Home Range, Primary Home Range, Swimming Speeds and ...
Transcript of Home Range, Primary Home Range, Swimming Speeds and ...
Loyola University Chicago Loyola University Chicago
Loyola eCommons Loyola eCommons
Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations
1982
Home Range, Primary Home Range, Swimming Speeds and Home Range, Primary Home Range, Swimming Speeds and
Habitat Preference of the Largemouth Bass, the Bluegill, the Habitat Preference of the Largemouth Bass, the Bluegill, the
Yellow Perch and the Pumpkinseed as Determined Via Radio Yellow Perch and the Pumpkinseed as Determined Via Radio
Telemetry Telemetry
Pamela A. Fish Loyola University Chicago
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Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Fish, Pamela A., "Home Range, Primary Home Range, Swimming Speeds and Habitat Preference of the Largemouth Bass, the Bluegill, the Yellow Perch and the Pumpkinseed as Determined Via Radio Telemetry" (1982). Master's Theses. 3310. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/3310
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HOME RANGE, PRIMARY HOME RANGE, SWIMMING SPEEDS AND
HABITAT PREFERENCE OF THE LARGEMOUTH BASS, THE
BLUEGILL, THE YELLOW PERCH AND THE PUMPKINSEED
AS DETERMINED VIA RADIO TELEMETRY.
by
PAMELA A. FISH
A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate
School of Loyola University of Chicago in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
APRIL
1982
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
I would like to thank Dr. J. Savitz for his help and
encouragement throughout the study and in the preparation of
this thesis. I would also like to thank Drs. E. Palinscar
and s. Freedman for their help and constructive recommenda
tions.
I would also like to extend my appreciation to R.
Weszely, c. Prekezes and H. and A. Minicotti in helping to
collect the data and P. Zagotta for the illustrations.
ii
VITA
The author, Pamela A. Fish, is the daughter of the
late Fred J. Fish and Mildred (Johnson) Fish. She was born
January 19, 1958, in Evergreen Park, Illinois.
Her elementary education was obtained in parochial
schools of the Archdiocese of Chicago, and secondary educa
tion at Mother McAuley High School for girls, Chicago, Illi
nois, where she graduated in 1975.
In September 1975, she entered Loyola University of
Chicago, and in January 1980, received the degree of Bache
lor of Science with a major in Biology.
In January of 1980 she was granted an assistantship in
Biology at Loyola University of Chicago. In May 1982 she
was awarded the Master of Science in Biology.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
VITA. . . . . . . . TABLE OF CONTENTS •
LIST OF TABLES ••
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS •
INTRODUCTION ••••••
MATERIAL AND METHODS ••
Material •••• Methods ••••
HOME RANGE RESULTS.
. .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
PAGE • • ii
• •• iii
iv
• • v
• • vi
• • 1
• • • 4
• • • • • • • • 4 • • • • • • • • 6
. . . . . . . . . • • • 19
Largemouth Bass Home Range Results •••••••• 19 Largemouth Bass Home Range Statistics. • ••• 33
_Bluegill Home Range Results. • • • • • • • 54 Bluegill Home Range Statistics • • • ••••• 60 Yellow Perch Home Range Results •••••••••• 74 Yellow Perch Home Range Statistics • • • • • • 79 Pumpkinseed Home Range Results • • • • • • • • 86 Pumpkinseed Home Range Statistics ••••••••• 89
