Hope and Recovery along the Ethiopia-S.Sudan Border Web viewAnother cause of increased large scale...

Enhancing Peace, Stability, and Poverty Reduction along

the Ethiopia-South Sudan Border

Project Proposal Submitted by ZOA to the Dutch Embassy Ethiopia

October 2012Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Table of Contents

Project Summary...................................................................................................................................3

Introduction...........................................................................................................................................5

Context Analysis....................................................................................................................................6

The Problem (Statement)......................................................................................................................8

Strategies / Methodologies...................................................................................................................9

Implementation Plan...........................................................................................................................10

Beneficiaries....................................................................................................................................11

Outcomes Outputs and Activities....................................................................................................11

Sustainability.......................................................................................................................................14

Institutional Capabilities and Organizational Track Record.................................................................15

Planning, Monitoring & Evaluation......................................................................................................16

Management.......................................................................................................................................17

Appendix A: Logical Framework..........................................................................................................19

Appendix B: Illustrative Three Year Activity Implementation Plan......................................................24

‘’Hope and Recovery on the Ethiopia – South Sudan Border”, ZOA Ethiopia 2

Project Summary

Project Title Enhancing Peace, Stability, and Poverty Reduction along the Ethiopia-South Sudan Border

Project Location / Target Groups

Internally Displaced Communities and their hosting communities in Akobo and Wantowa Woredas of Gambella Regional State, Ethiopia

Implementation Period 1. November 2012 – 30. October 2015

Total Budget (€) 800,000

Year1: Year 2: Year3:

Beneficiaries All population of Wantawo and Akobo Woredas: around 50,000 persons (about 8,300 households).

Overall Objective To enhance stability and security as preconditions for people to rebuild their lives and strengthen their livelihood strategies.

Main Outputs 1. Increased level of implementation of local peace agreements, decreased dowry levels and increased mutual respect and cooperation (including cross-border cooperation) in various projects among the tribes and clans living in the targeted areas of Gambella, with special attention for the role of women and of youth.

2. Inclusive improved food security through increased availability and optimal andcollaborative use of available livelihood resources and increased services among the various tribes and clans living in the targeted areas of Gambella, with special attention for the role of women and of youth.

Main Contact Persons Maureen Graybill (Country Director)

Tigest Tejiwe (Program Advisor)

Address ZOA EthiopiaP.O. Box 9494Addis Ababa

Tel: +251 113 724 555Fax: +251 113 206 618


[email protected]@zoaethiopia.org


mailto:[email protected]

Introduction

ZOA, an international, Dutch non-governmental organization, has provided assistance to people affected by natural disasters and conflict since 1973. Based in the Netherlands, ZOA is operational in 15 countries over three continents. In Ethiopia, ZOA has been operational since 1996, providing Livelihood, Environment, and Emergency Relief related activities to Refugee, Internally Displaced and hosting communities.

In Gambella Region, ZOA focuses on livelihoods and peace building amongst refugees and hosting communities since 1993. Currently ZOA is engaged in agricultural activities with IDPs in Itang and Therpam, aiming to improve farmer’s household income; and a carbon off-setting project linked with environmental as well as livelihood benefits with the community in Bonga. With the community in question for the intervention of this proposal, ZOA has been engaged in Emergency Relief, and thus already has established good working relations with the government in Gambella as well as at Woreda level in Akobo and Wantawo and also with the local community leaders and leaders of the churches, all of whom ZOA has been working with over the past years.

ZOA sees its interventions in a region as a programme, rather than a project approach; hence aiming for long terms objectives and corresponding strategies for a defined community in a specific geographic area, on the basis of sound analysis of context, needs and actors. Hence, any projects and funds introduced to fit within the wider direction and relevance of that specific programme. Accordingly, this project fits within ZOA’s already existing Programme for Wantowa and Akobo, allowing ZOA to expand the existing programme in scope and breadth1

As already indicated with the name of this proposal, the communities and conflicts being addressed with this intervention are beyond the Ethiopian context, but are related and interlinked with S. Sudan. Hence initiatives taken by ZOA are both on the Ethiopian as well as S. Sudanese side, with ZOA Ethiopia carrying out activities on the Ethiopian side and ZOA S.Sudan on the S.Sudanese side. Therefore ZOA sees this project as a contribution to a wider “Cross- Border” Initiative.

Stretches of the Ethiopia – South Sudan border are sensitive areas with long experience of cross-border interaction both in terms of offering refuge to war-affected communities as well as a base for warring parties to train and mount operations. Due to lack of effective governance in the border area an uncontrolled flow and proliferation of small arms could take place. This contributed to the militarization of more radical elements amongst the various ethnic groups in the area such as the Nuer, Murle and Anyuak. These border areas are characterized by a general sense of insecurity which has not only rendered local population at the will of armed militias and bandits but has also seriously undermined their food systems (human security). Yet this border area holds important economic potential both for the local population and the Ethiopian and South Sudan central governments with its rich dry season grazing grounds, gold and oil, and good potential to develop commercial farms along the rivers (see further in P3 contextual analysis). Each potential use though has its averse side as it competes with other uses of these same livelihood resources, especially

1 Appendix B will detail how this project contributes to the already existing programme.


water resources, grazing areas and land for agriculture. Accordingly, this intervention is seen to fit within the Security and Rule of Law Strategyof the Dutch Government.


