HORTICULTURE STUDY Phase 1: Mapping of EU Fresh Produce … · Top 10 EU importers – Vegetables...
Transcript of HORTICULTURE STUDY Phase 1: Mapping of EU Fresh Produce … · Top 10 EU importers – Vegetables...
StudycommissionedbytheEmbassyoftheKingdomoftheNetherlandsandundertakenby
March2017
HORTICULTURESTUDYPhase1:MappingofEUFreshProducemarket
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ContentsFreshProducemarket............................................................................................................................3
Imports&Export................................................................................................................................4
EastAfricafocussedEUcountries......................................................................................................5
Products.................................................................................................................................................7
EUproduction....................................................................................................................................7
Non-EU...............................................................................................................................................7
RoleofSmallholders...............................................................................................................................8
Sourcing..................................................................................................................................................9
Phytosanitaryandquality......................................................................................................................9
Certification............................................................................................................................................9
B2B,C2B&Organic..........................................................................................................................10
EUlegislation&MRL........................................................................................................................10
PreferentialArrangements...................................................................................................................10
Logistics................................................................................................................................................11
Endcustomer.......................................................................................................................................12
MarketDevelopments..........................................................................................................................12
Avocado............................................................................................................................................12
Garlic................................................................................................................................................13
Herbs................................................................................................................................................13
Limes................................................................................................................................................13
Mangoes...........................................................................................................................................14
Pineapples........................................................................................................................................14
SweetPotato....................................................................................................................................15
TenderstemBroccoli........................................................................................................................15
Productstrends................................................................................................................................15
Opportunities.......................................................................................................................................16
Incountrypacking............................................................................................................................16
Supplychainimprovements.............................................................................................................17
Brexit................................................................................................................................................17
Investment...........................................................................................................................................17
Annex1VegetablesimportedbyEUfromAfrica.................................................................................18
Annex2FruitsexportedToEUfromAfrica..........................................................................................19
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Abbreviations
AYR AllYearRound
B2B BusinesstoBusiness
B2C BusinesstoConsumer
BRC BritishRetailConsortium
BSCI BusinessSocialComplianceInitiative
CIF Cost,Insurance&Freight
EAC EastAfricanCommunity
EHEC EnterohaemorrhagicEscherichiacoli
EPA EconomicPartnershipAgreement
ETI EthicalTradingInitiative
EU EuropeanUnion
FEPEX laFederaciónEspañoladeAsociacionesdeProductoresExportadores
GGN 13-digitnumberthatuniquelyidentifieseachproducerandindividualmemberofaproducergroupintheGLOBALGAPdatabase
GlobalGAP Global-GoodAgriculturalPractice
GRASP GLOBALG.A.P.RiskAssessmentonSocialPractice
LDC LeastDevelopedCounty
MRL MinimumResidueLevels
NAFTA NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement
USA UnitedStatesofAmerica
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FreshProducemarketThreeareastendtodominatetheglobaltradeinfreshproducenamelytheEuropeanUnion,NAFTA(US,MexicoandCanada)andAsiaandthePacific.TheEUisthebiggestimporteroffruitandvegetableswithfiguresestimatedat50%ofglobalimportsandproviding40%ofexports,howevertradingandprocessingareinthehandsofonlyafewEUcountries.
Top10EUimporters–Vegetablesin€
Top10EUImporters–Fruit
AsaresultofglobalisationandgreaterdemandinnewmarketslikeLatinAmerica,Asia,MiddleEastandAfrica,butalsothesideeffectoftheRussianembargoesandeconomiccrisisinseveralmarkets,aprocessofdiversificationofinternationaltradeflowistakingplace.Thisisresultinginashiftofsupplychainsleadingtotheopeningofnewmarketsandincreasedlocaldemandfromemergingeconomies.ThishasreducedtheattractivenessoftheEUasthenewmarketshavelesslegislationandpotentiallyhighermargins.
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€Millionsx1.000
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Figure1SourceITCTradeMap–InternationalTradeStatisticsAccessed10/01/2017
Figure2SourceITCTradeMap–InternationalTradeStatisticsAccessed10/01/2017
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Imports & Export AccordingtoFreshfel(EuropeanFreshProduceAssociation)in2014,theEUimportedaround13.1milliontonnestothevalueof€12.5billionofwhichfruitis87%ofimportedvolume.Themaincategoriesimportedarebananas,pineapples,applesandpearsfromtheSouthernHemisphere,aswellastablegrapesandcitrusfruit.TheEUremainsanetimporterasthevolumeimportedexceedstheexportvolume.ThebiggestsuppliersincludeSouthAfrica,CostaRica,Morocco,Turkey,Ecuador,Chile,Colombia,Peru,Brazil,NewZealand,Argentina,Israel,EgyptandDominicanRepublic.
Consumersworldwideareincreasinglydemandingahigher-valueandmoreinterestingrangeoffruitsandvegetables.Theresultisthat,whilethevolumeoffreshfruitandvegetableconsumptionaroundtheworldisbarelyincreasing,thevalueofglobalfruitandvegetabletradeisrising,spurredonbynewdevelopingmarketssuchasChinaandthehigherevolutionofestablishedmarketssuchastheUS.Thesecountriesarethemajorcontributorstogrowthinglobalfruitandvegetablesimportdemand,butotherslikeThailand,Malaysia,SouthKoreaandtheUnitedArabEmirateshavealsobecomepromisingmarkets.
WhiletheEuropeanmarketmightnotbethegrowthengineforglobalexportersitoncewas,itneverthelessremainsaverylargeandgrowingimportmarket.Thegrowthinnutandbananaimportshasbeenprominent,butrisingdemandformanyotherfruitandvegetablecategorieshasalsobeencreatingopportunities,especiallyforproducersclosetotheEUsuchasMoroccoandTurkey.
Well-establishedfreshproduceexporterslikethoseinNewZealand,theUS,AustraliaandChilearenaturallylookingtoplayagrowingroleinglobaltrade,butup-and-comingexportingnationssuchasMexicoandPeruarerisinginprominenceandprovingworthycompetitors.OtherproducernationssuchasMorocco,ThailandandVietnamarealsostrategicallywell-placedtocapitalise,astheylooktobetterorganiseandorientatethemselvestomeettheproductandqualityrequirementsoftoday’shigh-valueimportmarkets.What’smore,localsuppliersinmarketssuchasChinaarealsoactivelyinvestingtobettercompetewithimportedproduceandmeetgrowingdemandforaffordableproduceinthenearbyregion.
AccordingtodatafromEurostat;MoroccoandEgyptcontinuetogainweightasthemainnon-EUvegetablesuppliercountriesfortheEU,witharespective13%and10%growthinvolumeinthefirsthalfof2016overthesameperiodof2015,totalling482,571tonsand250,559tons.