HABITAT PREFERENCE RESULTS. . . . . . . . • 96
Largemouth Bass Habitat Preference • • • • • • 97 Bluegill Habitat Preference •••••••••••• 98 Pumpkinseed Habitat Preference •••••••••• 98 Yellow Perch Habitat Preference •••••••••• 99
SWIMMING SPEEDS • . . . . . . • 104
ORIENTATION • . . . . . . . . . • 110
DISCUSSION. . . . . . 114
SUMMARY • • . . . . • 123
LITERATURE CITED •• • 125
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. ERROR IN TRIANGULATION • . . . . . . . . . . . • 11
2 • ERROR IN RESECTIONING . . • • 12
3. DEPTH VS. DISTANCE SIGNAL RECEIVED • . . . . . . • • 12
4. LARGEMOUTH BASS HOME AND PRIMARY HOME RANGE RESULTS 36
5. BLUEGILL HOME RANGE AND PRIMARY HOME RANGE RESULTS • 63
6. YELLOW PERCH HOME RANGE AND PRIMARY HOME RANGE RESULTS • . . . . . . . • • • 80
7. PUMPKINSEED HOME RANGE AND PRIMARY HOME RANGE RESULTS . . • • 9 0
8. LARGEMOUTH BASS HABITAT PREFERENCE • 100
9. BLUEGILL HABITAT PREFERENCE . . . . . . . 101
10. PUMPKINSEED HABITAT PREFERENCE •• . . 102
11. YELLOW PERCH HABITAT PREFERENCE . . . . . . . . . 103
12. LARGEMOUTH BASS SWIMMING SPEEDS . . . 106
13. BLUEGILL SWIMMING SPEEDS . . . . . . . . . . 107
14. YELLOW PERCH SWIMMING SPEEDS • . . . . . . . . . . 108
15. PUMPKINSEED SWIMMING SPEEDS 109
v
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGURE PAGE
1. Large transmitter weighing 4.5g • . . . . • 13
2. Small transmitter, small transmitter with cork ••• 13
3. Radio transmitter being attached to a ••••• yellow perch beneath dorsal fin
4. Yellow perch with transmitter. and button ••
5. Largemouth bass in holding tank with transmitter attached
. 14
• 14
15
6. Bluegill in hol<ling tank with transmitter ••••• 15 attached
7 • Map of Cedar Lake . . . . . 17-18
8. Largemouth Bass II 1 • . . . . . . . . 38
9. Largemouth Bass IF 3 • . . . . . . 39
10. Largemouth Bass fl l & 112 & 113 • . . . . . . . 40
11. Largemouth Bass 114 • . . . . . . . . 41
12. Island Largemouth Bass fl 6 . . . . 42
13. Largemouth Bass # 7 • . . . . 43
14. Largemouth Bass IF 8. . . . 44
15. Largemouth Bass fl 7 & fl 8 . . . . . 45
16. Island Largemouth Bass 1110. . . . . . . . . 46
1 7. Largemouth Rass # 11 . . . . . . 47
18. Largemouth Rass fl2 H.R. fl 1 • . . . . . . . A8
19. Largemouth Bass #2 H.R. ffl & IF 2 . . . . . 49
20. Largemouth Bass #2 H.R. #2. . . . . so
21. Largemouth Rass #12 H.R. fl 1 . . . . . . . . . 51
22. Largemouth Bass fll 2 R.R. fl 1 & 112 • . . . . . . . 52
vi
Page
23. La r gem ou th Bas s II 12 H.R. 112 53
24. Bluegill #3 65
25. Bluegill #4 66
26. Island Bluegill II 8. 67
27. Island Bluegill II 9. 68
28. Island Bluegill I! 10 69
29. Island Bluegill II 5. 70
30. Bluegill 116 71
31. Bluegill 1'7 72
32. Bluegill Ill 73
33. Yellow Perch I! 3 82
34. Yellow Perch II 5 83
35. Yellow Perch I! 4 84
3 6. Yellow Perch #1 85
37. Island Pumpkinseed II 2 92
38. Pumpkinseed 116 • 93
39. Pumpkinseed 114 • 94
40. Pumpkinseed 115 • 95
vii
INTRODUCTION
A number of earlier studies since the 1940's have
investigated the ecology of freshwater predatory fish spec-
i es. Most of these studies asked the same basic question:
Why are these fish where they are? The answer to this ques
tion is found through the investigation of freshwater fishes
community structure.
Many of the earlier studies looked at fish movements
as the key to the interact ions that compose a fr es hwa ter
fish's community.
(1947) i ndi cat ed
throughout a lake.