Context Analysis

The Gambella-Jonglei border zone is home to several Nilotic ethnic groups: the (agro)pastoralist Jikany Nuer, Lou Nuer, Murle and the sedentary agriculturalist Anyuak who have conflicts as follows:

· Lou Nuer – Jikany Nuer· Jikany Nuer - Anyuak· Murle – Lou Nuer, Jikany Nuer

Conflicts are mostly about access to grazing land and water resources and about cattle raids and revenge raids. The conflicts all result in severe disruption of livelihoods, poverty, hunger and death. Acommon feature is currently the huge numbers of displaced people, at both sides of the border, causing further tensions and making livelihood perspectives even worse. Most of the IDPs live in spontaneously erected settlements or live with relatives. Others live in camps, for instance in Boma (Jonglei). Most of them cannot positively cope with the hardships they face and resort to destructive coping mechanism, such as going hungry, not treating diseases, selling productive assets and taking children from schools.

Contextual Analysis Ethiopia SideThe Western part of Gambella Region in Ethiopia, bordering Jonglei and Upper Nile States of South Sudan, has rich dry season grazing grounds which have attracted thousands of Jikany Nuer from Eastern Upper Nile and more recently Lou Nuer from Jonglei with their herds. The rich gold deposits and substantial oil reserves – extending from the oil reserves in South Sudan Upper Nile and Jonglei States - have been attracting the interest of the central government. The large-scale land acquisitions for commercial farms along with river basin management have great potential for increased agricultural productivity, but at the same time threaten downstream the dry season water availability for the herds on which pastoralist communities depend for their livelihoods and survival. The Anyuaks grow sorghum, maize and tend their vegetable gardens on the fertile banks of Gambella’s manystreams and rivers, but are more and more loosing their traditional grounds: in the east to foreign investors who lease land for commercial farming and in the west to the Nuer who use the land for grazing.

Presently over forty thousand Jikany Nuer are living in Gambella's western Woredas of Wantawo and Akobo, with the Jikany Gaaguang in Wantawo Woreda and the Jikany Gajiok mainly in Akobo Woreda. Only a small group of an estimated three thousand Anyuak remain


Yellow = Murle (raids, not settling)

Red = Nuer Lou (moving to new settlement areas)

Blue = Nuer Jikany Gajiok (fleeing for Nuer Lou)

Green = Annuak settlements attacked by Murle

= Conflict

Yellow = Murle (raids, not settling)

Red = Nuer Lou (moving to new settlement areas)

Blue = Nuer Jikany Gajiok (fleeing for Nuer Lou)

Green = Annuak settlements attacked by Murle

= Conflict

settled along the banks of rivers and streams along the eastern border of Akobo Woreda, during the last decennia pushed away from other areas by the Nuer, who competed with them over access and control over water resources, cultivation areas and dry season grazing grounds. In the western part of the Akobo Woreda one also finds an estimated five thousand31 Lou Nuer who a few years ago fled into Ethiopia escaping form violence in Jonglei State following a series of violent clashes with the Murle. The Lou Nuer in turnforced over ten thousand Jikany Gajiok to flee from Akobo into Wantawo Woreda. This happened as the Jikany Nuer had recently been disarmed by the Ethiopian Government, while the Lou Nuer are heavily armed.

People move cross border and local markets function cross border. In the future on the Ethiopian side the market is expected to grow, with road construction being planned and big farms being developed. Because of the breakdown of services on the Ethiopian Akobo side, people from there also cross the border to the South Sudan side to look for services. For instance, they attend the health clinics at the Sudanese side and children go to school in Sudan.

Local Government Administrations between Gambella and Jonglei have good contacts with one another and reached agreements about return of Lou Nuer from Ethiopia to South Sudan, a return which actually is partially taking place, thus increasing the possibilities for the Jikany Gajiok IDPs in Wantawo to return back to Akobo.

Contextual Analysis South Sudan SideOn the Sudanese side of the border live in the Jonglei State: the Lou Nuer in Akobo County and the northern part of Ponchalla, the Murle in Pibor County and part of Akobo and the Anyuak in the southern part of Ponchalla County.

Conflicts over access to grazing land and watering resources are plenty, further increased by cattle raids and revenge raids. From the side of the Murle the raids often are accompanied by abduction of children and sometimes women. The general belief holds that this is related to a low fertility rate among the Murle, probably related to sexually transmitted infections. These cattle raids are a traditional phenomenon where men prove their manhood by raiding, traditionally encouraged to that by women.

In the Jonglei State (South Sudan) the dowry amounts have raised a lot over the last few years,making it very difficult for young men to marry, which in turn has contributed to an increase in cattle raiding. Another cause of increased large scale and heavily armed cattle raiding is raiding for a business, selling immediately off to livestock markets.