EUimportsofvegetablesfromMoroccoaccountedfor31%oftheEU'stotalimportsfromthirdcountriesinthefirsthalfof2016.ImportsfromEgyptaccountedfor15%ofthetotal.
EUvegetableimportsfromMoroccoamountedto€591.6million(+10%),andaccountedfor36%ofthetotalvalueofEUimportsfromthirdcountries,whichamountedto€1,602million.EUimportsfromEgyptamountedto€155.5million.
ThetomatoistheflagshipMoroccanvegetableimportwith247,152tons,thatis8%morethaninthefirsthalfof2015and€249.6million(+7%)more.Leguminousvegetableimportsalsostoodout,asgreenbeanimportsincreasedby8%involumeand92,615tons.
ThemainvegetablesimportedfromEgyptarepotatoeswith157,459tons(+4%)andonions,with72,378tons(+31%).TurkeyfollowsMoroccoandEgyptanditisthethirdlargestsupplieroffreshvegetablesintheEUwith237,918tons,(+3%)withasharpincreaseinpotatoes(+26%),whichtotalled173,543tons.
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ThepositivetrendofvegetablepurchasesfromMoroccoandEgyptispartofaglobalincreaseinpurchasesfromnon-EUcountries,whichgrewby23%involumeand11%invalueinthefirsthalfof2016whencomparedwiththesameperiodof2015,amountingto1.55milliontonsand€1,602million.
AccordingtoFEPEX(Spanishfederationofassociationsofproducersandexportersoffruits,vegetables,flowersandliveplants),thestronggrowthofEUvegetableimportsfromthirdcountrieshasadirectimpactonintra-CommunityMemberStatesvegetabletrade,whichdecreasedinthesameperiodby1%.
Exports
EUexportshavebeenconstantlygrowingsincetheturnofthecentury.In2014,exportsreached6.2milliontonnestothevalueof€4.8bnofwhich68%isfruitand32%vegetables.RussiawasthemainrecipientofEUproduce,astatuschallengedbytheembargoinitiatedbytheRussianFederationinAugust2014.Nevertheless,EUexportersmanagedtostabilizeitsexportsandevenincreasetheexportedquantitywiththeopeningofnewmarketsandthesearchingofnewopportunities.
ThemainexportdestinationsoutsideoftheEUincludeRussiauntilAugust2014,Belarus,Switzerland,Norway,Ukraine,Algeria,Brazil,EgyptandSenegal.
East Africa focussed EU countries Tradeinfruitandvegetableproductshasbeenamongthemostdynamicareasofinternationalagriculturaltrade,stimulatedbyrisingincomesandgrowingconsumerinterestinproductvariety,freshness,convenienceandyear-roundavailability.Advancesinproduction,postharvesthandling,processingandlogisticaltechnologiesalongwithincreasedlevelsofinternationalinvestmenthaveplayedafacilitatingrole.Fordevelopingcountriestradeintheseproductshasbeenattractiveinthefaceofhighlyvolatileordeclininglong-termtrendsinthepricesformanytraditionalexportproducts.Althoughmanydevelopingcountrysuppliershaveenteredthefield,relativelyfewhaveachievedsignificant,sustainedsuccess,reflectingthefactthattheindustryishighlycompetitiveandrapidlychanging.
Asshownbelow,KenyahasbeensuccessfulinbuildingstrongtradingrelationsespeciallywithNetherlandsandUnitedKingdomwhorepresent72%ofallexportsfromKenya.Byvalue,theNetherlandsisthemainexportdestinationforfruitwith48%(Table1)and27%oftheoverallexportsandtheUnitedKingdomrepresentsof58%ofKenyanvegetableexportsin2015(Table2)andcombined45%ofoverallexportsfromKenya.
KenyaTop5FruitExportCountries2015 Value€(CIF) Volume/KG Netherlands 29,759,738 48% 10,649,000 47%France 16,830,981 27% 7,993,000 35%Germany 5,915,197 9% 720,000 3%UnitedKingdom 5,057,492 8% 1,157,000 5%Belgium 2,142,470 3% 883,000 4%EU28 62,628,431 22,587,000
Table1Source:EUExporthelpAccessed10/01/2017
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KenyaTop5VegetableExportCountries2015 Value€(CIF) Volume/KG UnitedKingdom 103,547,779 58% 29,885,000 58%Netherlands 35,510,800 20% 9,544,000 19%France 20,480,625 11% 5,607,000 11%Germany 9,672,072 5% 2,822,000 6%Belgium 7,994,332 4% 2,757,000 5%EU28 179,318,173 51,102,000
Table2Source:EUExporthelpAccessed10/01/2017
IncomparisontoKenya;TanzaniahaslowerdirectexportstotheEUasshownbelow.AsubstantialproportionofTanzania’sfreshproduce,destinedfortheEU,isexportedviaKenya’swell-establishedtransportlinks.TheNetherlandsandtheUnitedKingdomarethemainimportcountriesrepresenting94%intotalTanzanianexportvalue.TheNetherlandsisthemainimporterforfruitwith58%(Table3)and31%overallexportsandtheUnitedKingdomrepresentsof57%ofTanzanianvegetableexportsin2015(Table2)and57%oftheoverallexports.
TanzaniaTop5FruitExportCountries2015 Value€(CIF) Volume/KG Netherlands 5,312,181 58% 2,142,000 60%UnitedKingdom 1,715,278 19% 630,000 18%France 1,602,524 17% 703,000 20%Germany 303,638 3% 51,000 1%Spain 133,411 1% 36,000 1%EU28 9,190,543 3,599,000
Table3Source:EUExporthelpAccessed10/01/2017
TanzaniaTop5VegetableExportCountries2015 Value€(CIF) Volume/KG UnitedKingdom 6,684,893 57% 3,200,000 56%Netherlands 2,402,956 20% 786,000 14%Italy 1,730,091 15% 1,235,000 21%Belgium 524,760 4% 351,000 6%France 185,186 2% 81,000 1%EU28 11,733,019 5,746,000
Table4Source:EUExporthelpAccessed10/01/2017
Annex1&2showamoredetailedbreakdownofvegetablesandfruitimportedfromAfrica,showingthatbeansarethebiggestcategoryinvegetableswith58%whereasfruitismoredifferentiatedandisnotdominatedbyonespecificproductgroupandismadeupofgrapes21%,citrus16%,banana12%withthesegmentstonefruit(mango,pineapple,avocado,dates,figs)makingup14%.
TheNetherlandsandtheUKarekeyexportcountriesandbothfacedifferentchallengesandopportunitiesforbothKenyaandTanzania.
TheUKhasbecomeincreasinglyreliantonimportsoffruitandvegetablesoverthepasttwodecades,withaself-sufficiencyrateofjust58%invegetablesand11%infruit.Thishasbeendrivenin-partbylargeincreasesinimportsofnon-nativefoodstotheUK,suchaspineapples,melonsandavocados.