One of the earliest studies by Ball
that largemouth bass moved randomly
Gerking on the other hand (1953) demon-
strated that a number of freshwater fishes, for example the
smallmouth bass and a number of other stream dwelling cen-
trarchids, establish home ranges. Lewis and Flickinger
(1967) in a ten acre lake showed that the largemouth bass
establishes a home range. Hasler and Wisby (1958) demon-
strated that the largemouth bass and green sunfish homed
after displacement in a one-half acre pond. Parker and Has-
ler (1959) showed the largemouth bass, the bluegill and the
pumpkinseed to have homing tendencies and that certian-bass
have more of a tendency to home than others. Gunning and
Shoop (1963) demonstrated that the longear sunfish and blue-
1
2 gill establish home ranges in streams. They also found that
the size of the home range was dependent on the size -0f the
fish and time.
Because most of these studies depended on recapturing
marked fish, daily or even weekly movements of fish could
not be ascertained. With the advent of radio telemetry in
the late 1950'8, home ranges of fish could be measured more
precisely and in larger bodies of water. Also daily fish
movements could be studied, swimming speeds determined and
various aspects of the fishes environment could be examined
to determine why they establish home ranges and what factors
are important in determining home range size.
One of the first studies to measure home range areas
of largemouth bass via radio telemetry was by Winter (1976).
He found these fish establish home ranges varying in size
from 0.275 to 1.41 hectares. Other studies by Diana (1977
and 1980) used radio telemetry to study swimming speeds and
habitat utilization of the northern pike. My purpose was to
measure home range and primary home ranges of the largemouth
bass, the bluegill, the yellow perch and the pumpkinseed. I
also looked at variations in home ranges such as a fish hav-
ing more than one home range in a single season or more than
one primary home range within the home range area. Habitat
preference of the various species was studied as well as the
fishes' swimming speeds within each of these habitats. This
was undertaken to determine what physiographic factors are
important in freshwater fishes home range, how a fish uti-
4
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Material
Eleven Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides), nine
Bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus), six Pumpkinseed (Lepomis
gibbosus) and four Yellow Perch (Perea flavescens) were
studied via radio telemetry. The Largemouth bass were
21.5cm to 37.6cm (x=26.3cm) in length, bluegills from 15.5cm
to 19cm (x•l7.4cm), pumpkinseed from 13.8cm to 16cm
(x=15.lcm) and yellow perch from 19.8cm to 22.5cm (x=21cm).
Fish were caught by seining at specific locations in Cedar
Lake, a 115 hectare lake located in Lake County, Illinois.
Three largemouth bass were caught by hook and line. The
fish were transported back to Loyola University, where
within four days a transmitter was attached.
Transmitters were supplied by the AVM Instrument Com
pany in Champaign, Illinois. They were continuous wave pul
sating transmitters with frequencies between 49.3 to 49.6
MHz. These frequencies were chosen because of their
superior ability to transmit radio waves thru water.
Two different size transmitters were used. Large
transmitters weighing 4.5g were placed primarily on large
mouth bass, while smaller transmitters weighing 2.6g were
placed on smaller fish. The 4.5g transmitters were powered
by a mercury 1.35 volt battery and had the following dimen
sions; 3cm x l.2cm x 0.5cm. The average current drain of
this transmitter is .07ma (milliamps) and with a rated
5 capacity of 8.0 ma-days, the theoretical life span of the
larger transmitter is 114 days. The 2.6g transmitter was
also powered, by a mercury 1.35 battery and had a diameter of
0.7cm. and a height of 0.4cm. Its rated capacity is
1.8ma-days with an average current drain of .07ma. This
smaller transmitter has a theoretical life span of 25 days.
These theoretical values do not take into account various
environmental factors, such as the temperature of the water,
which can alter the drain on a battery.
The model LA 12 telemetry receiver from the AVM
Instrument Company was used. It has as standard equipment
twelve 25KHz channels with the capacity to receive at least
two signals on each channel without overlapping individual
frequencies. Thus the receivers have the capacity to
receive up to 24 transmitters at one time. The receivers
were powered by a 12 volt portable motorcycle battery which
allowed up to six days of continuous tracking without rec-
barging.
Two types of antennas were used during the study. One
type of antenna was the M-Yagi hand held type. This is a
highly-directional antenna with a square configuration of
75cm on each side. It is a smaller version of the Yagi
antenna and while it does not have the full potential of
receiving as a Yagi does, it has the main advantage of being
portable. This antenna was mainly used in obtaining trian-
gulation data.