In 2011 inter-communal violence, mainly between the Nuer and the Murle, claimed 1,100 lives in Jonglei. This fighting is mainly performed by youth militia, without clear influence of the tribal senior leadership. The Nuer youth militia go under the name ‘White Army’. This ‘White Army’ (or armies) is not a permanent army, but consists of incidental combinations of armed groups of Lou Nuer youth, joined by youth from Jikany Nuer and Gawaar Nuer and some Dinka. They are heavily armed and are able to group tens of thousands youth. This White Army presently has put as its goal to ‘stop the Murle raids’.

The Murle contend they are discriminated against, sidelined for development projects and underrepresentedin the political sphere. At state government level, they say representatives are given little power or money to improve things, and that the authorities often describe the


Murle as "pests" or a "nuisance". Underdevelopment is considered a conflict driver. The Murle mass devastation and some 80,000 heads of cattle raided from Murle areas in January 2012 have left tens of thousands homeless.The Murle–Lou Nuer conflict in Jonglei State is indicative of how tribal and political dynamics are intertwined in the post-Comprehensive Peace Agreement in South Sudan. Both parties in the conflict received support from outside groups. The Murle had been armed by the Khartoum government and had created a Murle ‘self-defence’ militia, the Pibor Defence Forces, to protect Murle assets and territory from the SPLA. The Lou Nuer received weapons from both the Sudan Armed Forces –SAF (Sudan) and the Sudan People’s Liberation Army –SPLA (now South Sudan) at different times during the civil war. The South Sudan Armed Forces are now establishing a buffer zone north of Pibor to discourage further fighting between the Murle and Lou Nuer communities.

The above situation is very much linked to the cross-border movement of people, livestock, militias and weapons, in connection with a weak government presence and building on traditional conflicts. Therefore only a cross-border approach can bring about positive changes for South Sudan as well asEthiopia.

The Problem (Statement)

The human security of the people living in the Gambella-Jonglei border zone is heavily affected by frequent fierce fighting, mainly caused by cattle raiding accompanied by abduction of women and children, and fighting about access to water and grazing areas, aggravated by political dynamics. The area is further affected by a breakdown of inter-tribal conflict management traditions, a disconnect between raiding groups of young people and the elders of their tribes, a generally poor food security and a very limited presence of state structures.

The conflicts at both sides of the border are sustained, not by a lack of willingness to change per se, but by a number of factors which can be positively influenced:

Insufficient capacity of organisations relevant for conflict transformation; peace building and positive community change. There is clear willingness, at local but also at higher levels (see below under programme objectives) to turn away from conflict thinking and behaviour, but positive initiatives are not consistently followed through, communication on results is flawed and monitoring mechanisms are poor. A specific issue in this context is the lack of capacities to reestablish and strengthen traditional by laws, regulating dowry systems, settlement procedures for conflicts, access to grazing land, access and use of fishing waters, etc.

Insufficient mechanisms creating concrete peace benefits (or dividends). People, especially youth, from all conflicting clans and tribes have shown their readiness to disengage from risky cattle raiding and other forms of violence in favour of concrete and quickly rewarding activities. Youth from different tribes have even successfully engaged in corporate cash for work activities (explained further below). However, such opportunities are rare, badly reported and not expanded. As a result, people from different tribes and clans experience too little win-to-all situations and easily resort to divisive action, including cattle raiding and revenge attacks.


A lack of basic services and marketing opportunities. The poor coverage of health and education services prevent people to positively plan their future and to look beyond the traditional mechanisms of violence and retaliations.

The lack of vocational skills and markets prevent them to think of non-traditional ways of accessing food and income. Even people who recently returned from the refugee camps in Kenya, especially the young, who have no history of cattle raiding and related violence, sometimes – though still exceptionally – join their friends, simply because they do not see other opportunities to make a living and to gain acceptance by the home communities.

Strategies / Methodologies

The conflict analysis identifies two highly interlinked causes to the continued and increasingly violent conflicts in the region. They are: competition for limited resources based on poorly managed /supported in-migration, poor resource management, a lack of livelihoods opportunities outside of subsistence agro-pastoralism particularly for youth, and a poor capacity to mitigate or prevent violence due to the population of increasingly disenfranchised youth, a breakdown in traditional leadership, and relatively weak links between civil society and government mitigation/prevention structures. Violence does not only arise as a result of the interplay of the two broad causes, but also because of a cycle ofviolence and revenge that is now instilled in Akobo and across the border with South Sudan brought about by the history of violent conflict.

The theory of change for the Hope and Recovery on the Ethiopia–South Sudan Border Program(HRESSB), developed to address the two primary causes of violence, is:

If the capacity to prevent and mitigate violent conflict is increased in the border region, in the context of lessened competition for livelihoods resources, built upon a platform of re-established social services and infrastructure, then there will be a decrease in violent conflict as well as in the risks of new violent conflicts.

The three necessary elements of this strategy are:

The capacity to prevent and mitigate violent conflict is increasedBoth attitudinal and institutional dimensions of the conflict will be addressed to sustainably increase capacity. Because of the history of violence, Lou Nuer and Jikany Nuer, both individually and as groups, have developed a strong sense of group vs. other. Facilitating a process built upon the theory of Common Complex Identities33, individual Lou Nuer and Jikany Nuer and their leaders will develop a greater understanding of shared values/similarities and shared effects of violent conflict across ethnic groups. Once common complex identities are established, individuals and key stakeholders will be in a position to approach common problems constructively, something that is currently not possible.HRESSB will provide a framework for key stakeholders both in local government and the Lou Nuer and Jikany Nuer ethnic groups to develop a process to plan for and achieve mutual goals such as negotiating local peace agreements, putting in place early warning


systems for potential conflict, and developing and engaging in mutually acceptable approaches to conflict mitigation.

