Housing: Chapter 2Housing: Chapter 2

Influences on HousingInfluences on Housing

Early ShelterEarly Shelter

Early Humans lived Early Humans lived in caves that in caves that provided a degree of provided a degree of safety and protection safety and protection from the weather and from the weather and wild animals.wild animals.

Another form of early Another form of early shelter was a dugout, shelter was a dugout, which is a large hole which is a large hole dug in the earth.dug in the earth.

Housing of Native Housing of Native AmericansAmericans

Native Americans Native Americans occupied North occupied North America before America before Europeans arrived.Europeans arrived.

The materials used The materials used for their housing for their housing depended on what depended on what was available in the was available in the section of the country section of the country in which they lived.in which they lived.

Housing of ColonistsHousing of Colonists

The first shelters The first shelters used by the used by the European settlers European settlers were copied after were copied after Native American Native American dwellings.dwellings.

Other houses were Other houses were built of sod.built of sod.

Dirt floors were Dirt floors were common.common.

The abundance of The abundance of trees in the eastern trees in the eastern forests made the log forests made the log cabin convenient to cabin convenient to build.build.

The first log cabins The first log cabins were built about were built about 1640 by Swedish and 1640 by Swedish and Finnish colonists.Finnish colonists.

Housing During 1700s Housing During 1700s and 1800sand 1800s

Throughout the 1700 Throughout the 1700 and 1800s and 1800s farmhouses ranged farmhouses ranged in design and in design and construction from construction from sod houses to log sod houses to log cabins to ranch cabins to ranch houses.houses.

At the same time, At the same time, large plantation large plantation houses were built in houses were built in the south.the south.

Urban HousingUrban Housing

The housing in cities The housing in cities was built close was built close together and together and croweded with croweded with inhabitants, causing inhabitants, causing a high density.a high density.

DensityDensity is the is the number of people in number of people in a given area.a given area.

A number of A number of tenement houses,tenement houses, or early apartments, or early apartments, were constructed were constructed before housing before housing regulations existed.regulations existed.

The first of these The first of these houses appeared in houses appeared in New York City New York City around 1840.around 1840.

Urban HousingUrban Housing

The first row houses The first row houses were built in the 1820s.were built in the 1820s.

Rwo houses are a Rwo houses are a continuous group of continuous group of dwellings connected by dwellings connected by common sidewalls.common sidewalls.

Two-family dwellings, Two-family dwellings, called duplexes were called duplexes were built soon after.built soon after.

Changes in HousingChanges in Housing

Wood and Coal burning Wood and Coal burning stoves appeared in stoves appeared in houses.houses.

Oil and gas lamps Oil and gas lamps replaced candles.replaced candles.

Iceboxes were available.Iceboxes were available. However, only people However, only people

with high incomes could with high incomes could afford to take advantage afford to take advantage of these new of these new developments.developments.

Housing in the 1900sHousing in the 1900s

During the early 1900s, the number of During the early 1900s, the number of immigrants to the U.S. increased dramatically immigrants to the U.S. increased dramatically and many moved to cities and this meant more and many moved to cities and this meant more housing was needed.housing was needed.

Then, during World War I, almost no housing Then, during World War I, almost no housing was built, except by the federal government.was built, except by the federal government. This caused a housing shortage.This caused a housing shortage.

The impact of the increased population, World The impact of the increased population, World War I, and the Great Depression had left War I, and the Great Depression had left housing conditions in a neglected state.housing conditions in a neglected state.

New Solutions to Housing New Solutions to Housing ShortagesShortages

In response to housing In response to housing shortages, factory-shortages, factory-produced units emerged produced units emerged as a major type of as a major type of American housing.American housing.

Factory-built housing Factory-built housing units helped with the units helped with the housing shortage by housing shortage by serving as year-round serving as year-round housing for many housing for many people.people.

Steps to Improve HousingSteps to Improve Housing

A A new townnew town is an is an urban development urban development consisting of a small consisting of a small to midsize city with a to midsize city with a broad range of broad range of housing and planned housing and planned industrial, industrial, commercial, and commercial, and recreational facilities.recreational facilities.

Steps to Improve HousingSteps to Improve Housing

A A subdivisionsubdivision is a is a smaller version of the smaller version of the new town concept.new town concept.

In a subdivision, the In a subdivision, the density and types of density and types of buildings are controlled.buildings are controlled.

Subdivisions are often Subdivisions are often created from created from undeveloped land by undeveloped land by private investors called private investors called developers.developers.