The second type of antenna is a miniature loop
antenna.
6
It has a rectangular configuration with a metal
base and measures 8cm x 13cm. This antenna·was mainly used
in resectioning data as it is highly directional and very
accurate over short distances.
METHODS
Transmitters were activated by soldering the circuit
a ct iv a t i n g w i re t o t he b a t t e r y t e rm i n a 1 • Once the connec-
tion was complete the entire unit was covered with a thin
layer of silicon or hard wax to protect the circuits and
battery from possible water leakage. If the fish was less
than 16.S~m in length, cork shavings approximately 4mm thick
were placed around the entire unit and siliconed or hot
waxed into position. This provided neutral buoyancy to the
weight of the transmitter. Then three strands of eight
pound monofilament fishing line were tied to the antenna
portion of the transmitter by three modified fisherman
knots. The lines were threaded through a needle and
inserted thru the muscle beneath the dorsal fin. This line
was secured to a four hole button with square knots to pre
vent slippage.
Once the tf"ansmitter was attached, the fish was
observed in a holding tank until it exhibited normal swim-
ming behavior. Adaption time to the transmitter differed
among the four species. Observations for the first four
hours of a largemouth bass showed the fish leaning to the
side of the transmitter. Between the fifth and seventh hour
7 the fish became more upright and exhibited near normal
activity. By seven to nine hours after attachment the fish
showed complete adaptation with no evidence of impaired
movement due to the transmitter. Trials on bluegills, pump-
kinseeds and yellow· perch all exhibited the same type of
behavior with complete adaptation reached within six to
eight hours. These observations are in agreement with those
reported by Gallepp and Magnuson (1972) on bluegills and
Winter (1976) on largemouth bass.
Once the fish was adapted to the transmitter it was
transported back to Cedar Lake and released at the point of
capture. Swimming direction and other activities were ini-
tially noted by visual observation and later by radio track-
ing.
Fish were tracked from predetermined stations along
the shoreline of Cedar Lake as well as from boats. A total
of 32 stations were set up every 51.6 to 73.3 meters along
the shoreline as well as the island in the lake.
Radio tracked readings were taken simultaneously by
two people at two different stations. The following method
w a s u s e d t o · d e t e rm i n e a f i sh "" s 1 o ca t i o n • The antenna was
held out parallel to the water surface. A signal strength
meter on the receiver was watched as the antenna was moved
along an arc from side to side until the highest point on
the meter was noted. The antenna was then moved to the left
until the meter read two points below the highest reading.
At this position a compass reading of the direction of the
antenna was noted. 8
The antenna was then brought back to the
highest meter reading position and then moved to the right
till the signal again dropped two polnts and a compass read-
ing was taken. These two readings we re noted and their
bisect was found. The two direction angles from the two
stations were then plotted on a hydrographic map of Cedar
Lake, where upon the location of the fish was noted. It
took approximately 20 seconds to find the two angles that
determine the bisect. This process was repeated every five
minutes for approximately 1.0 to l.'1 hoqcs.
A method termed resectioning was used when the fish
could not be tracked from shore· because of depth or signal
interference caused by aquatic macrophytes. This method
involves searching for the fish from a boat and scanning the
area with the antenna until a signal is noted. When this
signal was received at the same 0
strength for 360 a compass
reading was taken with a sighting compass to buoys set up
along shore at specific stations. These compass readings
were also plotted on a hydrographic map of Cedar Lake and
the fish's position noted.
Error involved in these methods was determined by
attaching a transmitter to a line and bobber and putting the
bobber out in the lake at various depths and distances.
Triangulation error was 1.8° when the transmitter was 130
meters offshore (Table 1). This distance was chosen because
the majority of fish were tracked at distances less than
this. In distance this error is 1.68 meters and decreases
9
as distance from shore decreases. At 30 meters the error is
o.7 meters.
Error in resectioning was also determined in a similar
manner yet distance from the actual test transmitter was
measured. In a weedless area of the lake, distance from the
actual transmitter averaged 13.9cm and was considered negli-
gible. In a weedy area of the lake error was 3. 0 meters.