Lessened competition for livelihoods resourcesWhile common complex identities provide societal space for conflict mitigation and prevention to take place, they do not directly address the reality of too many people vying for too few resources. Building upon common complex identities and constructive engagement around peace building and conflict mitigation, HRESSB will work with both individuals and key stakeholders across conflicting groups at the local level to develop community-designed and driven land, water, and fisheries management agreements. Traditional and government leaders and key stakeholders will combine forces to put in place contingency planning, thereby decreasing the destructive effects of conflicts on resources. And, following planning with youth and other groups, livelihoods opportunities, will be increased through thevillage savings and loan association approach (VSLA), skills training, and educational opportunities.

A platform of re-established social services and infrastructureThe near-complete destruction of social services and infrastructure in Akobo is a direct result of the history of violent conflict. Re-establishing them will provide a platform for constructing a less violent society with increased well-being and decreased grievances regarding the past. The re-establishment of social services and infrastructure will provide a bridge between the violent past and a peaceful future. In addition, the Government of Ethiopia is beginning a road-building project in Gambella, including Akobo and Wantawo. Through HRESSB and complementary programming, ZOA will advocate for further infrastructure and social services provision in the region.

While in the short term, any of these three main elements of the theory of change could, potentially, be implemented alone, because the causes of violent conflict are interlinked, solutions must be interlinked as well. By assuring the three elements together, HRESSB will sustainably decrease (risks of) violent conflict in the region.

In Jonglei State ZOA will not implement its own peace building activities, but will strengthen local partner organisations that have a constituency in the local communities and who have a commitment and capacity in this field to undertake these peace building activities. ZOA will facilitate these partners with technical and financial support.

In Gambella Region, where strong local NGOs are non-existent, ZOA will work itself directly with local community opinion leaders, with the understanding that these will be equipped to be “peace agents” within and outside their communities, to implement peace activities.

Implementation Plan

In this programme ZOA will contribute to enhance stability and security as preconditions for people to rebuild their lives and strengthen their livelihood strategies.It mainly will address


conflicts between Lou Nuer vs Jikany Nuer; Jikany Nuer vs Anyuak; Murle vs Lou Nuer and Jikany Nuer.

It will facilitate stakeholders in the Jonglei-Gambella border region - including local level accountable legitimate government and regional cross-border government cooperation - to develop capacity in conflict transformation.

Conflict transformation has ‘software’ and ‘hardware’ components:

Software:- Conflict management and resolution in a non-violent way (peace agreements and

their proper follow up) - Different community groups (tribes, clans) recognise and accept each other - Address harmful cultural/traditional practices that fuel conflict

Hardware:- Address conflicts over livelihood resources (water, grazing areas, land) and over

access to services.

BeneficiariesIn the text below the word ‘beneficiaries’ refers to the following numbers of beneficiaries that the programme (through government staff and NGO staff) will work with:

About 50,000 person (8,300 households), which includes the entire population of the Ethiopian Woredas of Wantawo and Akobo in Gambella Region, consisting of 42,500 Jikany Nuer (both Jikany Gajiok and Jikany Gaaguang), 6500 Lou Nuer and 3000 Anyuak, in Ethiopia.

Outcomes Outputs and ActivitiesThis project will contribute to the following outcomes, outputs and activities2:

Outcome 1 Increased level of implementation of local peace agreements, decreased dowry levels and increased mutual respect and cooperation (including cross-border cooperation) in various projects among the tribes and clans living in the targeted areas of Gambella, with special attention for the role of women and of youth.

Output 1.1: Improved capacity of relevant local tribal and clan leaders, churches, other organizations and local government to prevent and mitigate conflict and sustain peace.

- This output focuses on improving existing peace negotiation practices by taking down barriers between conflicting groups, changing attitudes and creating the platform for community members to be part of thediscourse by inclusion in workshops and training. It is expected that negotiation practiceswill become more inclusive for women and youth, strengthening follow-up mechanisms and improving communication of the outcomes of local peace negotiations (which increases public accountability of those engaged in peace negotiations).

2 For a detailed 3 Year Activity Plan please refer to Apendix B.


- It also recognizes the key role of local government, traditional structures and civil society organizations in promoting peace, developing appropriate and conflict sensitive frameworks for improving protection and mitigating conflict. It does so by improving their knowledge base and regulatory tools through providing technical assistance and supporting the development of protection networks and communications.

- This output further focuses on encouraging local government and tribal leaders to develop early warning systems on potential cattle raiding and to also develop by laws that insist on restoration of stolen livestock.

- This output focuses on supporting negotiations and agreements to be grounded in the community and to hold all stakeholders accountable for their realization.

Activities: Organising workshops, ceremonies and festivities on shared identities Providing logistical and organisational support to peace meetings. Support Capacity building-Development training to regional government, Justice,

Security,Police, Regional president office Developing a system for public information sharing on outcomes of peace meetings

(through a.o. community radio broadcasts) Supporting relevant stakeholders to follow up on action points from peace agreements.

