 = F x 25662.4 = F x 2525 3325662.4 x 3 = 25F25662.4 x 3 = 25F76987.2 = 25F76987.2 = 25F

F = F = 76987.276987.2 = 3079.49 N = 3079.49 N 2525F = Total weight of the tractor x μ F = Total weight of the tractor x μ 3079.49 = 28626.06 x μ3079.49 = 28626.06 x μ

μ = μ = 3079.493079.49 = 0.107 = 0.107 28626.0628626.06

ChemistryChemistry““The volume of harmful gases emitted from The volume of harmful gases emitted from the exhaust of the tractors used in different the exhaust of the tractors used in different

locations”locations”

Basic ConceptBasic Concept

- Jamnagar has many surrounding villages which - Jamnagar has many surrounding villages which have agriculture as their main form of occupation, have agriculture as their main form of occupation, also the green belt in the reliance greens has a lot also the green belt in the reliance greens has a lot of crops growing there.of crops growing there.

- Tractors are a very important tool used in - Tractors are a very important tool used in farming and with so much farming going on a lot of farming and with so much farming going on a lot of fumes are released due to the combustion of fuel fumes are released due to the combustion of fuel in the diesel engines used in tractors.in the diesel engines used in tractors.

-To see the effects of mechanization on the To see the effects of mechanization on the villages of the refinery we went to and calculate villages of the refinery we went to and calculate the amount of fumes vented by the tractors at the amount of fumes vented by the tractors at different locations at different distances from the different locations at different distances from the refinery.refinery.

-First we measure the dimensions of the pipe and -First we measure the dimensions of the pipe and then we calculated the time taken for the exhaust then we calculated the time taken for the exhaust to exit the pipe hence getting the velocity of the to exit the pipe hence getting the velocity of the pipe and hence getting the value of the fuels pipe and hence getting the value of the fuels emitted per day and calculating which tractor is emitted per day and calculating which tractor is more efficient.more efficient.

- Tractors used in the reliance greens are - Tractors used in the reliance greens are maintained in a better way and hence emit less maintained in a better way and hence emit less harmful gases than tractors used in the villages. harmful gases than tractors used in the villages.

Theory:Theory:

- Tractors have a diesel engine which is a - Tractors have a diesel engine which is a hydrocarbon based fuel.hydrocarbon based fuel.

- Diesel when burnt produces many harmful gases, in - Diesel when burnt produces many harmful gases, in different proportions, like sulphur dioxide, sulphates, different proportions, like sulphur dioxide, sulphates, particulate matter, nitrous oxides, volatile organic particulate matter, nitrous oxides, volatile organic compounds, carbon oxides and other toxic compounds, carbon oxides and other toxic substances which add to the air pollution of the substances which add to the air pollution of the environment and have adverse effects in human environment and have adverse effects in human beings. beings.

Data collection Data collection LocationLocation PadanaPadana NanikhaudiNanikhaudi Reliance Reliance

greensgreens

CC 19.119.1 2020 6.56.5

CC11 30.530.5 4747 11.211.2

LL 7979 5050 7171

LL11 55.655.6 36.536.5 5656

TimeTime N/AN/A 1.51.5 1.251.25

Note: C is the circumference of the upper pipe Note: C is the circumference of the upper pipe whereas Cwhereas C11 is the circumference of the lower pipe. is the circumference of the lower pipe. The diameters, d and dThe diameters, d and d11 were calculated using C = were calculated using C = 22ππr, where r is the radius of the pipe.r, where r is the radius of the pipe.

Data EvaluationData EvaluationVolume of gas Volume of gas emitted per second = emitted per second = C x L x 2C x L x 2ππ+ C1 xL1 x 2 x + C1 xL1 x 2 x ππ TimeTime

Volume (Nanikhaudi) = 11.4 dmVolume (Nanikhaudi) = 11.4 dm33

Volume (Reliance Greens) = 5.47 dmVolume (Reliance Greens) = 5.47 dm33

Volume (Padana) = not applicable as time could not Volume (Padana) = not applicable as time could not be calculated.be calculated.