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TheEUiscurrentlythemainsourceoffoodimportstotheUK.AccordingtoUKgovernmentdatain20151,40%ofallfreshvegetableimportscamefromSpainand28%camefromtheNetherlands,withPolandandFrancebothproviding4.0%imports.
TheBritishRetailConsortium(BRC)warnedthattherewasadangerthatthecostofEUimportsmightincreasefollowingBrexit,ifthegovernmentappliedcustomsduties.Asurvey2ofUKretailersaskingabouttheimpactofBrexitfoundthataboutone-thirdofUKretailersareconsideringsourcingfromadifferentcountryand38%expecttoseemoreproducesourcedfromAfrica.PotentialchangestoEUtariffs,thefallingvalueofsterling,andattemptstoreducecostsbysourcingoutsideEuropewerelistedasfactorsbehindanychange.
BrexitisaconcerntotheNetherlandsFreshProduceindustry.AccordingtotheGroentenFruitHuis,exportsin2013fromtheNetherlandstotheUKwasworth€932million,secondonlytoGermany(€2.8Billion).InthecaseofaBritishleave,itcouldhavesignificantimpactonthefreshproducetrade,primarilybetweentheEU-27andtheU.K.,giventheimportanceofEU-27shipmentsoffreshproducetotheU.K.market.
IfthesedevelopmentshaveasignificantimpactonthetradingrelationshipwiththeNetherlandsitisunclearwhattheimpactwouldbeforKenyaandTanzania.ThefacttheUKisalreadydominantinthesemarketstheconclusioncouldbethatexportvolumescouldgrowwithoutvolumesshippedtotheNetherlandsbeingnegativelyaffected.
ProductsEU production In2015,almost2.2millionhectaresoflandintheEUwasusedtoproducevegetablesforfreshconsumptionandforprocessingwhichamountsto1.9%ofallEUarableland.Melons,tomatoes,peppers,eggplants,courgettes,cucumbersandgherkinscoveredmorethanaquarter(27.6%)ofthisarea.Root,tuber&bulbvegetables,suchascarrots,radishes,onions,shallotsandgarliccamesecond(18.8%),followedclosely(17.8%)bythediversegroupofleafyandstalkedvegetables(suchaslettuce,spinach,chicory,endives,asparagus,artichokes,etc.).Freshpulses(mainlypeasandbeans)wereproducedon13.0%ofthevegetablearea,brassicas(cabbages,cauliflowersandbroccoli)on12.4%andstrawberrieson4.9%ofarablelandmass.
Almosthalf(47.2%)ofthevegetableareawaslocatedinjustthreeMemberStates.ThesewereItaly(19.5%),Spain(16.6%)andPoland(11.1%).ThisfirstgroupwasfollowedbyasecondgroupmadeupofFrance(10.9%)andRomania(7.1%).
Amongindividualvegetablecrops,tomatoesoccupiedthelargestarea,accountingfor11.7%ofthetotalvegetablearea.TheareasusedtogrowtomatoeswerepredominatelyinItaly(41.9%)andSpain(22.8%),followedatadistancebyRomania(9.5%),Portugal(7.3%)andGreece(6.7%).
Non-EU In2015,theEUimportedfruitandvegetablesfromthirdcountrieswithavalueofabout€19.1billion.Fruitimportsweremuchmoresignificantthanvegetables,accountingfor88.4%ofthetotal.
1https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/557993/AUK-2015-05oct16.pdf2http://www.newsroom.barclays.co.uk/r/3384/supply_chain_considerations_front_of_mind_for_retailers
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Freshanddriednutswerethemostimportedcrops(26.2%)intermsofvalue,followedbybananas(17.7%),dates,figs,pineapplesandavocados(together11.5%),grapes(9.9%)andcitrusfruits3
Fruitandvegetableswereimportedfromalargenumberofcountries,scatteredaroundtheglobe.TheUnitedStates(15.0%)Turkey(10.7%),SouthAfrica(8.4%),Morocco(6.7%)andCostaRica(6.2%).Almosthalfofthetotalvalueofimportedfruitandfreshvegetablesoriginatedfromthesefivecountries.
Thereisaclearspecialisationtrendintheimportcountries,twothirdsofbananasoriginatedfromCentralandSouthAmericawithColombiaaccountingfor26.0%,Ecuador24.5%andCostaRica17%andtwofifthsofdates,figs,pineappleandavocadoscamefromCostaRica(24.5%)andPeru(16.3%).
AlmostonethirdofcitrusfruitsenteredtheEUmarketfromSouthAfrica(31.3%);anadditionalthirdcamefromArgentina(11.2%),Turkey(9.9%)andMorocco(9.3%).
GrapesweremostlyimportedfromSouthAfrica(26.0%),Turkey(20.0%)andChile(15.4%),whilefreshstrawberriesandotherberriesweresuppliedbyChile(20.5%),NewZealand(18.5%)andMorocco(11.9%).
Almostfourfifthsofapplesandpearsarrivedfromthreecountries:SouthAfrica(29.6%),Chile(27.7%)andNewZealand(21.6%),whilehalfoftheimportedcherries,apricots,plumsandpeachesoriginatedfromChile(20.5%),NewZealand(18.7%)andMorocco(11.9%).
Israelwastheleadingsupplierofcarrots(56.8%)andKenyaoflegumes(43.6%),whileTurkeyledtheimportsforcucumbers(27.3%)andChinaforonionsandgarlic(24.6%).
RoleofSmallholdersBydefinition,agriculturalgrowthistheprimarysourceofpovertyreductioninmostagriculture-basedeconomies.Theexpansionofsmallholderfarmingcanleadtoafasterrateofpovertyalleviation.However,importersandsupermarketsremainwaryofsourcingfromsmallholderfarmers.Theyrealisethatfailuretomeetfoodsafetyorethicaltradingstandardscanresultinbadpublicityandcanunderminetheirpositioninthemarketplace.Concentratingthesmallholdersintoagrowerbasewillreducetheexposuretoriskthroughgreatercontrolovertheproductionanddistributionprocesses.Theexportofhorticulturalproducefromsmallholdersisonlyviablewhenalargeproducerorexportcompaniesareabletoprovidesupport,guidanceandanelementofcontroltothesmallholderoperations.
Ofthecompaniesinterviewed,itbecameapparentthatthebiggestperceivedchallenges,especiallyfromcompanieswithoutverticallyintegratedsupplychains,isqualityandreliabilityofthein-countryexporter.Itwasindicatedduringseveralinterviewsthatnotallexporters,besidesstandardcertificationrequirements,understandtheimportanceofrequirementofadherencetodeliveryschedules,qualityintermsofdefects,ripenessandspecification.
ThecompaniesperceivedthemostsuccessfulinKenya&Tanzaniaweretheoneswithveryclosetieseitherthroughverticalintegrationorbyhavingastakeinthefarm.
