Yoon, Hyung Joo - naro.affrc.go.jp
Transcript of Yoon, Hyung Joo - naro.affrc.go.jp
2010 11 92010. 11. 9
Yoon, Hyung Joo
National Academy of Agricultural Science,Rural Development Administration, KOREAp
ContentsContents
Introductiont oduct o
Commercially managed bumblebees- Establishment of year-round rearing of Korean
native bumblebee B. ignitusBumblebee as a pollinator- Bumblebee as a pollinator
Honeybee as a pollinator
Osmia mason bee as an orchard pollinator
Conclusion
IntroductionIntroduction
Bees are important for pollination, and the most importantactivity of bees is their pollination of natural vegetation andactivity of bees is their pollination of natural vegetation andagricultural plants.
Bees are diverse and abundant with 16 325 species identifiedBees are diverse and abundant, with 16,325 species identifiedthroughout the world (Michener, 2000).
I t lli ti i b th t i d d tiInsect pollination is both an ecosystem service and a productionpractice used extensively by farmers all over the world for cropproduction.
We rely on bees to pollinate 70% of most valuable crops useddirectly for human consumption (Klein et al., 2007).y p ( , )
The production of 84% of crop species cultivated in Europedepends directly on insect pollinators, especially bees (Williams,depends directly on insect pollinators, especially bees (Williams,1994).
IntroductionIntroductionWorldwide, bees pollinate more than 400 crop species, and in theUnited States more than 130 crop species (James and Pitts-Singer,2008).
Commercially managed bees are also available for pollinationservices and are used in large commercial fields, small gardens,or enclosures such as greenhouses and screen houses.
Although the general public gives honeybees much of the creditfor pollination, managed bumblebees and solitary bees also havea great impact on certain commodities (Free 1993; Dag anda great impact on certain commodities (Free, 1993; Dag andKammer, 2001).
Thus the economic benefit of insect pollination is clear forThus the economic benefit of insect pollination is clear forfarmers, and the market for colony rental is now well developedand organized for honeybees in the United States (Sumner andB i 2006) d E (C k d Willi 1998) llBoriss, 2006) and Europe (Carreck and Williams, 1998) as well asfor bumblebees all over the world (Velthuis and van Doorn, 2006).
IntroductionIntroduction
For the 100 crops used for human food worldwide, the totaleconomic value of pollination throughout the world amounted to€ 153 billion in 2005, which was about 9.5% of the value of theworld agricultural production used for human food (Gallai et al.,2009).
Here, we discuss the current status and agricultural utilization ofcommercial bees such as bumblebees, honeybees, and masonbees as pollinators in Koreabees as pollinators in Korea.
We also describe year-round techniques for rearing the Koreannative bumblebee Bombus ignitusnative bumblebee Bombus ignitus.
Commercially managed bumblebeesCommercially managed bumblebees
The introduction of bumblebees into greenhouses for pollinationhas become widespread in recent years and demand increaseshas become widespread in recent years and demand increasesannually.
The large bumblebee Bombus terrestris which is indigenous toThe large bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, which is indigenous toEurope, has been artificially introduced in several parts of theworld.
Since 1988, colonies of B. terrestris have been imported intomany countries, including Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan, Mexico,Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, South Africa, Morocco, and Tunisia.
It has been estimated that the bumblebees sold in 2004 consistedof approximately 1,000,000 colonies world
Commercially managed bumblebees Commercially managed bumblebees
There has been some anxiety associated with the introduction ofThere has been some anxiety associated with the introduction ofB. terrestris into greenhouses because it is highly invasive couldpossibly escape from greenhouses and could have negativeff t th h titi ti t i ti beffects through competition or genetic contamination by
hybridization with native bumblebees.
The competitive displacement of native pollinators and theinvasion of native vegetation by B. terrestris have already beenrecorded in Tasmania.
In Israel, there has been a decline in the numbers of honeybeesand solitary bees with the range expansion of B. terrestris.and solitary bees with the range expansion of B. terrestris.
B. terrestris has also colonized Japan, where it escaped fromgreenhouses in 1996 after its introduction in 1991greenhouses in 1996 after its introduction in 1991
Commercially managed bumblebees Commercially managed bumblebees
For this reason, the governments of Canada and the USA prohibitthe introduction of foreign bumblebee species, and at present anative bumblebee B impatiens is used for commercial pollinationnative bumblebee B. impatiens is used for commercial pollinationin North America.