Output 1.2: Increased opportunities for positive inter-tribe/clan interaction on livelihood related matters, peace building, sports.

- Recent conflicts in the communities have negatively affected livelihoods. It is expected that through economic empowerment of conflicting parties, through the diversification of economic source and addressing resource issues as well as changing attitudes will reduce the potential of conflict.

- Despite the inter-tribal and inter-clan violence, there is also a long tradition of positive inter-tribal/clan interaction over practical matters, often related to livelihoods. In recent times, such positive inter-tribal/clan interaction has come under increasing pressure from people and groups with stakes in segregating the various clans and tribes. This output will offer opportunities for groups to re-establish inter-tribal/clan interaction, thereby reinforcing an alternative, non-violent discourse and enabling people to regain normalcy through their own practical actions and projects.

- Rival clan interactions are facilitated by inter-clan youth designing and co-implementing six joint Lou Nuer - Murle (South Sudan) and four Lou - Nuer – Jikany Nuer (Ethiopia) projects in the areas of peace building, dowry reduction campaigning and alternative livelihoods. These inter-tribal interactions are further strengthened by encouraging sports and inter-tribal sport leagues in each of the program areas. At least three of these at least 10 joint projects will require a specific focus on women’s participation and empowerment.

- Increased positive interactions shall be taken to the advantage of developing inclusive natural resources. Here win-win solutions and alternative unconventional approaches to using resources shall be sought to maximize the use of all parties involved.

Activities: Facilitating small-scale community projects that require different groups to work

together


Organising inter-group sports competitions Supporting the inclusive development of natural resource management plans at

Woreda and Kebele level KAPP survey on cultural attitudes towards conflict & peace in each programme area

Output 1.3: Improved capacity of local government in the Kebeles and Woredas concerned and ZOA partner organisations to facilitate stakeholders in the ZOA areas of operation to develop capacity in peace building for the above three outputs.

- A method of experiential learning will be used: there will be a series of several training workshops for the same people spread in time, with ‘homework’ to practice the gained skills in between. When reporting to the colleague workshop participants about the ‘homework’ done, participants of the training group also advise one another on how to overcome problems/hindrances/ bottlenecks that have been experienced. In other words: experiential learning takes place. ZOA staff will also visit trainees during their ‘homework’ phase, in order to see the progress with own eyes, give feedback on the spot and prepare material for the next workshop in the series. Monitoring of progress is done by ZOA staff both through the field visits where the progress is observed and from reports and feedback received during the follow up workshops.

- This Output takes into consideration the limited knowledge local government and traditional leaders have on Early Warning and hence focuses on Building their capacity both in terms of knowledge as well as tools to facilitate processes.

- It further focuses on building their capacity in relation to peace building, incorporates community organizations such as churches, hence acknowledging their important role, It is believed that investment in these formal as well as traditional leadership structures will bring about systematic approaches and common goals towards solving conflict in the region.

Activities: Training of partners, local government and traditional leaders on early warning and

contingency planning Procurement of equipment/stock for EWS and response ToT for partners, local government, traditional leaders and churches on relevant

conflict mitigation/prevention and Peace Building skills (based on a thorough training needs assessment

Outcome 2 Inclusive improved food security through increased availability and optimal and collaborative use of available livelihood resources and increased services among the various tribes and clans living in the targeted areas of Gambella, with special attention for the role of women and of youth.

Output 2.1:Improved capacity for improved household productivity in agriculture

- Various projects are needed to improve the people’s livelihoods and engage them in productive activities, which will dissuade them from engaging in conflict. In Gambella


there are clashes among and within semi-pastoral and agriculturists for access to and control of land for crop cultivation and use of water points. Improved productivity of agriculture will reduce conflict through strengthening economic capacity.

- Competition over natural resources, including fish, is a key driver of conflict in Gambella.

Activities: Strengthen seed/tools supply systems

Output 2.2: Increased access to safe water and to education

- The delivery of basic services helps to promote lasting stability and peaceas it will reduce competition over the current scarce basic services.

- Water is crucial for livestock, agriculture and humans. This program recognizes the centrality of water in the productive lives of the Nuer and the Murle and the role it plays in conflict between the tribes. Water points are made in such a way and locations that they reduce competition among tribes / clans over the access to and control of water. A significant proportion of the budget is directed towards improving access to this resource and thereby reducing the impact it has on conflict between the groups.

- Natural resource scarcity increases competition and the potential for conflict among clan groups. The development of alternative economic activities contribute to reduced chances for escalation of conflict fuelled by competing demands on scarce natural resources. For this market oriented vocational skill training and basic numeracy and literacy are important skills. Emphasis is given to marketing and small scale enterprises skills, making a link between agriculture and the market place. Especially underemployed youth and women will be given increased skills in functional adult literacy and marketable income generating vocational skills, as the women will gain valuable skills for peace building and reconstruction. The underemployed youth will thus find alternative ways of meaningful income generation.

- Due to challenges in stabilizing their livelihoods, as a result of conflict, communities have limited back up mechanisms. Through the engagement in Village level Saving Loan Associations, households will be strengthened to re-build their assests (livestock) which has been lost due to conflict.