Historically,productionforespeciallybeansandmangowasacombinationofcommercialfarmsandsmallholderfarms.In2012theEUchangeditsregulationinstipulatingthatDimethoateresidues
3http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/The_fruit_and_vegetable_sector_in_the_EU_-_a_statistical_overview#Trade
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shouldnotexceed0.02partspermillion.In2013higherresiduesofDimethoatewerefoundinKenyaproduce,resultinginsanctionsfromtheEuropeanUnionCommissionthroughanincreaseinthemandatorychecksof10%ofalltypesofbeans,suchasgreenbeansorsugarsnaps.
Dimethoatewasapopularchemicalwithsmallholdersandasnotallsmallholdersadheredtotherestrictionofuseithasresultedthatsmallholdershavebeensqueezedoutofseveralsupplychainslinkedtolargercommercialfarms.
SourcingFreshProducesourcingisaglobalactivitywithSouthAfricabeingthelargestsourceofcitrus,avocadoandmangofromAfricawithKenyaandTanzaniabeingthelargestsourceforlegumes.Foronlyoneoftheinterviewedcompanies,Kenyawasthemainsourceofsupplyduetotheparent’scompanyinterestinfarmsinKenyabuttheystillsourcedbeansfromMorocco,Egypt,Ethiopia,ZimbabweandGuatemala.
NotallcompaniesinterviewedarecurrentlyimportingproductfromKenyaand/orTanzaniaonadailyorweeklybasis.ThecompanieswhichareimportingproductfromEastAfricadailyarecloselyintegratedwiththesupplybasethroughinvestedbusinessinterest.
Theremainingcompaniesdealtoraredealingwiththird-partysupplypartnerswithKenyabeingthemainsourcefromEastAfrica.IssuesaroundqualityandreliabilitywasmentionedonseveraloccasionsandforsomethisreluctanceisabarrierforprocuringfromKenyaandorTanzania.
PhytosanitaryandqualityFoodsafetyisthenumberonepriorityinfreshfruitandvegetablesandislinkedtoactivesubstances,minorusesandtheirresiduesaswelltomattersrelatingtofoodadditives,sanitizers,fertilizersandcontaminants.
Followingthelargestoutbreaksofafood-borneinfectioncausedbyEnterohaemorrhagicEscherichiacoli(EHEC)in2011,mostEuropeanMemberStateshavesignificantlyincreasedthenumberofregulationsaimingatcontrollingthemicrobiologicalsafetyoffruitandvegetables.
Qualityisthekeyrequirementandwasatopicbroughtupineveryinterview.Priceisanimportantfactorbutisaffectedbydemandandsupplyintheglobalmarketplace.Quality,however,isafixedcriteriaandproductalwaysneedstoadheretocustomerspecificationandexpectations.
Phytosanitaryissueslikeforinstancewithavocadoandmangoandfruitflyarereasonsforacompleterejectionofshipments.ThisisnotjustanissuewithshipmenttotheEUforKenyabutalsotocountrieslikeSouthAfricawho,in2010,bannedtheexportofavocadofromKenyaaftertheproducewasfoundtobeinfestedwithfruitflyandisyettoliftthebanonavocadosfromKenya,sixyearson.
CertificationFoodsafety,environment,socialandsustainabilityarehighontheagendasofretailers.Inmostcases,voluntaryindustrystandardsaretheminimumrequirementbutseveralEUretailersrequiretheproducertoadheretotheirinternalstandardswhichcanexceedtheseindustrystandards.
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B2B, C2B & Organic AminimumrequirementforanyproducerandexporteristhattheyhaveGlobalGapcertification.GlobalGapisB2Bprefarmgatestandardthatcoversthewholeagriculturalproductionprocessincludingachainofcustodytoenablefulltraceability.
ThisincludessmallholderswhoneedtobeGlobalGAPcertified.AllproductneedstobeaccompaniedbyaGGNnumber(13-digitnumberGLOBALGAPnumberthatuniquelyidentifieseachproducerandindividualmemberofaproducergroupintheGLOBALGAPdatabase.
SomeEUretailersalsorequiresocialcertificationlikeBSCI,ETI,GRASP.
Besidestherequiredindustrystandards,theproducerscouldgainB2Ccertification,Fairtrade,RainforestAlliance,Organicetc.,whichcouldgivethesupplieranedgeoverothersuppliersbutthisdoesn’tguaranteesales.
Organicisanichemarketbutnever-the-lessanimportantoneasithasseenalotofgrowthespeciallyinGermany,France,Denmark,SwedenandAustria.
EU legislation & MRL AllproductimportedintotheEUmustcomply,asaminimum,withEUfoodsafetylawsandstandards.AllcompaniesinterviewedundertaketheirownMRLtestingwiththenormformostbeingtotestthefirstshipmentandthenrandomlyoftheconsecutiveshipments.
PreferentialArrangementsTheEUhasanumberofpreferentialtradearrangementswithcertainindividualcountriesorgroupsofcountriesoutsidetheEU.Theseallowparticulargoodsoriginatinginthecountriesconcernedtobeimportedandenteredtofreecirculationatreducedratesofcustomsimportduty.ThisalsoappliestofreshproducefromKenyaandTanzaniathroughtheEconomicPartnershipAgreement(EPA).UndertheEPAtheEUgrants100percentdutyfree,quotafreeaccesstoitsmarketforallimportsfromtheEastAfricanCommunity(EAC))(Burundi,Kenya,Rwanda,TanzaniaandUganda).
TheEUandEACnegotiationsaroundtheEPAreachedaconclusioninOctober2014,after12yearsofnegotiations.On16thOctober,theEACinitialledanEPAwiththeEUwhichsentforthe‘legalscrubbing’processwhichwascompletedtowardstheendof2015.Witheverythinginplace,theofficialsigningoftheEPAwassettotakeplaceon18July2016inNairobi,KenyaafterwhichratificationwastotakeplacebyOctober2016.RwandaandKenyahadsignedtheagreementbutalastminuterefusalbyTanzaniatosignthetradedealhasbeenasourceofconfusionandconcernamongtheEUandtheEACmembercountries.
ThePermanentSecretaryintheTanzanianMinistryofForeignAffairs,DrAzizMlimasaidhiscountrywouldnotsigntheEAC-EUEPAciting‘turmoilintheEUoccasionedbytheimpendingexitoftheUnitedKingdom.
AnextendeddeadlineforsigningoftheEPAbetweentheEACandtheEuropeanUnion,togivemembercountriesmoretimetoreviewthedocumentandcomeupwithacommonpositionasabloc,lapsedonthe2ndFebruary2017.
IfthereisnoresolutionandtheEPAisnotsignedKenyaistheonlyEACcountrywhichiscurrentlyclassifiedasadevelopingcountry.Whileleastdevelopedcountries(LDC)Burundi,Tanzania,Rwanda
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andUgandawillstillbebenefittingfromduty-freeaccessunderEverythingButArms(EBA)4exportsfromKenyawillbefacingnumerousimportduties.