In Korea B terrestris was first introduced in 1994 and in earlyIn Korea, B. terrestris was first introduced in 1994 and in earlyMay 2002 to 2008, B. terrestris overwintering queens were caughtin several regions.
We are studying the artificial year-round mass rearing of B.ignitus, a Korean native bumblebee, because this species is theg , , pmost reliable native bumblebee for crop pollination (Yoon et al.,1999, 2002, 2003, 2004).
YearYear--round rearing of round rearing of B. B. ignitusignitus
Temperature and humidity favorable for colony development of B. ignitus
Feed (Sugar solution, Pollen)
Facilitating effects of helperFacilitating effects of helper
Developmental characteristics of B. ignitusby the first ovipositon periodby the first ovipositon period
The effect of CO2 – treatment
Artificial hibernation method
Optimum temperature of B. ignitus
80
10023℃
27℃30℃
40
60Rate
(%
)
0
20
0
Colonyinitiation
Colonyfoundation
Progeny-queen
production
Development stage
Fig. 1. Colony development of B. ignitus reared at different temperatures. Forthe statistical analysis, Chi-squared test was used in each developmental stage: X2=18.13, P<0.001 iny , q p g ,colony initiation, X2 =13.88, P<0.001 in colony foundation, and X2=10.32, P<0.05 in progeny-queenproduction. Twenty four queens were allotted to every experimental regimes for temperature.
Optimum temperature of B. ignitus
Table 1. Number of adults produced from foundation queens of B. ignitus indoor-reared at different temperatures
TemperatureNumber of adults produced
Worker1) n2) Male n Queen nTotal
number of queens/ colony
23℃
27℃
℃
150.5± 2.1
163.7±33.3
2
9
355.5±103.9
552.7±174.1
2
10
1.5± 0.7
32.7±47.9
2
11
3/2
360/11
30℃ 123.5±29.9 4 583.3±254.2 4 22.0±25.8 4 88/4
1) The units stand for means±SD. 2) There were no significant differences in the numbers of adults produced and longevity of foundation
queen in either temperature or humidity factor at p<0.05 by Tukey’s pairwise comparison test.
Optimum humidity of B. ignitus
100
50%
60
80
%)
50%65%80%
40
60Rate
(%
0
20
Colonyinitiation
Colonyfoundation
Progeny-queen
production
Fig. 2. Colony development of B. ignitus reared at different humidities. For thestatistical analysis Chi-squared test was used in each developmental stage: X2=9 91 P<0 05 in colony
Development stage
statistical analysis, Chi squared test was used in each developmental stage: X2 9.91, P<0.05 in colonyinitiation, X2 =8.17, P<0.05 in colony foundation, and X2=5.55, P>0.05 (N.S.) in progeny-queenproduction. Twenty queens were allotted to every experimental regimes for humidity.
Optimum humidity of B. ignitus
Table 2. Number of adults produced from foundation queens of B. ignitus indoor-reared at different humidities
Humidity (R.H)
Number of adults produced
T t l(R.H)
Worker1) n2) Male n Queen nTotal
number of queens/ colony
50%
65%
80%
166.7±44.1
180.1±30.2
127 0±56 7
6
6
3
606.2±256.4
578.0±187.9
493 7± 89 2
5
7
3
35.9±38.5
35.4±37.9
13 3±21 4
7
10
3
251/7
354/7
40/31) The units stand for means±SD. 2) There were no significant differences in the numbers of adults produced and longevity of foundation
queen in either temperature or humidity factor at p<0 05 by Tukey’s pairwise comparison test
80% 127.0±56.7 3 493.7± 89.2 3 13.3±21.4 3 40/3
queen in either temperature or humidity factor at p<0.05 by Tukey s pairwise comparison test.
Facilitating effects of helper
100 50Oviposition rate
80
100
(%) 40
50
d (d
ays)
Oviposition rate
Preoviposition period
40
60os
iton
rate
(
20
30
sitio
n pe
riod
20Ovip
o
10
Preo
vipos
0Con BiYW BtYW BtOW BtWC BtMC DC HW EC
Helper
0
Fig. 6. Oviposition rate and preoviposition period of B. ignitus cohebitedwith several kinds of helper. Abbreviations: Con, without helper; BiYW, Bombus ignitus youngworker; BtYW Bombus terrestris young worker; BtOW B terrestris old worker narcotized with CO2; BtWCworker; BtYW, Bombus terrestris young worker; BtOW, B. terrestris old worker narcotized with CO2; BtWC,B. terrestris worker cocoon; BtMC, B. terrestris male cocoon; DC, dried cocoon; HW, honeybee worker;EC, egg cup. For the statistical analysis, oneway ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test were used:p<0.05 for oviposition rate; p<0.001 for preoviposition period.