The NavajoThe Navajo

A group’s culture influences its housing, and A group’s culture influences its housing, and the housing becomes part of the culture.the housing becomes part of the culture.

The Navajo, a tribe from the Southwest, lived in The Navajo, a tribe from the Southwest, lived in a a hoganhogan, which was a building made of logs , which was a building made of logs and mud.and mud.

The windows faced west and a single door The windows faced west and a single door faced east.faced east. The placement of the door had religious The placement of the door had religious

significance.significance. The Navajo believed the door must face east so the The Navajo believed the door must face east so the

spirit guardians could enter.spirit guardians could enter.

Spanish StyleSpanish Style

Before regions in the Before regions in the South became South became states, they were states, they were settled by the settled by the Spanish.Spanish.

The Spanish built The Spanish built missions with missions with whitewashed walls whitewashed walls and red-tiled roofs.and red-tiled roofs.

Societal Influences on Societal Influences on HousingHousing

Signs of societal change are everywhere.Signs of societal change are everywhere. They can be seen in the growth of the They can be seen in the growth of the

cities and the movement of people to cities and the movement of people to new jobs and locations.new jobs and locations.

They can be seen in relationships and They can be seen in relationships and lifestyles.lifestyles.

Many of these changes affect housing.Many of these changes affect housing.

Household SizeHousehold Size

The U.S. Cencus Bureau collects data to The U.S. Cencus Bureau collects data to provide information on provide information on demographicsdemographics, which , which are statistical facts about the human are statistical facts about the human population.population.

In 1790 the average household size was In 1790 the average household size was between 3 and 7.between 3 and 7.

In 1900 the majority had 2 and 5.In 1900 the majority had 2 and 5. In 2000, the census showed that only 1 or 2 In 2000, the census showed that only 1 or 2

people lived in most households toady.people lived in most households toady.

People with DisabilitiesPeople with Disabilities

A disability may A disability may interfere with a interfere with a person’s ability to person’s ability to walk.walk.

Their housing must Their housing must allow them to carry allow them to carry out day-to-day out day-to-day activities with as little activities with as little restriction as restriction as possible.possible.

Working at HomeWorking at Home

The number of people working from their The number of people working from their homes is increasing.homes is increasing.

TelecommutingTelecommuting is working at home or is working at home or another site through an electronic link to another site through an electronic link to a central office’s computer.a central office’s computer.

Working at home not only presents Working at home not only presents challenges for designing the workspace challenges for designing the workspace but also for dealing with distractions.but also for dealing with distractions.

Environmental Influences Environmental Influences on Housingon Housing

The The natural environmentnatural environment is provided by is provided by nature.nature. Land, water, trees, and solar energy.Land, water, trees, and solar energy.

The The constructed environmentconstructed environment includes includes the natural environment after it has been the natural environment after it has been changed by human effort.changed by human effort.

The The behavioral environment behavioral environment is an a is an a housing environment for people to housing environment for people to interact with one another.interact with one another.

How Housing Affects the How Housing Affects the EconomyEconomy

One way to measure the One way to measure the economy is to determine economy is to determine the number of families the number of families that can afford to buy a that can afford to buy a median-priced home in median-priced home in their area.their area.

High mortgage rates and High mortgage rates and high unemployment high unemployment affects the ability of affects the ability of households to purchase households to purchase housing. housing.

How the Economy Affects How the Economy Affects HousingHousing

The The housing markethousing market is the transfer of is the transfer of dwellings from the dwellings from the producers to the producers to the consumers.consumers.

The strength of the The strength of the housing market housing market depends on supply depends on supply and demand.and demand.

High TechHigh Tech

Homes now may include media rooms or Homes now may include media rooms or home theaters complete with large home theaters complete with large screens and high tech sound systems.screens and high tech sound systems.

Many architects and interior designers Many architects and interior designers use use computer-aided drafting and computer-aided drafting and design (CADD),design (CADD), which is software and which is software and hardware that creates designs with a hardware that creates designs with a computer.computer.

Governmental Influences Governmental Influences on Housingon Housing

Laws regulating Laws regulating housing began housing began during colonial times.during colonial times.

Since the 1930s, the Since the 1930s, the federal government federal government has stepped up its has stepped up its efforts to improve efforts to improve housing conditions in housing conditions in the U.S.the U.S.

Housing StandardsHousing Standards

Standards include Standards include building codesbuilding codes, , establish minimum establish minimum standards for materials standards for materials and construction and construction methods.methods.

A A zoning regulation, zoning regulation, is is a government a government requirement that controls requirement that controls land use.land use.

The End!The End!