Horizontal Drillingg

HORIZONTAL DRILLING 1

HORIZONTAL DRILLING

Mohit Arora(rollno-25)Mudit Govil(rollno-26)

Mudit Singh Gautam(rollno-27)


Agenda• Classification• History• Definition• Why drill horizontally• Types• Process • HD vs VD• Applications• Advantages • Disadvantages• Present locations• Summary

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Directional drilling (or slant drilling)

is the practice of drilling non-vertical wells It can be broken down into three main groups:

1. Oilfield Directional Drilling

2. Horizontal Drilling 3.and In-seam directional drilling

Source:www.wikipedia.comHORIZONTAL DRILLING


HISTORY• First patent for horizontal drilling was issued in 1891 to John Smalley Campbell.• First recorded true horizontal oil well, drilled near Texon, Texas, was completed

in 1929.• Another was drilled in 1944 in the Franklin Heavy Oil Field, Venango County,

Pennsylvania, at a depth of 500feet.• China tried horizontal drilling as early as 1957,and later the Soviet Union also

tried the technique.• Commercial viability in 1980s particularly in North Dakota and the Austin Chalk

of Texas(Giddings Field), produced 2.5 to 7 times rate of vertical wells.• In Alaska’s North Slope fields from nothing in 1986 to 10% of the State’s 1991

production all courtesy to horizontal drilling.

Source: Energy Information Administration


What Horizontal Drilling is ?• Horizontal Drilling

• process of drilling and completing, for production ,a well that begins

• from the earth’s surface to the subsurface location just above the target oil or gas reservoir called the kickoff point,

• then deviating the well bore from the vertical plane around the curve to intersect the reservoir at the entry point with a near horizontal inclination,

• and remaining within the reservoir until the desired bottom hole location is reached.


Why drill horizontally?• Used at Restricted sites(for ex

heritage sites, geographically inaccessible locations.)

• Used to gain access to pockets of oil and gas that may be missed or unreachable by traditional vertical drilling.

• Enables the harvesting of oil or gas to meet the rising demands without building several oil platforms in the heart of a sensitive ecosystem.

• To gain more exposure of oil reserve(compared to vertical).

• More concerned to oil rather than natural gas

Source: Steven D.Moore, "The Horizontal Approach,"Petroleum Engineer International,


TYPES

Radii• Ultrashort radius 1 to 2 ft

• Short-radius 20 to 40 ft

• Medium-radius 140 to 700 ft

• Long radius 1000 to 3000 ft


Short-Radius Horizontal Wells

• Commonly used when re-entering existing vertical wells.

• Include a lower capital cost.

• Favourable in small lease blocks.

• Difficult to measure the diameter in short radius(upto 6 inches).

Source: Horizontal Drilling and Completions: A Review of Available Technology," Petroleum Engineer International


Medium-Radius Horizontal Wells

• Allow the use of larger hole diameters.

• Can be drilled on leases as small as 20 acres.

• Eg Meridian Oil,Inc. accounted for 43 percent of all medium-radius horizontal wells drilled in the United States.



Long-Radius Horizontal Well

• Very long wells can be drilled.

• Several compilation options are also available.

• These wells are typically used to reach reservoirs which are offshore.



PROCESS• Oil miners first drill straight down the well using

a regular vertical drill pipe with a special bit called a mill.

• The mill is then deflected onto the side of the casing to cut a window into the side of the well, just above the oil bed.

• Once the hole is cut, the vertical drill is replaced by an assembly of pipes and a mud motor, which does the drilling.

• The string of pipes, unlike one long rigid pipe, is able to flex and bend for the horizontal drilling.

• Using a special probe inside the pipe, the driller on the surface can guide the mud motor to drill in the direction and angle desired.

• Once the drilling commences, the miners set up large tanks and trucks with high pressure pumps to bring the oil to the surface. Multiple pumping units are used and the gallons of oil pumped up to the surface are stored in the tanks.

Source: Drilling and Production Aspects of Horizontal Wells in the Austin Chalk," Journal of Petroleum Technology


Horizontal Vs Vertical

Source: S.D.Joshi, Horizontal Well Technology ,Pennwell Publishing Company


HOW HD SCORES OVER VD•To give an idea of the effectiveness of horizontal drilling, the U.S. Department of Energy indicates that using horizontal drilling can lead to an increase in reserves in place by 2% of the original oil in place•The production ratio for horizontal wells versus vertical wells is 3.2 to 1, while the cost ratio of horizontal versus vertical wells is only 2 to 1.example, in the Austin Chalk reservoir of Texas ’Giddings Field, under equal pressure conditions, horizontal completion of 500to2,200foot HD produce at initial rates 2½to7 times higher than vertical• While the cost factor for a horizontal well may be as much as two or three times that of a vertical well, the production factor can be enhanced as much as 15 or 20 times, making it very attractive option

HD-HORIZONTAL DRILLING VD-VERTICAL DRILLING Source:U.S. Department of Energy


APPLICATIONS• under buildings, roads, and other surface obstructions

under active sites where surface operations precluded drilling equipment (Airports and Highways)

• to efficiently extract soil vapor• to identify the causes of decreased well performance• to place leak detection sensors beneath solid or hazardous waste landfills• to install gas collection systems at landfills or similar waste dumps• to stabilizing hillsides for mine waste dumps or other unstable granular soil

masses• to dewater hillsides where mudslides endanger housing developments• to install groundwater collection galleries in shallow aquifers for private or public

water supply• to convey fluids between vertical wells and treatment facilities• exploitation of thin oil-rim reservoirsSource: Sandra Johnson,"Bakken Shale,"Oil and Gas Investor,


Advantages

• Increasing the exposed section length through the reservoir by drilling through the reservoir at an angle.

• Drilling into the reservoir where vertical access is difficult or not possible. For instance an oilfield under a town, under a lake, or underneath a difficult to drill formation.

• Allowing more wellheads to be grouped together on one surface location can allow fewer rig moves, less surface area disturbance.

• Avoidance of problems such as water/gas coning

Source:Michigan Oil&GasNews,personalcommunication

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Disadvantages

• High cost as compared to a vertical well. A new horizontal well drilled from the surface, costs 1.5 to 2.5 times more than a vertical well. A re-entry horizontal well costs about 0.4 to 1.3 times a vertical well cost.

• Generally only one zone at a time can be produced using a horizontal well.

• The overall current commercial success rate of horizontal wells in the U.S. is 65%.

Source: Oil and Gas InvestorHORIZONTAL DRILLING


Wells Drilled From Land Locations To Underneath The Sea

LOCATION COMPANY East Coast of Sakhalin Field, Russia ExxonMobilMost recently Al Shaheen Offshore Qatar. Maersk Oil Qatar AS


Summary

• Horizontal wells may produce at 3-5 times the rate of vertical wells in the same area

(… as much as 20 times higher in special cases).

• Horizontal wells typically cost 1.5-3 times as much as vertical wells in the same area.

• Horizontal wells are often very attractive in formations with extensive vertical fractures.


Summary

•The use of horizontal wells is growing - worldwide.

• Horizontal wells has increased our recoverable reserves.

• In the U.S. one rig in ten is drilling horizontal wells. •The cost factor for a horizontal well may be as much as two or three times that of a vertical well, the production factor can be enhanced as much as 15 or 20 times, making it very attractive

SOURCE: Michigan Oil & Gas News, personal communication


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