Activities: Facilitating appropriate vocational training, including follow-up support to start up small

enterprises (based on a thorough assessment of demand/opportunities for and availability of skills)

Initiating, facilitating and training VSLA (village savings and lending activity) groups (including support on small enterprises, home gardening, etc.)

Reconstruction of 1 school and training of Parent Teacher Associations (Re)construction of water points for people and livestock Training of water committees


Sustainability

In a general sense, the sustainability of the program results is pursued by the integrated approach within this proposal. The integrated approach aims at reducing the root causes for the conflicts, which hamper the socio-economic development of the area. Reduction of the root causes will allow the area to shift the focus from emergency response to development, while addressing critical areas of vulnerability and strengthening existing capacities. This shift in focus will assist in the long term abolition of the circle of violence and poverty that has ravaged the area for long.

More specifically, the sustainability of the programme results will be pursued by:

Creating ownershipZOA bases all its activities on priority needs as identified by the community itself. Furthermore ZOA works with community facilitators/trainers who help mobilize and train, thus creating a direct point of contact with the community.This programme pays special attention and is designed in a way whereby dialogue is facilitated in form of trainings, workshops and gatherings, whereby elders and leaders (men, women and youth) may affect the change they would like to see. Outcomes will be based on plans, agreements, and structures they come up with. Hence the level of success and sustainability of this programme very much relates to whether they will really take ownership and build on this programme.

Creating linkage with local marketsThe programme will facilitate linkages to value chains for beneficiaries who are engaged in agricultural and animal production. This will strengthen beneficiaries beyond the markets they tap in to and diversify their possibilities to strengthen their income in a lasting manner.

Focus on interest and skillsActivities and capacity building will be carried out based on interest and skills among beneficiaries. This will ensure motivated and able persons, as well as support institutions, are involved. Moreover, it will be requested to invest considerable time and energy in all phases of planning, implementation and monitoring of activities.

Working in close collaboration with the local governmentWorking in close partnership with the local as well as regional administrations will ensure the fulfillment of their tasks in creating a conducive environment for stability and development. Their capacities will be built, specifically related to land use and peace agreements (by laws), so that communities can gain trust in their administrations in the long term.

Community PrioritisationRehabilitation and/or construction of infrastructure, as well as other community-level activities, will be carried out based on the prioritisation of the community. The communities are maximally involved in the implementation of the activities and in monitoring and evaluation activities.

Publicity


This program will focus on ensuring that agreements and processes are documented and made publicly available. This will allow for results to be shared by a wider group and nhance a certain ‘community pride’.

Institutional Capabilities and Organizational Track Record

ZOA is an international Dutch organisation, operational in 15 countries over three continents, with a head quarters in Aapeldorn, Netherlands. With a focus on relief and rehabilitation, ZOA aims to provide hope and recovery to conflict and natural disaster affected communities through engagement in the sectors of Livelihoods, Environment, Education, Agriculture, a and Emergency Aid.

In Ethiopia, ZOA has been engaged in a Program funded by the Dutch Embassy called “Support to Peace Building Initiatives” over 6 regions in Ethiopia from 2006-2009. With the overall objective to contribute to sustainable peace in Ethiopia, its purpose was to facilitate stakeholders in the target areas to develop capacity in building peace. Hence ZOA has been able to establish a good working practice as well as records of successes in bringing various groups together to find peaceful solutions for their conflicts, engage communities in livelihood activities to regain stability as well as support to rebuild infrastructure.

Furthermore has ZOA been engaged with provision of emergency assistance as well as return and reintegration activities of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Gambella, Borena and Somali Regions, hence being one of the forerunners in the INGO sector, providing assistance in some of the remotest areas of the country.

With similar integration and peace related programmes of IDPs and affected hosting communities in other countries, ZOA aims for an integrated approach to programmes with specific focus on cross cutting issues such as Gender and Peace Building. Hence ZOA not only focuses on the use of appropriate strategies and approaches, but also employs specialists in these areas.

Planning, Monitoring & Evaluation

At organizational level, ZOA’s strategic plan is laid out in the 4 year plan called “Signs of Hope”. The strategic document outlines mandate and sectoral focus, combined with ZOA’s programmatic approach and strategies. It also entails an annual Monitoring, and an external evaluation once per plan period.

At country level, strategic planning is laid out in the Country Annual Policy Plan (CAPP) including programme realities, direction of the strategic plan, organizational vision, mission and strategic choices. Monitoring of this is done annually through the annual country review and quarterly through the quarterly CAPP reports.


At programme/project level strategic planning is documented in programme plans. Programme objectives are defined/reviewed based on situations in the programme context which is carried out ongoing (informal) and annual (formally). Monitoring is carried out by prgramme staff in facilitation of the Program Advisor. Evaluation is carried out at project level, often initiated by donors as well as programme level, often initiated by ZOA and its partners – hence these can be seen as both internal and external evaluations.

