Background & Overview Household Energy End-use Project (HEEP)

Nigel Isaacs, BRANZ Ltd.

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Summary

BRANZ Ltd – Brief IntroductionBuilt Environment & Greenhouse GasesHEEP – What is it? Start? Funding?Houses – SelectionMonitoring – Design & EquipmentOverview of Results & Some Useful FactsValue to Policy Development

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BRANZ Ltd.

Head Office: Judgeford, PoriruaOther offices:

NZ: Hamilton Australia: Sydney

Work: NZ, Australia, Asia, PacificEstablished 1969100 mainly technical staffOwned by building industry

Building ResearchIndependent provider of

Research, Testing & ConsultingInformation Services

www.branz.co.nz

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NZ Energy GHG 2005

Rest70%

Therm. Elect.24%

Com.4%

Res.2%

Rest69%

Res.Direct

2%

Com.Direct

4%

Res.Indirect

9%

Com.Indirect

5%

Other Elect.11%

Direct GHG(Thermal electricity unallocated)

Direct & Indirect GHG(Thermal Electricity allocated to users)

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Growth in GHG Emissions

Res.

Com.

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

1995 2000 2005

Res.

Com.

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

1995 2000 2005Large growth in GHG

– both absolute & % of energy GHG

kt CO2 equiv. GHG Emissions % of Energy GHG Emissions

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What is HEEP?

Household Energy End-use ProjectUnderstand hows, whys, wheres & whens of residential sector energy useNo change in behaviour or technologiesInterested in all fuel types

Electricity, natural gas, LPG, solid fuel, solar waterAnd the energy services they provide

e.g. space temperatures, hot water, television, radio, refrigeration, washing, drying, lighting, cooking, spa …

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HEEP – origins [1]

1969 National Development ConferenceExamine “cost effectiveness of heat insulation”To “reduce fuel use & cost of new power stations”

1971/72 Household Electricity Study1,651 houses, electricity only

29% only electric heating (HEEP = 23%)63% electric + other fuel heating (HEEP = 64%)8% only other fuel (HEEP = 13%)

75% houses were uninsulatedCooler than insulated & used less space heatingLower income, unknown other differencesCost $100,000 (about $1 million 2007)

1978 Twin Rivers Study publishedElectricity & gas use in new housing development

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HEEP – origins [2]

1980 NZ Electricity planned survey – Never happened1983 Official Review of Energy Statistics – Supported1984 NZERDC – Did not pick it up1988 CBPR proposal to Min. of Energy – Not accepted1992 Dr. Garth Harris promoted new survey – No funders1993 EECA proposed new survey – Support but no funds1996 BRANZ started HEEP

Key support from Frank Pool, EECA EECA, FRST & Building Research fundingMark Bassett, Andrew Pollard & Albrecht StoeckleinApril 1996: Wanganui monitoring (10 all-electric (?) houses)

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HEEP Funding 1999-2007

EECA9%

FRST61%

Other2%

Building Research

Levy25%

Transpower3%

Costs: $16,000 + GST per random monitored house$4.17 + GST per NZ house

Thanks to:

FRSTBuilding ResearchEECAFisher & Paykel Appliances LtdMinistry of Social DevelopmentPowerCo, WanganuiTransAlta NZ LtdTransPower NZ LtdWEL Energy Trust

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Monitoring Design

Early approach (Year 1)‘End-use’ (lots $)

Detailed monitoringAppliance or circuitAll end-uses

‘Whole House’ (less $)All fuelsHeating / Non-heating

‘Distribution Level’ (few $)Up to 50 housesStreet transformer

Maintained through HEEP

Survey 1. …. 2. ….

Survey 1. …. 2. ….

00 06 12 18 00

Survey 1. …. 2. ….

Survey 1. …. 2. ….

00 06 12 18 00

SurveyA. B. C.

Survey A. B. C.

00 06 12 18 00

“End-use” Monitoring “Whole House” Monitoring “Distribution Level” Monitoring

Year 1

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Monitoring Design

Pilot study explored variability Space heating sample required = 375Estimate with < 10% error & 90% confidence

Monitoring periodPilot explore 6 month12 months monitoring used

Contact by letter, phone or person1,687 households contacted24% participation rateOver 400 participated (some dropped out)

Year 9

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BRANZ HEEP Monitoring

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Cou

nt

Non-random (39)Random (397)

350 houses

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HEEP numbers

Year Random Houses

~400 random houses62 non-random houses

1999 43 1,200 ‘temperature’ locations2000 17 850 dataloggers2001 48 255 solid fuel fires & burners2002 100 14,000 power measurements2003 100 440 hot water systems2004 100 175 LPG heaters

Monitored Locations

Year 9

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12 month monitoring

Purpose built dataloggersElectricity

Electronic meters with pulsePower line carrier systems

Natural GasConventional meter with pulse output

LPG (invented by BRANZ)Thermocouples monitor ‘discrete’ panels

Sold fuel (wood, coal) (Invented by BRANZ)Thermocouple monitor flue temperature

Other ‘fuels’ (invented by BRANZ)Diesel, Solar Water Heater, ‘Wet back’ water heater

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Installation surveys

House occupants Household characteristicsBuilding useEnergy billsBackground, behaviour and attitudesUse of energy & services

Physical houseFloor plans, construction, insulationWater system (inc. temperatures)

AppliancesStandby, ‘on’ or ‘off’, plugged in?

