Household Food Wraps Life Cycle Assessment Betsy Boatner Rob Frederick Hyung Chul Kim Yasmin Ullah...
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![Page 1: Household Food Wraps Life Cycle Assessment Betsy Boatner Rob Frederick Hyung Chul Kim Yasmin Ullah April 12, 1999.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649d4b5503460f94a2826f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Household Food Wraps Life Cycle Assessment
Betsy Boatner
Rob Frederick
Hyung Chul Kim
Yasmin Ullah
April 12, 1999
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Goal Definition
Conduct a life cycle assessment of:
• PVC (Reynolds Plastic Wrap)
• PVDC (Saran Wrap)
• PE (Handi-Wrap)
• Al (Reynolds Aluminum Foil)
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Overview
• Introduction
• Life Cycle Inventory Analysis
• Life Cycle Impact Assessment
• Life Cycle Interpretation
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
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Performance Characteristics
Consumer objective: coverage
• Ability to seal/enclose
• Cling
• Resist tearing
• Hot/cold, clarity, and gas permeability
are outside of the scope
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LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY
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System Boundary
Al, PVC, PVDC, PE
Production
Wood
Pulp
Cardboard
Production
Film Manufactur
e
Wrap Use
End of Life
Landfill IncinerationRecycle
Wrap Manufactur
e
Tube & Box Manufacture
Input
Output Human Health
Recycling
Bauxite
Petroleum
Raw Material
Extraction
Manufacturing Use End of Life
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ElectrolysisEmulsion
PolymerisationReaction
Calendering
Mining Extraction
PVC Food Wrap Production
Rock Salt Methane Plasticizer
PVC Food Wrap
Cl2 Chlorination VCM
Stabilizer
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EmulsionPolymerisation
ReactionCalendering
Mining Extraction
PVDC Food Wrap Production
Electrolysis Cl2 Chlorination VinylChloride
Chlorination
VinylideneChloride PVDC
Food Wrap
Rock salt Methane
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PE Food Wrap Production
Oil Well
Drilling
Refinery
OilSteam
CrackingEthylene
PolymerisationExtrusion
Polyethylene Food Wrap
Water
Rolling
Stabilizers Additives
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Aluminum Foil Production
Cathode/AnodeManufacture
NaOH LimestoneNa-Al-Ca Fluoride
Bauxite
Al oxideManufacture Electrolysis
Carbon
Al metal
CastingRolling/
Annealing
Mining Mining
Aluminum Foil Wrap
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Cost Comparison
$3.09 $3.09
$1.65
$2.59
$0.00
$0.50
$1.00
$1.50
$2.00
$2.50
$3.00
$3.50
PVC (Reynolds)100 sq. ft.
PVDC (Saran)100 sq. ft.
PE (Handi Wrap)100 sq. ft.
Al (Reynolds)75 sq. ft.
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Weight Distribution
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
PVC (Reynolds)100 sq. ft.
PVDC (Saran)100 sq. ft.
PE (Handi Wrap)100 sq. ft.
Al (Reynolds)75 sq. ft.
gra
ms
TubeBoxWrap
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Material Consumption
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
PVC (Reynolds
PlasticWrap)
PVDC (SaranWrap)
PE (HandiWrap)
Al (ReynoldsAlum. Foil)
Mas
s (k
g)
crude oil/nat. gas
rock salt
limestone
bauxite
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Energy Consumption
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
PVC (Reynolds
Plastic Wrap)
PVDC (Saran Wrap)
PE
(Handi Wrap)
Al (ReynoldsAlum. Foil)
En
erg
y (
MJ
)
feedstock
precomb.+ comb.
• Aluminum production has high electricity demands
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Air Emissions of Criteria Pollutants
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
PVC (Reynolds) PVDC (Saran) PE (Handi-Wrap) Aluminum(Reynolds)
gra
ms
PM
VOC
CO
SOX
NOX
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Water Emissions
0 4000 8000 12000 16000
PVC (Reynolds)
PVDC (Saran)
PE (Handi-Wrap)
Aluminum (Reynolds)
grams
SuspendedSolids
0 20 40 60 80 100
PVC (Reynolds)
PVDC (Saran)
PE (Handi-Wrap)
Aluminum (Reynolds)
grams
Nitrogen
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Water Emissions (cont’d)
Salts and Acids
Metals
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
PVC (Reynolds)
PVDC (Saran)
PE (Handi Wrap)
Aluminum (Reynolds)
grams
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
PVC (Reynolds)
PVDC (Saran)
PE (Handi Wrap)
Aluminum (Reynolds)
grams
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Water Emissions (cont’d)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
PVC (Reynolds)
PVDC (Saran)
PE (Handi-Wrap)
Aluminum(Reynolds)
grams
Total Organic Carbons
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Transportation Energy
0
200
400
600
800
PVC (Reynolds
PlasticWrap)
PVDC (SaranWrap)
PE (HandiWrap)
Al (ReynoldsAlum. Foil)
En
erg
y (J
/mile
) fo
r fu
nct
ion
al u
nit
cardboard
wrap
• Cardboard tube for plastic wrap weighs more than for aluminum
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End of Life
• Aluminum foil has 9% recycle rate • Scrap aluminum foil is worth $1050 per ton / $0.85 per roll
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
PVC (Reynolds
PlasticWrap)
PVDC (SaranWrap)
PE (HandiWrap)
Al (ReynoldsAlum. Foil)
We
igh
t (g
) p
er
fun
cti
on
al u
nit
recycled
incinerated
landfill
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LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENTLIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT
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Critical Volume
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
PVC(Reynolds)
PVDC (Saran) PE (HandiWrap)
Aluminum(Reynolds)
10
0 m
3 o
f p
ollu
ted
air
• Pollutants included are Fl, Cl, NH3, Pb, Hg, HCl, CO, SOX, NOX, Hydrocarbons, and Dust/Part.