GasesGases NanikhaudiNanikhaudi Reliance greensReliance greens

NONOxx 2.392.39 1.14871.1487

EthaneEthane 0.009120.00912 0.0004370.000437

MethaneMethane 0.0177840.017784 0.008530.00853

COCO 2.20022.2002 1.0561.056

SO2SO2 0.2280.228 0.10940.1094

Volume of each gas emitted per second is as stated Volume of each gas emitted per second is as stated below, in dmbelow, in dm33::

Concentration tablesConcentration tables

GasGas Parts per million (ppm)Parts per million (ppm) Percentage of Percentage of ppmppm

NONOxx 20972097 0.210.21

EthaneEthane 88 0.00080.0008

MethaneMethane 15.615.6 0.001560.00156

COCO 19301930 0.19300.1930

SOSO22 41.341.3 0.004130.00413

BiologyBiology““Mechanisation of villages has an adverse Mechanisation of villages has an adverse

effect on the villagers”effect on the villagers”

Basic ConceptBasic Concept

An experiment was conducted in order to An experiment was conducted in order to determine the effect of the gases emitted from the determine the effect of the gases emitted from the exhaust of the tractors as well as the effect of exhaust of the tractors as well as the effect of driving tractors for a long period on human health.driving tractors for a long period on human health.

The following is the method we used to determine The following is the method we used to determine the effect on human health:the effect on human health:

- We measured the pulse rate of the driver before - We measured the pulse rate of the driver before and after he drove and we measured the pulse rate and after he drove and we measured the pulse rate of the of our own group members before and after of the of our own group members before and after we rode on the tractorwe rode on the tractor

- We then used theory based knowledge to - We then used theory based knowledge to determine the effects of an abnormal pulse rate on determine the effects of an abnormal pulse rate on humans.humans.

Collected Data

PersonPerson Pulse Rate Pulse Rate BeforeBefore

Pulse Rate AfterPulse Rate After

KaranKaran 75 bpm75 bpm 92 bpm92 bpm

DhruvDhruv 78 bpm78 bpm 90 bpm90 bpm

PranavPranav 79 bpm79 bpm 92 bpm92 bpm

Driver - BharatDriver - Bharat 80 bpm80 bpm 96 bpm96 bpm

The average pulse rate of an adult human being is The average pulse rate of an adult human being is 72bpm. The average range of the pulse rate of an 72bpm. The average range of the pulse rate of an adult human being is between 60bpm and 100bpm.adult human being is between 60bpm and 100bpm.

- We felt that we should determine whether or not - We felt that we should determine whether or not the pulse rate rose more while doing manual labour the pulse rate rose more while doing manual labour or during the use of tractors.or during the use of tractors.

- Since the farmers were not ploughing their fields at - Since the farmers were not ploughing their fields at that time, we conducted a simulation.that time, we conducted a simulation.

-We found that the pulse rate rose from 80bpm to -We found that the pulse rate rose from 80bpm to 112bpm.112bpm.

Benefits of Mechanisation Benefits of Mechanisation

The implications of a high pulse rateThe implications of a high pulse rate

An elevated pulse rate indicated that the heart is An elevated pulse rate indicated that the heart is beating faster than it normally would. beating faster than it normally would. When a person When a person has an elevated heart rate:has an elevated heart rate:

`̀- They are at risk because their heart cannot pump - They are at risk because their heart cannot pump blood as efficiently. blood as efficiently.

- This can develop into a condition called tachycardia - This can develop into a condition called tachycardia if the heart rate rises above 100 beats per minute. if the heart rate rises above 100 beats per minute.