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HEERA Model

Household Energy Efficiency Resource AssessmentA modelling framework to

construct NZ residential sector energy use scenariosanalyse and compare the scenario energy usedevelop energy-efficiency actions and estimate effect

Built around Business-As-Usual case (BAU)Scenario(s) change number, growth, per unit energy use, etc

Three modulesModule 1: MS-Excel Model & DatabaseModule 2: MS-Access Model & DatabaseModule 3: Output Processor & Database

Expert useRequires understanding of reality, not just plugging in numbers

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HEERA Model Structure

Algorithms developed from HEEP data (and modified by scenarios)Stock: appliance numbers and change-by-yearEnergy: use by area/appliance

Module 1 Module 2 Module 3

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Not all fun

5 fridges/freezers accidentally defrosted5 other appliances damaged1 porcelain ornament crushed by logger1 linen cupboard soaked (no more wet-back flow monitoring!)2 houses damaged removing meters2 LPG cabinet heater incidents 1 LPG connection valve repaired.4 house occupants died

Year 9

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Technology Transfer

10 ‘Annual Reports’Years 1,2 & 3 published by EECAYears 4 – 10 BRANZ Study Reports

Since January 2004 downloads:14,000 copies of Executive Summaries870 copies of annual reports (Year 7-10)Many talks to industry & public800 international e-mails

STUDY REPORT

No. SR 155 (2006)

Energy Use in New Zealand Households Report on the Year 10 Analysis for the

Household Energy End-use Project (HEEP)

Nigel Isaacs (ed), Michael Camilleri, Lisa French & Andrew Pollard (BRANZ Ltd), Kay Saville-Smith & Ruth Fraser (CRESA), Pieter

Rossouw (CRL Ltd), John Jowett

Supported by:

The work reported here was jointly funded by the Building Research Levy and the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology from the Public Good Science

Fund.

© BRANZ 2006

ISSN: 0113-3675

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Some numbers

Per house Minimum MaximumFloor area 51m2 315m2

Number of people (per house) 1 10Occupancy (1 person per …) 178m2 10m2

Number of lights 7 143Appliance power measurements 7 82Sewing machines 22Largest freezer ~ 3,000 l Televisions 9Electric hot water cylinders 15 litres 315 litres

Electric Water cylinders:90% of houses = 1 DHW cylinder 9% of houses = 2 DHW cylinders 1% of houses = 3 DHW cylinders

Year 9

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Stationary Fuels & End-uses

Hot Water29%

Range6%

Other appliances

13%

Refrigeration10%Lights

8%

Heating34%

Includes electricity, natural gas, LPG, coal & wood (‘solid fuel’) Source: HEEP Year 10

Electricity69%

Oil0.1%

Solid Fuel20%

Nat Gas9%

LPG2%

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Application to policy - examples

NZ Building Code Clause H1 Energy EfficiencyRealistic houses & operation

Standby electricityQuantify & help set MEPS levels

Baseload electricityIdentified importance of heated towel rails

Space heating fuelsQuantified wood (~530 MW power station)New heat pumps = New power station(s)

Many other possibilitiesUp to imagination

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Current HEEP team

BRANZ (Data & analysis)Michael Camilleri Lisa FrenchNigel Isaacs

CRESA (Social science)Ruth FraserKay Saville-Smith

CRL Energy Ltd (Modelling)Pieter Rossouw

John Jowett (Statistical support)

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BRANZ staff involved with HEEP

Lynda AmitranoSarah BishopSean Flanagan Mark HearfieldSusan KeddyHelen MallonDesiree PickeringAndrew PollardRodger StanfordSue StevensAlbrecht StoeckleinJeremy TriesNorm Wood

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Field Staff & Summer Students

Patrick ArnoldMike DavisAlasdair DuncanAndrew Egan Ruwan Fernanado Ron FindlayHamish Garland Caroline HendricksDaniel Jang

Lou KolffJacky LeeKen MitchellJack Rutherford Sally SimpsonJudith SteedmanNick Smith Krystle StewartGarry Summers

Victoria University of Wellington BBSc 331 class of 2004 helped with installations