IfnoresolutionisfoundandtheEPAisnotsignedKenyawillhavenootherchoicethantoapplyforGeneralisedSystemofPreferences(GSP)5orGSPPlustreatment.PreviouslyKenyanproductsweregrantedGSPaccesstotheEUmarket;however,someofKenya’smainexportproducts(liveplantsandfloriculturalproducts)6havebeenremovedfromtheGSPlistfromJanuary2017(EURegulation2016/330of8March2016).TheonlyotheroptionforKenyaistoapplyforGSPPlusstatus(theexclusiondoesnotapplytocountrieswhichbenefitfromGSPPlus).However,thiswillrequireKenyatoensurethattheyhaveratifiedandimplementedcoreinternationalconventionsrelatingtohumanandlabourrights,theenvironmentandgoodgovernance.
LogisticsTransportanddistributionarekeyconsiderationswhenplanningforinternationaltrade.
Airfreightisquickerbutmoreexpensivethanseafreightwhichneedshighvolumeandlessperishableproducts.Also,theincreasinginternationaltradeinfreshfruitandvegetableshasraisedconcernsaboutthedistancethatfoodtravelsandtheemissionsassociatedwithitstransport.Forthesereasons,itisimportanttochoosetherightmodeoftransporttoensureefficiencyandproductcost-effectivenesstoenableittobecompetitiveintheglobalmarketplace.
Airfreight
ProductslikebeansandsoftfruitarenormallyairfreightedasafinishedproductthroughNairobi,Kenya.TheseproductsonarealsotruckedinfromTanzaniatoNairobitobeairliftedtotheNetherlands.InterviewsrevealedthatairfreightlogisticsincludingcoldchainisperceivedtobelimitedinTanzaniawithKenyacurrentlybeingthepreferredlogisticalroute.
Seafreight
Seafreightisthepreferredmethodoftransportforproductslikeavocado,mango,onionsetc.ApotentialdisadvantageEastAfricahascomparedtoSouth&WestAfricaandcountrieslikeMexicoandGuatemalaisthatseafreightispotentiallyexpensive.
Comparingglobalcontainershippingpricesindicationsare$7.000to$10.000percontainerfromMombasacomparedtoPeru$4.500,Brazil$2.300andChilli$7.500.
However,asindicatedduringinterviews:whenlookingattheincreasedcostcombinedwiththelargenumberofboxesacontainercanhold,theactualincreasedcostperbox/fruitshouldnotbeanobstacletodeterfromexport.
Whentheglobalavailabilityislowitcanresultinhigherproductpriceswhichenablesproducerstoairfreightproductslikeavocado&mangoforashortperioduntiltheseafreightcontainersarrive.
4http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/april/tradoc_150983.pdf5http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/development/generalised-scheme-of-preferences/index_en.htm6http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32016R0330
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EndcustomerAllfreshproducecompanieshaveseveraltradechannelsbutultimatelyalargesharewillendupeitherdirectorindirectwithretail.
Retailersnormallydonotbuydirectfromsourcebutfrompre-approvedsupplierswhomightsourcedirectfromtheirfarmsincombinationoftradingwithotherimportcompanies.Theseimportcompanieshaveamultitudeofcustomerswhichallowsthemtobuydifferentgradesoftheproductinquestionasdifferentcustomershavedifferentrequirements.
Provenanceandproducerstorylinkedtotheproductcangiveanadvantagetoaproducerbutisonlyimportantiftheretailerrequiresthisandinmostcases,itisdeemedofnoofrealimportance.
MarketDevelopmentsAvocado Globalavocadoconsumptionisgrowingbyaboutthreepercenteveryyear;however,productiongrowthremainsalittlebehind.Consumptionisgrowingrapidly,especiallyinNorthAmericaandEurope(especiallyBenelux,UK,Sweden,Norwaythemarketisgrowing).Europedidrecordhighpricesduetoslowsupply.InAmerica,pricesremainatareasonablelevel.WesternEuropeanmarketsmostlypreferready-to-eatHassavocados,whileEasternEuropean,GreekandItaliancustomersstilloftengoforgreenskinavocados,suchastheFuerteandPinkerton.ThepopularityofHassavocadosisexpectedtogrow.Thebiggestchallengeinthecomingyearswilllieinthesourcing.
Threeyearsago,notasingleavocadowasimportedbyChinaandnowitisamajorimportmarketreceiving30containersperweek.Avocadosarebecomingapopularimportfruit,especiallyinthebigcitiesonChina’sEastCoast.MexicoandChilehaveaccesstotheChinesemarket,andlastyear,Perualsoreceivedpermissiontoexport.ThePeruvianministerestimatedChina'spotentialat50milliondollars.
Eventhoughworldwideinvestmentsintheproductareontherise,importersarepreparingforaworldwideshortageofavocadosinthecomingyears.
Guatemalahasmadehugeinvestmentsinavocadocrops.Productionhasgrownby42%inthelasttwoyears.Becauseofchangesinthecycles,theseasoncouldbeextendedfromDecembertoMarchtoanalmostyear-roundprogram.
ThesupplyofBrazilianavocadostotheEuropeanmarketisontherise.Thisseason,atotalof280containersareexpectedtobeshippedtoEurope.ThepeakisreachedinAprilandlastuntilthesecondweekofMay.Inthecomingyears,theacreageisplannedtoexpand.Acompanyreportstohaveplanstoplant200newhectares.
InSouthAfrica,stronginvestmentsarebeingmadeinthecultivationofavocados.Acompanyreportstohaveplanstogofrom700hectaresto2,000hectaresinthecomingyears.Intotal,thecountryhas15,500hectares;anacreagewhichisexpectedtoincreaseby500hectaresannuallyinthecomingyears.Estimatesforthecomingseasonpointtoaproductiontotalling12.8million4kiloboxes,whichisabout250,000boxesmorethanlastyear.Despitetherainfallrecordedinthenorthofthecountry,therearestillconcernsforthecomingseason.Theheatisgoodforthequality,butsomeextrarainwillalsobeneededintheshortterm.
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KenyaaimstostrengthenitspositioninthemarketwiththeseasonusuallylastingfromMarchtoJuly,howeverthesizeoftheHassavocadosissmall,alsobecausegrowersareharvestingearlytotakeadvantageofthegoodprices.ThemainmarketisEurope,particularlytheNetherlands.
SouthernChina,namelytheprovincesofGuangzhouandHainan,hasasmallavocadoproduction.Theplantingremainslimitedandthereisnocommercialproduction.Ready-to-eatavocadosareanoveltyinthemarket,astheywereonlyrecentlyintroduced.Investmentsaregoingtoripeningfacilitiesandtopromotionstofurtherdevelopthismarket.