- The faster the heart beat, the more oxygen and - The faster the heart beat, the more oxygen and nutrients the heart requires, this may leave people nutrients the heart requires, this may leave people out of breath and makes them fatigued faster. Also out of breath and makes them fatigued faster. Also lesser blood goes to the lungs, kidney and heart.lesser blood goes to the lungs, kidney and heart.

The effects of the use of tractorsThe effects of the use of tractors

- The tractors cause air pollution- The tractors cause air pollution

- These emissions consist of harmful gases such as - These emissions consist of harmful gases such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxidesulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide

- Exposure to very high levels of sulphur dioxide can - Exposure to very high levels of sulphur dioxide can be life threatening. Exposure to 100 parts of sulphur be life threatening. Exposure to 100 parts of sulphur dioxide per million parts of air (100ppm) is dioxide per million parts of air (100ppm) is considered immediately dangerous to life and considered immediately dangerous to life and health. health.

- Burning of the nose and throat, breathing - Burning of the nose and throat, breathing difficulties, and severe airway obstructions occurred difficulties, and severe airway obstructions occurred in miners who breathed sulphur dioxide released as in miners who breathed sulphur dioxide released as a result of an explosion in a copper mine.a result of an explosion in a copper mine.

- Long-term exposure to persistent levels of sulphur - Long-term exposure to persistent levels of sulphur dioxide can affect your health. dioxide can affect your health.

- Older workers that have been working in the fields for - Older workers that have been working in the fields for about 15 years now complain of getting tired sooner about 15 years now complain of getting tired sooner than others and shortness of breaththan others and shortness of breath

- Carbon monoxide is also released, this could cause Carbon monoxide is also released, this could cause CO poisoning because this gas inhibits the functioning CO poisoning because this gas inhibits the functioning of haemoglobin and doesn’t allow it to transport of haemoglobin and doesn’t allow it to transport oxygen efficiently. Carboxyhaemoglobin is formed, and oxygen efficiently. Carboxyhaemoglobin is formed, and this is a stable compound that doesn’t allow the this is a stable compound that doesn’t allow the oxygen to detach from the haemoglobin.oxygen to detach from the haemoglobin.

- These gases cause health problems such as - These gases cause health problems such as bronchitis and emphysema.bronchitis and emphysema.

- Bronchitis develops due to exposure to airborne - Bronchitis develops due to exposure to airborne pollutants whereas Emphysema causes dramatic pollutants whereas Emphysema causes dramatic decrease in the surface area of the lungs because the decrease in the surface area of the lungs because the alveoli either separate, or clump together and they alveoli either separate, or clump together and they function far less efficientlyfunction far less efficiently

Environmental SystemsEnvironmental Systems““Mechanisation of villages has an adverse Mechanisation of villages has an adverse

effect on the environment”effect on the environment”

Basic ConceptBasic Concept

To determine the effect of the proximity of the To determine the effect of the proximity of the villages to the green belt on the agriculture and the villages to the green belt on the agriculture and the effect of the gases emitted by the tractor on the effect of the gases emitted by the tractor on the environment. To do so, we prepared a environment. To do so, we prepared a questionnaire. questionnaire.

Results:Results:

From the interview we discovered that From the interview we discovered that mechanisation had become more popular after mechanisation had become more popular after the establishment of the refinery.the establishment of the refinery.

Almost all the farmers agreed that the use of Almost all the farmers agreed that the use of tractors had in fact increased the efficiency of tractors had in fact increased the efficiency of their as well as made it much easier.their as well as made it much easier.

Also, since the establishment of the refinery, their Also, since the establishment of the refinery, their crop output as well as their income has almost crop output as well as their income has almost doubled!doubled!

The effects of the use of tractorsThe effects of the use of tractors

- Tractors causes air pollution emitting gases such as - Tractors causes air pollution emitting gases such as CO, NOCO, NOxx and SO and SO22.. - Carbon monoxide increases the amount of other - Carbon monoxide increases the amount of other greenhouse gases (methane), and eventually greenhouse gases (methane), and eventually oxidises into the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide oxidises into the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide linked to global warming.linked to global warming.