Effect of colony by the first ovipositon period
Table 3. Colony development of collected foundation queen of B.
Number of Rate of Periods of Rate of
ignitus by preovipositon period
Preovipositionperiod
Number of queens
surveyed
ate ocolony
foundation (%)
colony foundation
(days)n progeny-queen
production(%)
E
M
65
55
93.8
94.5
52.8±5.4
52.9±6.8
51
43
75.4
65.5
L
VL
20
29
60.0
20.7
54.3±9.9
69.5 ±10.6
9
2
50.0
24.1
1) D ti t fi t i iti ft ll ti E 1 5d M 6 10d L 1 20 d1) Duration up to first oviposition after collecting queen : E; 1∼ 5days, M; 6∼10days, L; 1∼20 days,VL; over 21days. Abbreviations : E, early; M, middle; L, late; VL, very late.
2) n : Number of colony surveyed3) Statistical analysis : Rate of colony foundation; Chi-square test, df=3, p<0.001 ; Periods of clony
foundation; one-way ANOVA test, F=4.37,p<0.05; Rate of progeny-queen production; Chi-square test,df=3 p<0 001df=3, p<0.001
Effect of colony by the first ovipositon period
Table 4. Number of adults produced from foundation queens of p qB.ignitus foundation queen by preovipositon period
Number of adults producedPreoviposition
period
Number of adults produced
Worker1) n2) Male n Queen n
E 169.6±56.7 60 556.1±195.5 60 36.4±44.8 53
M
L
VL
175.8±63.3
151.3±43.6
96 6±74 2
52
10
9
565.3±201.5
505.3±270.1
433 8±297 7
52
11
6
29.1±38.4
35.1±38.3
6 1 ±8 5
48
16
29VL 96.6±74.2 9 433.8±297.7 6 6.1 ±8.5 29
1) For abbrevation, see legend to Table 3. 2) Statistical analysis : No of worker produced one-way ANOVA test F=4 77 p<0 052) Statistical analysis : No. of worker produced, one-way ANOVA test, F=4.77, p<0.05.
Effect of CO2 – treatment
80
100 40
y)
Oviposition rate
Preoviposition period
60
80n rate
(%
)
20
30
perio
d (
day
20
40
Ovip
osito
n
10
ovip
osition
CO t i
0Con 65% 99%
0 Pre
o
CO2 concentraion
Fig. 8 Oviposition rate and preoviposition period of B. ignitus bydifferent CO concentrations For the statistical analysis oneway ANOVA and Tukey testdifferent CO2 concentrations. For the statistical analysis, oneway ANOVA and Tukey testwere used: p<0.05 for oviposition rate; p<0.001 for preoviposition period.
Effect of CO2 – treatment
Oviposition ratePreoviposition peridod
80
100
%)
30
(day
s)
40
60
sitio
n ra
te (% 20
ition
per
iod
(
20
40
Ovip
os 10
Pre
ovip
os
Time of CO treatment after mating (days)
0
1st 2nd 3rd 4th0
Time of CO2 treatment after mating (days)
Fig. 9. Oviposition rate and preoviposition period of B. ignitus by the timeof CO2 treatment after mating For the statistical analysis oneway ANOVA and Tukey test wereof CO2 treatment after mating. For the statistical analysis, oneway ANOVA and Tukey test wereused: significant differences at p<0.05 for oviposition rate; no significant differences at p<0.05 forpreoviposition period.