Garlic ChinadominatesworldmarketandthenewgarlicwillbeharvestedinearlyJune,intheShandongProvince.Thereisusuallyoldgarlicavailablewhenthenewharvestbeginsbutthisyearthereisashortageandmanyarewaitingforthenewharvest.Furthermore,thereissaidtobealotofmarketspeculation.Assumingtheserumoursaretrue,garlicpriceswilllikelyincreaseforsometime.Thecoldhasreportedlycausedlossesoverthelastfewmonths;somefiguresspeakofheavylosses,butthereisyetnocertaintyaboutthis.
EuropeprotectsthecropsgrowninEUcountriesbyissuinglicensesfortheimportfromothercountries.Duetothelimitednumberoflicenses,importersmustdotheirbesttogetanexemptionotherwisetheyfaceadditionalcoststhroughthemeansofduty.Importerswishingtopayonlythedutyrateof9.6%mustapplyforan“A”licenceandareonlypermittedtoimportafixedquantityinanygivenquotaperiod(thisissetbyreferencetotheimporter’sprevioustradingpatterns).Thoseimporterswishingtoapplyfora“B”licencewillbesubjecttothespecificdutyrateof€1,200pertonneaswellasthenormalrateof9.6%.
AfricathroughtheEPAshouldbeinapositiontocircumventthisandtradeoutsideofthequotasystemwherebyimportersdonotincurextraduty.
Herbs AEuropeanappetiteforbasil,aversatilearomaticherbinthemintfamily,hasopenedawindowofopportunityforfarmersinNakuruCountyinKenyawhoarenowearningupto$2000amonthinexports.
InternationalbuyerssayEastAfricameetsapaltry15percentoftheirdemandfortheherbevenasmarketscontinuetoballoonfollowingdiscoveryofnewusesoftheherb.“Themarketshaveexpressedinsatiableappetitefortheherb.Withourfirstfarmers,weareproducing1.6tonnesofbasilagainstademandof6tonnespermonthfromtheimporterweworkwith”.
Ahealth-consciousmiddleclassisdrivingthegrowthofculinaryherbsandastheinternationalmarketsrequiresotherproducts,PremierSeedsisnowpreparingtoworkwiththefarmerstogrowanothersetofherbsincludingcoriander,oregano,lovage,dillandMelissainthecourseoftheyear.
Limes VariousreportsonthelimemarketinMexicoandBrazilrevealdifferentperspectives.TheLatinAmericancountriessaytheyhaveharvestedlessandalsoshippedlesstoEurope,whileatraderintheNetherlandssaystheopposite,thatabiggervolumehasbeenshipped.Israeligrowersseepotentialinthecultivationoflimes,partlybecauseofthegoodpricesinEurope.IntheUS,significantlyunstablepriceshavebeenreported,resultinginanerraticmarket.
InMorocco,since2008theacreagedevotedtolemonsandlimeshashalved,accordingtofiguresfromtheUSDA,whichcombinesthedataforbothcitrusfruits.Theacreagehasfallenfrom7,789
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hectaresin2008/2009to3,820hectaresin2016/2017.Manygrowershaveswitchedtothecultivationofmandarins.
Mangoes AfricancountriesaremovingforwardandhavesettheireyesonEuropeasadestinationmarket.
EuropemostlydependsonPeru;thisyear'smangoconsumptionisestimatedat300,000tonnes.OneinsixofthesemangoescomefromAfrica;therefore,thereisstillroomfortheAfricanmangotogrowintheEuropeanmarket.ThevastmajorityofthefruitisimportedfromLatinAmerica(460,000tonnes).Withinthatcategory,Peruisthelargestsupplier,accountingfor70,000tonnes.
50,000tonnesofmangoesareexpectedtobeshippedtoEuropefromtheWestAfricancountriesofIvoryCoast,Senegal,Mali,BurkinaFasoandGuinea.Injustafewyears,IvoryCoasthasdoubleditsexportstoEurope,reaching30,000tonnes.ForAfricangrowers,thisisquiteanachievement,giventhephytosanitaryissuestheyhavehadtodealwith.ThepresenceofafruitflyamongthemangoescanresultinawholebatchbeingdeniedaccesstoEurope.However,thenumberofreportsofsuchbreachesisdecreasingthankstotheinvestmentinprevention,especiallyinIvoryCoast,whichhasmanagedtokeepthepestundercontrol.
Pineapples AccordingtoareportfromSeptember2016thepineapplemarketwasinturmoil.DuetoamuchlowerproductioninCostaRica,pricesinEuropeandtheUnitedStateshaverisen.Inallthesemarkets,sharplyhigherpriceshavebeenreported.Insomecases,theyhaveevendoubled.Mexico,Panama,Peru,theDominicanRepublicandColombiahaveallinvestedinpineapplecultivationandtheexistingproducersareprofitingfromthehighprices.
Thiswasasimilarpicturein2015whenitwasbecomingincreasinglydifficulttofindpineapplesinthefruitjuiceandtinnedgoodsaisleofsomesupermarkets.Thefirsttobeeffectedaretheretailanddiscountbrands.LaLaiterieSaint-Denisdel'Hôtel(LSDH),themainretailbrandsupplierhashadtocompletelystopdeliveriestomanyCasinostores.Otherstores,suchasSystèmeUandMétrohaveacceptedanincreaseinprices(priceshaveincreasedfrom€0.55/litreto€0.95/litreinayear).
Duetoinsufficientstock,pineapplesuppliers(Dole,DelMonte,FloridaProducts…)areprioritisingthefreshjuicemarket(purejuicefollowedbyconcentrate-based).“Thereisnotenoughforeverybody”,saysEmmanuelVasseneix,“(PresidentoftheLSDH)Lastyear(2014)concentratepriceswentfrom$1,500/tonto$3,800/tonsandpurejuiceincreasedfrom$850/tonto$1,500/ton.
Theshortageisduetoclimateconditions;heavyrainandElNinoaffectedharvestinthemainproductioncountries,ThailandandthePhilippines(whichsuppliesthetinnedmarket).PineappleproductioninThailandisalsoincompetitionwithriceorrubberproductionwhichismorelucrativeandisreplacingthepineapplefields.TheshortageinCostaRica(mainsupplieroffreshpineapples)isduetothegovernmentwantingtokeepsoilandnotplantmoreacreage.ThesituationisnobetterinKenya,whereDelMonteFoods(oneofthemainfreshandtinnedpineapplesuppliers)hasthousandsofhectaresthatwerenotproducing.TheyhadtoshuttheirfactoryforfourmonthsbeforeChristmas.
Meanwhile,freshpineapplejuicedemandhassurgedinsomecountriessuchastheUSA,asfruitjuicesareinfashion.Thisandtheunfavourableexchangeratelinkedtotheincreaseinthedollararefactorsleadingtoasurgeinpricesoverthelast18months.Thesectorhopesthenextharvestwillbringmorestabilitywithit.