At project level ZOA has an established reporting and system which will be also be used for this intervention. Beneficiary registers are disaggregated by age group, ethnic group, and gender for facilitators to track activities. These will be adapted for use by facilitators and officers to track all activities under this project on a monthly basis. Beneficiaries who engage in trainings, workshops and discussions will take part in end of session evaluations which will be used to adapt/improve future sessions. Monthly reports will be produced by Trainers, Facilitators as well as Project Officers to be handed in to the Program Manager who will produce one cumulative monthly project report incorporating all relevant information on ZOA’s standard Reporting/Monitoring Sheet. These monthly reports will then feed into the donor reports as per agreed schedule.

A inter-country planning meeting will take place with all inter-country implementers at the beginning of the project to plan major processes of the project, followed with ½ yearly review meetings. Program Managers will hold quarterly planning meetings with Project Officers, inviting necessary community representatives as well as representatives from local administrations. Project Officers will in turn hold planning meetings with their community facilitators and trainers on a monthly basis.

ZOA staff and facilitators will conduct a quantitative baseline knowledge, attitudes, practicesand behaviours survey, based on lined out indicators of the project. This baseline shall provide the basis for mid-term and end of project evaluations. In order to ensure lessons learned are documented and shared with stakeholders, a documentary film shall be prepared, recording progress, challenges and changes achieved with the project.

Management

This project shall be directly managed from the Programme Office in Gambella, with an implementing office in Akobo and a satalite office in Wantowa.

In Gambella the Program Manager (PGM) is responsible for the overall programme implementation in Gambella, including oversight of finance and administration of all projects and is the main contact person for government officials, donors and partners in the Region.

The Programme Coordinator will supervise and coach team leaders, ensure all logistics, finance and administration are properly reported to ZOA country office; initiate workshops with the governments, and Woreda stakeholders and PLC; ensure coordination of information and data collection as well as compiling quarterly reports/annual reports.


At the Woreda level, Livelihood & Peace Officers (Project Officers) are responsible for training, supervision and coaching of facilitators; support to Woreda-level; continual monitoring/reporting of unintended impact, security risks, etc. They will facilitate quarterly planning with the community and adminsitration; prepare monthly reports.

At the Community/ Kebele Livelihood Facilitators & Peace Facilitators are responsible for the implementation of Community Workshops, VSLA, Peace Sports teams, monthly monitoring, and facilitation at the community level; reporting to Project Officers.

From the country office, the PGM will report to the Country Director (CD) and receive strategic direction, management and fiscal oversight for all programs and activities of ZOA Ethiopia. The Head of Emergency Preparedness provides expert advice in the design, development and execution of all relief and recovery related programming. The Conflict Mitigation/Gender Advisor will provide technical support to planning, curriculum development, partner capacity planning, programmatic planning and management.

Further ZOA Ethiopia receives support from a Support Team based in the Head Quarters, Holland, providing strategic direction on the programm, as well as expertise advice regarding best practices, innovations, and lessons learned globally.


Appendix A: Logical Framework


INTERVENTION LOGIC PROXY and ACTUAL INDICATORS VERIFICATION

Desired Impact: To enhance stability and security as preconditions for people to rebuild their lives and strengthen their livelihood strategies. It mainly will address conflicts between Lou Nuer vs Jikany Nuer; Jikany Nuer vs Anyuak; Murle vs Lou Nuer and Jikany Nuer.

Outcome 1: Increased level of implementation of local peace agreements, decreased dowry levels and increased mutual respect and cooperation (including cross-border cooperation) in various projects among the tribes and clans living in the targeted areas of Gambella, with special attention for the role of women and of youth.

1. In the targeted woredas, at least 70% of the action points flowing from at least five local/regional peace agreements per year are actively followed up on. At least 75% of these peace agreements were made with active participation of youth.

2. By the end of the project, bylaws regulating the dowry prices are in place in at least 50% of the targeted kebeles and effectiveness of bylaws is established.

3. By the end of the project, at least 30% of the targeted beneficiaries indicates an improvement in their perception of shared identity and shared values with other groups of at least 1 point on a 5-point scale

1. Interviews by ZOA and ZOA partner organizations in the participating villages with the traditional leaders, churches and local authorities that participate in these peace agreements and with inhabitants that are affected by these peace deals. Also: reading minutes of the meetings of the follow up organisation structure that was established.

2. Comparative data will be established using annual KAP surveys, with the baseline taken during the first three months of the programme.

3. Comparative data will be established using annual KAP surveys, with the baseline taken during the first three months of the programme.

Output 1.1: Improved capacity of relevant local tribal and clan leaders, churches, other organizations and local government to prevent and mitigate conflict and sustain peace.

1. By the end of the project, functional systems are in place in all targeted woredas to follow up on conclusions and recommendations from local/regional peace agreements.