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GWP100 Relative to CO2
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
PVC(Reynolds)
PVDC(Saran)
PE (HandiWrap)
Aluminum(Reynolds)
kg
of
CO
2 e
qu
iva
len
t
• Greenhouse gases included are CO2, N20, CH4, and Halon-1301.
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Health Concerns:Manufacturing of PVC/ PVDC
Dioxin
- carcinogen, potential endocrine disruptor & teratogen- exposure linked to diabetes- Vinyl Institute: 24.3 g/year- Greenpeace: 283-565 g/year (Danish study in support)- EPA: insufficient data to evaluate claims
Plasticizers
- DEHA: potential human carcinogen, teratogen, mutagen, & endocrine disruptor- DEHP: potential human carcinogen, teratogen,
& endocrine disruptor- Swedish study: testicular cancer & PVC exposure
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Health Concerns:Manufacturing of PVC/PVDC (cont’d)
Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM)- human carcinogen - rare liver cancer, documented evidence from occupational exposure
- lung, spleen, & brain cancer, degenerative bone disease
Hydrogen Chloride Gas- "meat wrapper asthma"
Equity- mean percent non-white 57% higher than national average
in communities surrounding the 14 U.S. ethylene and/orvinyl chloride feedstock facilities
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Health Concerns:Use of PVDC/PVC Food Wrap
Migration of Plasticizers: DEHA & DEHP
- plasticizer content: average 16.3%
- migration level varies depending on:content, surface contact, length of contact,fat content of food, & temperature
- numerous studies:Consumers Union: 51-270 ppm (avg 153) in cheese
- FDA: risk from DEHA and DEHP de minimus – not regulated
- C.E.C.: DEHA migration limit of 18 ppm
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Health Concerns:End of Life of PVDC/PVC Food Wrap
Incineration
- Dioxin: hotly contested
- Vinyl Industry: Rigo study
- Greenpeace & others: strong criticism
- EPA: jury is out (to lunch)
Recycling Challenges
- Volume, storage, & collection infrastructure
- Additives act as contaminant preventing PVC recycling
- Cross-resin contamination:
* PVC & PET recycling: hydrochloric acid
* different plastic films indistinguishable
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International Actionto Reduce & Eliminate PVC-Based Products,
with Focus on Food Packaging
- Environmental Guidelines for Sydney Olympics:minimize and avoid use of PVC
- German Parliament: recommended complete phase out
- Switzerland: PVC containers are banned
- Denmark: reduction in PVC packaging to 85% of weight in 1987 by 2000
- Japan: law passed requiring manufacturers to recycle toxic materials that produce dioxin when burned (2000)
*American Public Health Association: call for timed phase-out
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Health Concerns:Use of Aluminum Foil
Link to Alzheimers
- Evidence of aluminum in brains of patients with disease
- No evidence of direct correlation between disease &aluminum
- Content ingested from foil and utensil innocuous; water primary source - used in purification
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Health Concerns: Aluminum Production & Recovery
Production
- Link between aluminum smelting & asthma &
chronic airway disease
- Acid mine drainage
Recycling
- Neurobehavioral, rheumatic, & respiratory impairments*
(Al, Mn, VCM)
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LIFE CYCLE INTERPRETATION
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Report Card
PVC PVDC PE AlMaterial Intensiveness + + -Energy + + -Health - - + Air Pollutants + -Water Pollutants - + -GWP + + -Critical Volume - + -End of Life - - -
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Recommendations
• Examine changes in manufacturing techniques to reduce migration
• Conduct more research on migration and health effects
• Investigate alternative plasticizers (e.g., polymerized, benzoic acid based)
• Recover and utilize chlorine discharges
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Recommendations (cont’d)
• Reuse or recycle aluminum foil
• Avoid use of heavy duty foil
• Minimize contact of PVC/PVDC wrap with food
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Which would you choose?