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Sweet Potato Sweetpotatoesaregrownandconsumedworldwide.Theshareoftheproductionthatistradedontheworldmarketisrelativelysmallasmanycountriesmainlygrowitforthedomesticmarket.Europeisalargeimporterbutthemarketforsweetpotatoesisstillrelativelysmall,butitisgrowingrapidly.In2014,Europeimported124,000tonnesofsweetpotatoes,ofwhich7tonneswereintendedforconsumption.Importsofthisexoticspecieshavedoubledinfiveyears.Supermarketscatertotheincreasingdemandforsweetpotatoes.InEurope,theUnitedKingdomandtheNetherlandsarelargeimporters.
TheUnitedKingdomisachievingthemostnoteworthyfiguresasregardstosweetpotatoimports.Accordingtotraders,thesehaverecordedayearlygrowthof50%.MostsweetpotatoesareimportedfromtheUnitedStates,butbecauseoftheincreasingdemand,theyarealsoincreasinglylookingtootherproducingcountriestocoverbothdomesticconsumptionandexports.AmongtheseareSpain,whichisrecordingaconsiderableincreaseinitsproduction;Portugal,whichisarelativenewcomer,andEgypt,whichhassomegoodvarietiesforexport.InHonduras,therearealsogoodproducers,butherethecertificationsarestillsometimesaproblem.TheNetherlandsactsasatransitporttotherestofEurope.TheUSisthelargestsupplier,withamarketshareofseventypercent.WithinEurope,sweetpotatoesareproducedinSpain,Portugal,ItalyandGreece.
TheAmericanCovingtonandtheSpanishBeauregardvarieties,together,haveashareofabout95%ofthemarket.TherightsfortheCovingtonareownedbytheUniversityofNorthCarolinaanditcannotbegrownoutsidetheUS.Anewvariety,Evangeline,isemerginginthemarket.
Tenderstem Broccoli Tenderstem®isamemberoftheBrassicafamilyandrelatedtoBrusselssprouts,cauliflowerandcabbageandisacrossbetweenbroccoliandChinesekale.Tenderstemhasseensalesgrow16-foldsince2004,reachingsalesworth£68millionlastyear.
TheChinesekale-broccolihybridismarketedasTenderstembroccoliintheUKbybrandlicensorCoregeowho,since2016,isalsothepan-EuropeanMasterLicensorofBimi®,theEuropeancounterpartofTenderstembroccoli.
Withgrowingdemandfortheproductthroughoutthecontinent,ajointventurebetweenCorego,BestFreshGroupandFlamingoHorticulture,aspecialistproducerandlargestgrowerofBimiguaranteeingyear-roundKenyansupply,hasbeenestablishedunderthetitleFVSeleQt.
FVSeleQtiskeentoreplicatethesuccessTenderstemhasseenintheUKthroughouttherestofEurope,byworkingtogethertogrowthebrandandraiseawareness7.
Products trends Thereiscurrentlyatrendtowardshealthyfoodorsocalledsuperfoods.Althoughthereisnolegalormedicaldefinition,superfoodsarenutrientpowerhousesthatpacklargedosesofantioxidants,polyphenols,vitamins,andmineralsandinclude(butarenotlimitedtoo):
ü Berries(BlueberryandGoji)ü Beansü Nutsü Orangesü SweetPotatoes
7http://www.freshplaza.com/article/166833/FV-SeleQt-see-sales-of-Bimi%C2%AE-treble-in-Europe
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ü Broccoliü Spinachü Garlic
Anotherdevelopmentinstigatedbytheretailersisthesaleoflessthanperfectproduce,whichis“rebranded”andsoldtoconsumersatareducedprice.Programmeslikethishaveexpandedacrosstheglobe,withretailersandsuppliersalikejoiningtogetherwherebyworkingtowardsreducingfoodwaste.
OpportunitiesFromtheinterviewsundertakenthefollowingproductswereidentifiedasofinterest
Product Product window
Avocado Feb till Sept
Mango Oct – Mid Nov
Sweet Onions End Dec – Mid March
Fresh Garlic Nov - Feb
Strawberry Oct - May
Raspberry Oct - May
Berries Oct - May
Black Berry Oct - May
Fine Beans All year round
Sugar Snaps April/May & Oct/Nov
Mange Tout April/May & Oct/Nov
Herbs Unknown
Limes Unknown
Pineapple Unknown
In country packing Alotofproductispackedretailready,especiallyproductslikebeansandsoftfruit.Thesearebothretailreadypackedinbagsorpunnetsatsource.
Productslikefruitandonionsneedtobegradedbeforepackingandshipping.Thisistoensureauniformproductwhichadherestothecustomer’sspecification.
InterviewsrevealedthatproductgradingattimesisarealissueandtherecouldbeanopportunitytosetupapackinghousewhichprovidesanindependentserviceforproducergroupstoQCandtouniformlypackforexport.Thepackhousecouldactasindependentqualitycontrol.Theywon’thaveinvestedinterestintheactualproductandhencenoownershipandfinancialdamageiffruitorvegisrejectedatsource.This“neutral”positioncouldgivetheconfidencetoDutchexportersusingthisservice.
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Supply chain improvements Toimprovethirdpartysupplychainsthereneedstobeatransferofskills.Itwasmentionedonseveraloccasionsthatthereisaperceivedlackofexpertiseandtherefore,isaneedformoreknowledgearoundgrowing,sourcingandqualitycontrolrequirements.
Forsmallholdergrowers,besidesconcernsarounduniformproductqualityandincreasedriskofissuesaroundMRL,thecoolchainwasapotentialissuewhendealingwithsmallholdergrowers.Wediscussed,withacoldstoremanufacturer,thepossibilitiestodeveloplowcostportablecoldstoreunitstoaddresstheseconcerns.Celtichaveofferedtodevelopinitialdrawingsandanindicationofestimatedcosts.Wewouldhavetoexploreinterestfromtheprivatesectorwiththisinformationanddiscussviabilityandifthiswouldalleviatetheconcernsaroundcoolchainissues.
Organicproductionisaninterestingnichemarkettoexplorefurther,especiallyfornewprojectsonvirginsoils.
Brexit Asdiscussedonpage8ofthisdocumentBrexitcouldbeanopportunityforsuppliersproducinginAfricatoincreasetheirmarketsharefordirectsupplytotheUK.TheUKfreshproducemarkethasmadebigstridesindirectsourcingeitherthroughverticalintegrationwithinthesupplychainorthroughretailersacquiringorcreatingtheirownprocurementcompanies.
InvestmentThereisongoinginvestmentinKenyaasconfirmedbytheDutchembassy8.However,deskresearchandinterviewswithcompaniedintheNetherlandsdidn’trevealanyfutureinvestmentsinKenyaorTanzaniaofanysignificance.Besidesonecompanyinvestinginagrowerbyprovidingagradingmachineandtopayforcertification,noinfrastructureinvestmentopportunitiesorwillingnesstoinvestwasidentifiedwiththecompaniesinterviewed.