2. By the end of the project, youth are actively included in at least 75% of inter-group conflict resolution efforts in the targeted woredas

1. Interviews with Community Groups and Church leaders involved in Peace building Reports from Partners on peace building Interviews with Kebele Heads and tribal leaders

2. Interviews with youth groupsReports of youth groups involved in peace building projects.Interviews with tribal and church leaders

3. Discussions with local government officials and

3 The Food Consumption Score (FCS) is a composite score based on dietary diversity, food frequency, and relative nutritional importance of different food groups. A FCS of 21 or lower is considered ‘poor’. A FCS of 21.5 – 35 is ‘borderline’. A FCS

above 35 is acceptable. The theoretically highest possible score is 112. For the calculation method of the FCS see: http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/manual_guide_proced/wfp197216.pdf


Appendix B: Illustrative Three Year Activity Implementation Plan

Activities

Other Donors Activity Planning4 D. Embassy Activity Planning

Unit201

2201

3 2014 2015 Unit 2012 2013 2014 2015

OUTCOME 1

1.1.1 Organizing workshops, ceremonies and festivities on shared identities

Training Peace Facilitators on workshops mixed/shared identities 8 2 1 1 4 2 1 1Incentive for Community based peace facilitators 8 12 12 7 4 12 12 7Ceremonies 660 1 1 1 340 1 1 1

1.1.2 Providing logistical and organizational support to peace meetings

Participatory Joint resource use planning and peace meeting 33 1 2 1 17 1 2 1Support to peace meetings 33 3 4 3 17 3 4 31.1.3 Support Capacity building-Development training to regional government, Justices, Security, Police, Regional president officeSupport Capacity building- Ethiopian international institute for peace and development 1 1 1 11.1.4 Developing a system for public information sharing on outcomes of peace meetings (through a.o. community radio broadcasts)

Community ceremonies 500 2.5 1 1 300 1 2 2Radio Broadcasts 1 4 4 4 1 10 10 101.1.5 Supporting relevant stakeholders to follow up on action points from peace agreements.Peace agreement monitoring outreaches (Government, Donors, community representatives) 20 1 1 1 20 1 1 1Evaluation workshops 20 1 2 1 30 1 2 1

4 Columns under “Other Donors Activity Planning” have been included to show wider programme this project contributes to. The Budget for this proposal only relates to the right columns “D. Embassy Activity Planning”.

1.2.1. Facilitate small-scale tender projects that require different groups to work together

Workshops for small scale tender projects 30 2 2 30 2 2Budget for small scale tender projects 1 2 2 1 2 2

1.2.2. Organizing ## inter-group sports competitions

Organize and support different sport teams(Volleyball, Football, basket ball) 12 1 12 1Support local teams competition and training 1 3 3 2 1 3 3 2Training Sport - Sports coaches 8 2 2 8 2 2Incentives SL-coaches (should we do this?) 8 12 12 10 8 12 12 101.2.3 Supporting the inclusive development of natural resource management plans at Woreda and Kebele level

Support initiation and development of working groups at Kebele level 1 3 3 2 1 3 3 2

Disseminate and share content of agreements through Kebele gatherings 1 3 3 2 1 3 3 2

1.3.1 Training of partners, local government and traditional leaders on early warning and contingency planning

Workshop to develop EWS plus early response capacity 32 1 2 1 32 1 1

1.3.2 Procurement of equipment/stock for EWS and response

Traditional boat 6 1 6 1

One big motor boat for the whole woreda with running cost 0.64 1 0.36 1Radio apparatus (Walky Talky) 4 1 2 1Raingage Plastic made 2 1 3 1NFIs - Sleeping mat, Water Jug, Mosquito Net, Soap, Plastic Jug (5% from the total 5000 HH will be supported) 400 1 400 1Support Shelter Construction Material 600 1 830 1Water chemical (Water Guard) 600 1 830 1Emergency kits for field staffs(Tent, Firstaid kit, cooking utensils,plates, cups, lump & bag) 40 10 11.3.3 ToT for partners, local government, traditional leaders and churches on relevant conflict mitigation/prevention and peacebuilding skills (based on a thorough training needs assessment


Train Peace Facilitators on training curriculum 16 1 1 1 18 1 1 1Training workshop Woreda & Region level on peace/conflict mitigation skills 30 1 1 1 10 1 1 1

OUTCOME 22.1.1 Strengthen seed/tools supply systems

TOT Agric training to extensions workers (Gov't agric agents) 12 2 2 8 1 1

2.2.1Facilitate appropriate vocational training to youth, including follow-up support to start up small enterprises (based on a thorough assessment of demand/opportunities for and availability of skills)

Vocational training fees+ boarding 1 60 60 60 1 40 40 40Skill trainers 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2Materials for small enterprise (Tailoring machine, Wood machine, weaving material etc...) 1 3 3 2 1.00 2 2 22.2.2 Initiate and facilitate ## VSLA groups

training VSLA Facilitators (Village saving Loan association) 12 1 1 6 1 1Allowances VSLA Facilitators 12 12 12 6 6 12 12 12Materials VSLA groups (saving boxes, stationaries…) 1 36 36 1 17 172.2.3(re)construction of ## schools (including necessary equipment and materials) in the Ethiopian target areas

Construction of school (P1-P4) 4 classrooms + 2 office rooms +latrine block 1 2 1.00 1Materials (furniture, books, etc) 1 2 1.00 12.2.4 (re)construction ## water points for people and livestock

Water drilling by machine and hand pump 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1Spareparts at Woreda Level 1 2 1.00 22.2.5 (establishment and) training of school, and water point committees for all items built under activities 6.3.1, 6.3.2 and 6.3.3

Training Pta's 12 1 1 8 1 1Training water point committees 15 1 1 5 1 1


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