This error is mainly due to diffraction of the radio waves
by aquatic vegetation (Table 2).
The ability to receive the signal at various depths
was also tested. Within the first 6 meters of water the
signal dropped off rapidly, such that no signal could be
detected at 10.6 meters or deeper (Table 3).
All of these tests were done using the M-Yagi hand
held antenna. In trials with the minature loop antenna,
whether the transmitter was in open water or heavy weeds,
the small antenna pinpointed the transmitter with no measur
able error.
A hydrographic map of Cedar Lake was drawn by mapping
out the shoreline and island with sighting compasses and
poles (Figure 117). Weed bed dimensions and depths were
determined with sighti~g compasses and an echo sounder that
recorded on a strip chart the sounder charts were then re
recorded on a map of Cedar Lake. The areas of the five
habitats namely sand, light weeds, heavy weeds, edge of
weeds (edge effect) and open water were determined with the
use of a planimeter from the map of Cedar Lake. Temperature
11
TABLE 1
ERROR IN TRIANGULATION
Actual Transmitter Location (degrees)
54°
54°
61°
58°
58.5°
60°
54°
54°
57°
57°
Calculated Transmitter Degree Location (degrees) Error
53.5° -0.5 0
56° +2.o0
63° +20
60° +20
57° -1.5° x=1.8°
58° -20
56.5° +2.5°
53.5° -o.5°
59° +20
60° +30
Note: Error based on trials where transmitter 130 meters offshore and one position determined.
TABLE 2
ERROR IN RESECTIONING
No Weed Area
Trial Error in cm.
1 30.48
2 15.24 x=l 3. 9 7 cm
3 0
4 10.16
Weedy Area
Trial
1
2
3
4
Error in meters
3.03
2.43
3.03
3.64
TABLE 3
x=3.03 meters
DEPTH VS. DISTANCE SIGNAL RECEIVED
Depth (meters)
1.5 - 3.0
4.5 - 6.0
7.5 - 9.1
10.6 - deeper
Distance (meters)
151.7
60.7
15.2
No signal received
12
Figure 1: Large transmitter weighing 4.Sg
Figure 2: Small transmitter (left), Small transmitter with cork (right).
13
Figure 3: Radio transmitter being attached to a yellow perch beneath dorsal fin.
14
Figure 4: Yellow perch with transmitter and button.
Figure 5: Largemouth bass in holding tank with transmitt e r a ttached.
Figure 6: Bluegill in holding tank with transmitter attached.
15
16
LEGEND FOR MAP OF CEDAR LAKE
Heavy Weeds
Light Weeds
Sand
Open Water
Shoreline
Island or Mainland as Indicated
!ey to Sym.bols_ -
Hx . . .Heavy Weed Bed fix
Lx . .Light Weed Bed /Ix
OSLW . .Offshore Light Weeds
HSWB . . .Heavy Horseshoe Shaped Weed Bed
IHx. .Island Heavy Weed Bed /Ix
ILx. .Island Light Weed Bed II x
HWB. . .Hedgerow Heavy Weed Bed
IOSLW. . .Island Offshore Light Weeds
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?L2:ure: Cedar
7 Lake
(lcm=37m)
18
19
HOME RANGE RESULTS
A home range is the area determined thru radio· track
ing that a fish occupies for five consecutive days or more.
one result of knowing a fish's home range is that it allows
a particular fishes' location to be more predictable.
Home range areas were measured by the convex polygon
method described by Winter (1976). This envolves connecting
the outermost tracking points to form the most convex poly-
gon possible.
drawn is the
This method insures that the polygon that is
only possible. one that can be formed by the
existing points.
Besides a home range a fish may establish a primary
home range. A primary home range is the area of the home
range where a fish is primarily found. This area is differ
entiated from the home range by excluding any tracked loc
tion that occurs more than 60.69 meters or 200 feet from any
other t racked 1 o cation. Thus a primary home range is usu-
ally a smaller section of the home range although it may· be
the entire home range. It contains the majority of tracked
locations and is the area the fish primarily resides in and
utilizes.