- Sulphur dioxide is toxic to plants and can cause - Sulphur dioxide is toxic to plants and can cause acid rain when it reacts with moisture in the air. Acid acid rain when it reacts with moisture in the air. Acid rain damages trees and other plants, and it can also rain damages trees and other plants, and it can also affects the soil. Therefore, at first it tractors may affects the soil. Therefore, at first it tractors may lead to efficiency in farming but if the level of lead to efficiency in farming but if the level of emission is not controlled it would have adverse emission is not controlled it would have adverse effects on the crop produce on the long run. effects on the crop produce on the long run.

- Nitrogen dioxide emitted into the air reacts with - Nitrogen dioxide emitted into the air reacts with moisture that is also in the air. This returns to earth moisture that is also in the air. This returns to earth in the form of acid rain. Acid rain damages trees and in the form of acid rain. Acid rain damages trees and other plants, and it can also affect the soil it falls on, other plants, and it can also affect the soil it falls on, causing the soil to release aluminium that can be causing the soil to release aluminium that can be harmful to the plants, fish and insects that come into harmful to the plants, fish and insects that come into contact with the acidified water draining out of the contact with the acidified water draining out of the soil. soil.

- Chemical reactions between nitrogen oxides, - Chemical reactions between nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and sunlight at volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and sunlight at ground level produces ozone. Ozone occurs naturally ground level produces ozone. Ozone occurs naturally in the atmosphere but the reaction involving NOin the atmosphere but the reaction involving NOxx gases can produce unnaturally high ground level gases can produce unnaturally high ground level ozone levels, which can affect plant health. ozone levels, which can affect plant health.

SolutionsSolutions- The right tractor tyres should be used on - The right tractor tyres should be used on respective fieldsrespective fields

- The tractors should have regular check-ups and - The tractors should have regular check-ups and the exhaust refinement system should be refilledthe exhaust refinement system should be refilled

- Reliance Industries Limited should spread this kind - Reliance Industries Limited should spread this kind of awareness such that the environmental of awareness such that the environmental conditions improve in the areas around the refineryconditions improve in the areas around the refinery

ConclusionConclusionPhysics: The soil in Nanikhaudi was more fertile Physics: The soil in Nanikhaudi was more fertile than that found in Padana and it offered less than that found in Padana and it offered less friction. Also the tractors in the Reliance Greens friction. Also the tractors in the Reliance Greens were much better maintained and efficient than were much better maintained and efficient than those found in the nearby villages.those found in the nearby villages.

Chemistry:Chemistry: We can see from the values that the We can see from the values that the exhaust of the tractor in the Reliance Greens is exhaust of the tractor in the Reliance Greens is much better for the environment in comparison to much better for the environment in comparison to those found in the neighbouring villages due to those found in the neighbouring villages due to better maintenance. better maintenance.

Biology: Mechanisation has helped the adjacent Biology: Mechanisation has helped the adjacent villages as the harmful effects caused are villages as the harmful effects caused are insignificant in comparison to the advantages insignificant in comparison to the advantages gained by the farmers.gained by the farmers.

Environment Systems: AEnvironment Systems: At first it tractors may lead t first it tractors may lead to efficiency in farming but if the level of harmful to efficiency in farming but if the level of harmful gas emission is not controlled it would have gas emission is not controlled it would have adverse effects on the crop produce on the long adverse effects on the crop produce on the long run.run.

Made by:Made by:

Pranav MarwahPranav MarwahDhruv SwaroopDhruv SwaroopRohan KothariRohan KothariTarini KumarTarini KumarArjun GogiaArjun GogiaKaran SethiaKaran SethiaAkansh GaneriwalaAkansh GaneriwalaLakshaya SindhwaniLakshaya SindhwaniSaahil MurarkaSaahil Murarka