Artificial hibernation of B. ignitus
97 9710087
70
87
80
%)
-2.5 0
2.5 5
63
535050
43
40
60
val ra
te (
%
10 10 1013
27
20
40
Surv
i
3
0
1 2 3 4
Periods of cold teratment (month)
Fig. 10. The survival rates of B ignitus at temperatures and periodsFig. 10. The survival rates of B ignitus at temperatures and periods for artificial hibernation. Time of cold treatment : 12 days after adult eclosion
Artificial hibernation of B. ignitus
100
80)
1 month
2 month
40
60
viva
l ra
te (
%
20
40
Surv
0
8 days 12 days 16 days
Time of cold treatment (days after adult eclosion)
Fig. 12. Survival rate after chilling of queen of B. ignitus accordingFig. 12. Survival rate after chilling of queen of B. ignitus according to time of cold treatment. Temperature of cold treatment : 2.5℃
Year-round rearing method of B. ignitus
27℃, 65%Food: 40%sugar solution pollen
Queen↓ ← Input helper (two worker)
Oviposition↓ Colony initiation
solution, pollen
↓Larva (4 instar)
↓Pupa↓
Colony initiation
↓Worker ( 25~30days after oviposition)
↓Worker < 50
Colony foundation( 60days after oviposition)
↓Worker < 100( emergence of male and queen)
↓
Colony maturation (80~90days after oviposition)
CO2treatment
Matiing Period : 0ne week, Temperature: 23~25℃
Temperature : 2.5℃
(30min, one time/dayⅩ2)
treatment
Artificial hibernationTemperature .5Time of chilling : 10~12days after eclosion
Mass-production rearing system
Establishment of bumblebee rearing Establishment of bumblebee rearing
In 1994, 2,300 B. terrestris colonies were first introduced intoKKorea.
We transferred more than 10 patents and 20 bumblebee rearingtechniques to farmers for commercial rearing of bumblebeestechniques to farmers for commercial rearing of bumblebeesfrom 2004 until. Since then, many more producers have startedcommercial rearing of bumblebees.
There are over 10 producers in Korea today.
The total number of bumblebee colonies produced in 2009 was600 000 f hi h 70% l i d d b Kover 600,000, of which 70% colonies were produced by Korean
bumblebee companies and 30% colonies imported from foreignsources (Yoon, H.J., personal communication, 2010).
In 1994, the value of a bumblebee colony was $ 167. Now, 15years later, is $ 67, which is more than 60% cheaper than in 1994.
Bumblebee as a pollinatorBumblebee as a pollinator
100
1800
2000
80
1400
1600
1800
es (%
)
rops
(ha) Acreage
Use rate
39.7
60.9
40
60
800
1000
1200
of b
umbl
ebe
Acr
eage
of c
r
16.2
5 2
20
200
400
600
Use
oA
5.20.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 00
Fi 13 A d t f b bl b d f th lli ti
Crops
Fig. 13. Acreage and use rate of bumblebees used for the pollination of 10 major horticultural corps in greenhouses, 2009.
Bumblebee as a pollinatorBumblebee as a pollinator
90 000
100,000
60 000
70,000
80,000
90,000
ony
used
Bumblebee
31,40630 000
40,000
50,000
60,000
bler
of c
olo
13,780
3,632 1,352 1,230 0 0 0 0 010,000
20,000
30,000
Num
b
1,2300
Fig 14 Numbers of colonies of bumblebees used for the
Crops
Fig. 14. Numbers of colonies of bumblebees used for thepollination of 10 major horticultural corps in greenhouses, 2009.
Bumblebee as a pollinatorBumblebee as a pollinator
10010,000
80
7 000
8,000
9,000
s (%
)
(ha)
AcreageUse rate
40
60
4 000
5,000
6,000
7,000
bum
bleb
ees
e of
cro
ps
1,709 20
40
2,000
3,000
4,000
Use
of b
Acr
eage
55 29 106.1%0.5% 0.9% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%00
1,000
Fig. 15. Acreage and use rate of bumblebee used for the
Crops
Fig. 15. Acreage and use rate of bumblebee used for thepollination of 10 major fruit trees in 2009.
Bumblebee as a pollinatorBumblebee as a pollinator
18,000
20,000
11,50112 000
14,000
16,000
18,000on
y us
ed
Bumblebee,
6 000
8,000
10,000
12,000
ber o
f col
o
1,018 339 87 0 0 0 0 0 02,000
4,000
6,000
Num
b
0 0 0 0 0 00
Fig. 16. Numbers of colonies of bumblebee used for the
Crops
Fig. 16. Numbers of colonies of bumblebee used for thepollination of 10 major fruit trees in 2009.
HoneybeeHoneybee as a pollinatoras a pollinator
The most widely used pollinator, and the one with the longest hit f d ti ti i th h b (C 1990) b blstory of domestication, is the honeybee (Crane, 1990), probably
utilized for at least 90% of managed pollination services.