8http://www.hortialliance.com/news/dutch-support-to-boost-kenyas-agric-output/
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Annex1VegetablesimportedbyEUfromAfrica
Productcode Productlabel
EU28importsfromAfrica EU28importsfromworld2015Africa
shareValuein2013
Valuein2014
Valuein2015 Valuein2013 Valuein2014 Valuein2015
'0702 Tomatoes,freshorchilled
424,895
490,606
548,638
3,491,859
3,610,784
3,901,879 14%
'0708 Leguminousvegetables,shelledorunshelled,freshorchilled
420,539
468,489
495,056
763,804
805,674
848,608 58%
'0709 Othervegetables,freshorchilled(excludingpotatoes,tomatoes,alliaceousvegetables,edible
240,314
243,940
303,285
5,214,493
5,096,797
5,857,088 5%
'0703 Onions,shallots,garlic,leeksandotheralliaceousvegetables,freshorchilled
81,414
85,942
90,401
1,356,779
1,228,478
1,329,580 7%
'0701 Potatoes,freshorchilled
114,120
69,737
68,510
2,378,382
1,576,226
1,628,755 4%
'0713 Driedleguminousvegetables,shelled,whetherornotskinnedorsplit
81,140
94,046
64,423
1,190,311
1,223,248
1,223,601 5%
'0712 Driedvegetables,whole,cut,sliced,brokenorinpowder,butnotfurtherprepared
41,875
51,870
63,908
779,962
870,201
913,983 7%
'0711 Vegetablesprovisionallypreserved,e.g.bysulphurdioxidegas,inbrine,insulphurwater
35,283
39,395
45,952
241,152
259,918
270,091 17%
'0710 Vegetables,uncookedorcookedbysteamingorboilinginwater,frozen
34,322
39,514
42,917
2,671,218
2,610,405
2,731,467 2%
'0714 Rootsandtubersofmanioc,arrowroot,salep,Jerusalemartichokes,sweetpotatoesandsimilar
23,914
30,014
36,294
178,402
229,246
312,534 12%
'0704 Cabbages,cauliflowers,kohlrabi,kaleandsimilarediblebrassicas,freshorchilled
14,575
18,306
23,528
929,825
879,399
1,030,129 2%
'0707 Cucumbersandgherkins,freshorchilled
6,199
9,986
9,965
1,053,078
1,024,543
1,157,781 1%
'0706 Carrots,turnips,saladbeetroot,salsify,celeriac,radishesandsimilaredibleroots,fresh
7,099
7,435
9,512
683,156
585,089
733,451 1%
'0705 Lettuce"Lactucasativa"andchicory"Cichoriumspp.",freshorchilled
6,469
3,968
2,593
1,282,328
1,194,820
1,373,743 0%
ValueisinEurox1.000 SourceITCTradeMap-InternationalTradeStatisticsAccessed11/01/2017
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Annex2FruitsexportedToEUfromAfrica
Productcode Productlabel
EU28importsfromAfrica EU28importsfromworld2015Africa
shareValuein2013
Valuein2014
Valuein2015 Valuein2013 Valuein2014 Valuein2015
'0805 Citrusfruit,freshordried
828,767
791,247
959,534
5,381,444
5,130,366
5,867,484 16%
'0806 Grapes,freshordried
632,784
714,947
748,363
3,409,622
3,472,706
3,528,302 21%
'0803 Bananas,incl.plantains,freshordried
511,061
553,734
639,051
4,952,615
5,008,859
5,443,368 12%
'0804 Dates,figs,pineapples,avocados,guavas,mangoesandmangosteens,freshordried
370,209
411,668
491,203
2,596,044
2,933,685
3,469,628 14%
'0810 Freshstrawberries,raspberries,blackberries,back,whiteorredcurrants,gooseberriesand...
213,049
278,903
307,549
3,236,219
3,506,103
4,058,920 8%
'0808 Apples,pearsandquinces,fresh
331,370
218,178
240,492
3,552,991
2,909,958
3,090,476 8%
'0807 Melons,incl.watermelons,andpapaws(papayas),fresh
94,887
117,390
127,055
1,371,385
1,424,559
1,571,203 8%
'0811 Fruitandnuts,uncookedorcookedbysteamingorboilinginwater,frozen,whetherornot...
117,029
119,889
117,576
1,921,921
1,819,964
2,044,725 6%
'0809 Apricots,cherries,peachesincl.nectarines,plumsandsloes,fresh
127,498
135,171
110,761
2,179,582
1,944,528
2,180,498 5%
'0802 Othernuts,freshordried,whetherornotshelledorpeeled(excludingcoconuts,Brazilnuts...
43,495
59,142
79,936
4,769,946
5,593,241
7,411,618 1%
'0801 Coconuts,Brazilnutsandcashewnuts,freshordried,whetherornotshelledorpeeled
33,496
44,812
44,291
930,769
1,188,933
1,595,556 3%
'0813 Driedapricots,prunes,apples,peaches,pears,papaws"papayas",tamarindsandotheredible
11,175
15,220
21,181
732,465
896,684
1,044,805 2%
'0812 Fruitandnuts,provisionallypreserved,e.g.bysulphurdioxidegas,inbrine,insulphur
3,038
2,390
3,313
58,247
57,418
62,423 5%
'0814 Peelofcitrusfruitormelons,incl.watermelons,fresh,frozen,driedorprovisionallypreserved
1,718
2,553
1,944
31,242
33,690
33,403 6%
ValueisinEurox1.000 SourceITCTradeMap-InternationalTradeStatisticsAccessed11/01/2017
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Interviewees
UsefulIndustryOrganisationsOrganisation City Country Website
FreshfelEurope Brussels Belgium www.freshfel.org
WorldApple&PearAssociation Brussels Belgium www.wapa-association.org
DutchPotatoProccessorsAssoc. Rijswijk TheNetherlands www.vavi.nl
GroentenFruitHuis Zoetermeer TheNetherlands www.groentenfruithuis.nl/
FreshProduceconsortium Peterborough UK www.freshproduce.org.uk
Interviewed Company Website
RuudvanEnckevort GourmetBV www.gourmet.nl
DanteAnton Fruitworld www.fruitworld.nl
BasRensen FVSeleQt www.fvseleqt.nl
JanvanderLans VanderLansInternational www.vanderlans.com
KoertMichel Panalpina www.panalpina.com
LodewijkvandeVosse Panalpina www.panalpina.com
HansvanGemeren CelticCooling www.celtic.nl
MauricevandeLans LehmannTroost www.lehmann-troost.nl
NevilleMchina Eosta www.eosta.com
MichaelWilde Eosta www.eosta.com
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