The main features that place honeybees ahead of other insectsThe main features that place honeybees ahead of other insectsand other bees as pollinators are flower constancy, colony size,and recruitment behavior (Corbet et al., 1991).
The acreages and values of insect-pollinated crops and thedemand for insect pollinators are increasing year by year.
R tl h th l i d l f h b l iRecently, however, the unexplained loss of honeybee colonies,referred to as colony collapse disorder, aroused considerableconcern about managed bees and natural wild bees for croppollination.
We investigated the current status of Korean beekeeping andthe role of hone bees as pollinatorsthe role of honeybees as pollinators.
Honeybee as a pollinatorHoneybee as a pollinator
52,555
60,000
A. cerana A. mellifera Total,
40,000
50,000pe
r
28,490
27,438
20 684
34,10230,000
r of b
eeke
ep
13,883
20,684 20,219
10,000
20,000
Num
ber
0
10,000
19891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008
Fig 17 The number of beekeepers in Korean apiculture over 20 years
year
Fig. 17. The number of beekeepers in Korean apiculture over 20 years (Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries, Korea, 2008).
Honeybee as a pollinatorHoneybee as a pollinator2,500
A cerana
1,720,074
2,089,7621,858,5742,000
1,00
0)A. ceranaA. melliferaTotal
1,544,063
1 000
1,500
of h
ive
(×1
404 495436 247
636,094500
1,000
Num
ber
199,847
404,495
314,511
436,247
19891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008
Fig 18 The number of hives in Korean apiculture over 20 years
19891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008
Year
Fig. 18. The number of hives in Korean apiculture over 20 years (Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries, Korea, 2008).
Honeybee as a pollinatorHoneybee as a pollinator
Table 5 Comparison of beekeepers and hives involved in fixed and moved
Beekeeper (%) Hive (%)
Table 5. Comparison of beekeepers and hives involved in fixed and moved management of the honeybee Apis mellifera in Korean apiculture
YearBeekeeper (%) Hive (%)
Fixed Moved Fixed Moved
1990 84 7 15 3 62 1 37 91990 84.7 15.3 62.1 37.9
1995 80.2 19.8 54.6 45.4
2000 75.3 24.7 43.6 56.4
2005 68.9 31.1 39.2 60.8005 68 9 3 39 60 8
2008 62.7 37.3 42.1 57.9
Source: Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries, Korea, 2009.
Honeybee as a pollinatorHoneybee as a pollinator
100.0% 1007000
66.5%
80
5000
6000
es (%
)
ops
(ha) Acreage
Use rate
36.9%
51.8%
40
60
3000
4000
f hon
eybe
e
eage
of c
ro
36 9%30.0%
201000
2000
Use
o
Acr
e
0.2% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%00
Fi 19 A d t f h b d f th lli ti
Crops
Fig. 19. Acreage and use rate of honeybees used for the pollination of 10 major horticultural corps in greenhouses, 2009.
Honeybee as a pollinatorHoneybee as a pollinator
96,733100,000
85,53881,363
70,000
80,000
90,000us
ed Honeybee
30,45140,000
50,000
60,000
ber o
f hiv
e
30,451
10,977
130 0 0 010,000
20,000
30,000
Num
b
130 25 0 0 00
Fig 20 Numbers of hives of honeybees used for the pollination of
Crops
Fig. 20. Numbers of hives of honeybees used for the pollination of10 major horticultural corps in greenhouses, 2009.
Honeybee as a pollinatorHoneybee as a pollinator
100
9 000
10,000
80
7,000
8,000
9,000
ees
(%)
ps (h
a) AcreageUse rate
40
60
4,000
5,000
6,000
of h
oney
be
age
of c
rop
2,242 2,209
387 121 437.9%16.3%
20
1,000
2,000
3,000
Use
o
Acr
ea
121 433.4% 1.5% 1.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%00
Fig 21 Acreage and use rate of honeybees used for the
Crops
Fig. 21. Acreage and use rate of honeybees used for thepollination of 10 major fruit trees in 2009.
Honeybee as a pollinatorHoneybee as a pollinator
20,000
13,893
12 04214,000
16,000
18,000us
ed Honeybee
12,042
8,000
10,000
12,000
ber o
f hiv
e
5,104
984362 0 0 0 0 0
2,000
4,000
6,000
Num
b
362 0 0 0 0 00
Fig 22 Numbers of hives of honeybees used for the
Crops
Fig. 22. Numbers of hives of honeybees used for thepollination of 10 major fruit trees in 2009.
OsmiaOsmia mason bee as an orchard pollinator mason bee as an orchard pollinator
The genus Osmia comprises more than 300 species, mostly inth H l ti (Mi h 2000)the Holarctic (Michener, 2000).
Several Osmia species have been developed in different parts ofthe world to pollinate spring-blooming cropsthe world to pollinate spring-blooming crops.
Osmia cornifrons, the horn-faced bee, was developed as anorchard pollinator in Japan in the 1960s.p p
The species is now becoming established as an orchardpollinator (Batra, 1998) and has also been tested on blueberries,
l h d d l d t dseveral greenhouse and caged legume and mustard crops(Maeta et al., 2006).
O cornifrons was firstly introduced into Korea from Japan inO. cornifrons was firstly introduced into Korea from Japan in1992 and is now established as an apple pollinator.
We surveyed the current status of mason bees to augmenty gOsmia bee use as pollinators of fruit tree in 2007 to 2009.
OsmiaOsmia mason bee as an orchard pollinator mason bee as an orchard pollinator
3100000000 YEI GSEES
30000
31000
400000
450000
500000
ia s
pp.
YEI GSEESTotal Apple acreage
28000
29000
250000
300000
350000
crea
ge (
ha)
oduc
ed O
sm
26000
27000
100000
150000
200000
App
le a
c
umbe
r of p
ro
25000
26000
0
50000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Nu
Years
Fig. 23. Number of Osmia spp. produced at two local organizations inKorea from 2005 to 2009 Abb i ti YEI Y h E t l I tit t GSEEKorea from 2005 to 2009. Abbreviation: YEI, Yechon Entomology Institute; GSEE,Gyeongsangbukdo Sericulture & Entomology Experiment Station.
OsmiaOsmia mason bee as an orchard pollinator mason bee as an orchard pollinator
100
9 000
10,000
80
7,000
8,000
9,000
ees
(%)
ps (h
a) AcreageUse rate
40
60
4,000
5,000
6,000
f mas
on b
e
age
of c
rop
1,961
86 52 46 57 0%
20
1,000
2,000
3,000
Use
of
Acr
ea
86 52 46 57.0%1.1% 0.4% 1.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%00
Fig 24 Acreage and use rate of mason bees used for the
Crops
Fig. 24. Acreage and use rate of mason bees used for thepollination of 10 major fruit trees in 2009.
OsmiaOsmia mason bee as an orchard pollinator mason bee as an orchard pollinator
5,000oy)
3,500
4,000
4,500nu
mbe
r/col
o
Mason bee
2,369
2,000
2,500
3,000
,
y us
ed (5
00 n
139 78500
1,000
1,500
2,000
ber o
f col
ony
139 64 78 14 0 0 0 0 00
500
Num
b
Fig 25 Numbers of colonies of mason bees used for the
Crops
Fig. 25. Numbers of colonies of mason bees used for thepollination of 10 major fruit trees in 2009.
ConclusionConclusion
We describes bumblebee rearing technology as well as the currentstatus and agricultural utilization of insect pollinators inKorea.
We transferred more than 10 patents and 20 bumblebee rearingtechniques to farmers for commercial rearing of bumblebees from20042004
There are over 10 producers in Korea today.
The total number of bumblebee colonies produced in 2009 wasover 600,000, of which 70% were produced by Korean bumblebee.
In 1994, the value of a bumblebee colony was $ 167. Now, 15 yearslater, is $ 67, which is more than 60% cheaper than in 1994.
ConclusionConclusion
The use rates of bumblebees for 10 major horticultural crops andfruit trees were approximately 7.9% and 2.8% in 2009, respectively.The use numbers of bumblebees as pollinators was more than51,400 colonies and 12,945 colonies, respectively., , , p y
The use rates of honeybees for 10 major horticultural crops andfruit trees were approximately 48 0% and 7 7% in 2009 respectivelyfruit trees were approximately 48.0% and 7.7% in 2009, respectively.The use numbers of honeybees as pollinators was more than305,216 hives and 32,386 hives, respectively.
The number of Osmia mason bees used as orchard pollinators wasapproximately 1,331,499 individuals in 2009.
The value of commercial insect pollinators in 2009 was estimated atmore than $45 million.