Largemouth Bass Home Range Results
Largemouth bass were studied to determine their home
range and primary home range areas. Six largemouth bass
revealed one home range and one primary home range. One
revealed one home range with two primary home rangs. Two
20
largemouth bass exhibited two home range areas, while only
one fish exhibited a home range with no separate primary
home range area.
Largemouth Bass #1 exhibited a home range area of 1.50
hectares. This area was located along stations W to C and
at its farthest point from shore extended outward 122
meters. This home range was set up in the same area the
fish was caught and released (Figure 8).
Largemouth Bass Ill's home range included a number of
different habitats. The inshore section of this home range
contained light weed beds #3 and #4 and the sand that sur
rounded these weed beds and extended along stations W to z.
The outer section of the home range was composed of part of
the heavy horseshoe-shaped weed bed, parts of the offshore
light weeds and heavy weed bed #3. All of these areas
exhibit an ecotone between light weeds and sand and heavy
weeds and sand.
Largemouth Bass #l's primary home range measured 0.82
hectares. This area of primary utilization was composed of
the eastern and western most ends of the home range with the
majority of data points noted within the eastern end. This
primary home range contained light weed bed #4, the offshore
light weeds and ecotones between light weed and sand. The
edge of light weed bed 113 was also found within this primary
home range.
The majority of five minute data revealed the fish
moving in and out of the light weed bed areas. For example
21
the five minute data obtained on June 2, 1980, show the fish
moving along the edge of light weed bed /14 and /13 and the
offshore light weeds. This example along with numerous oth
ers reveal this fish's preference for the light weed-sand
ecotone.
Largemouth Bass /13 exhibited one home range area that
measured 1.44 hectares. This area was located along shore-
line stations V to Z and extended 122 meters out from shore
at its farthest point (Figure 9).
Largemouth Bass ll3's home range included an inshore
sandy area and an outer heavy weed bed area. This heavy
weed bed was part of the heavy horseshoe shaped weed bed and
was bordered on the north side by open water and on the
south side by sand. Small amounts of light weeds were found
along the border of this heavy weed bed yet the majority of
this area was composed of a heavy weed-sand ecotone. As
with Largemouth Bass Ill, Largemouth Bass 113 primarily uti
lized the eastern and western most parts of this home range
with only a few locations· in the center.
Largemouth Bass 113 also established one primary home
range that measured 1.16 hectares. This area encompassed
most of the home range area yet eliminated part of the
inshore sandy area. The majority of five minute data loca-
tions indicated this fish in and around the heavy horseshoe
shaped weed bed with only a few days' data positioning the
fish solely over sand or in open water.
It should be noted here that Largemouth Bass Ill and
22 Largemouth Bass #3's home range and primary homes range par-
tially overlapped •. That area of the two fish's home ranges
which was found along stations W to Z was noted to overlap
during the same time period. It was never known whether
both fish were within this overlapped area at the same time,
although it may have occurred (Figure 10).
Largemouth Bass #4 exhibited a home range area of 0.18
hectares. This area was found along stations A and B and at
its furthest point from shore extended outward 122 meters.
This home range was located in the vicinity where the fish
was caught and released (Figure 11).
Largemouth Bass #4's home range was composed entirely
of light weeds and sand. The inshore section of the home
range was found to contain part of light weed bed #3 and #4,
while the outer part of the home range was composed of the
offshore light weed bed. Sand was found between these weed
bed areas creating a light weed-sand ecotone.
Largemouth Bass #4 also exhibited a primary home range
measuring 0.11 hectares. This area encompassed most of the
home range area yet excluded some of the sandy area found
between the inner and outer light weed beds. The majority
of data points indicated the fish within the light weed beds
or along their edges. Only twice was the fish positioned
over sand. For these reasons the sandy area between the
inner and outer light weed beds only appear to be utilized
by the fish as a means of traveling from one weed bed to
another.
23
Island Largemouth Bass 116 established a home range
that measured 0.59 hectares. This area was set up off the
south shore of the island, along stations IA to IB and
extended 165 meters out from shore. This area corresponded
to the location where the fish was caught and released (Fig
ure 12).
Island Largemouth Bass 116 home range was composed
almost entirely of light weeds. The northern most section
of the home range contained the offshore island light weeds,
some inshore sandy area and the edge of the heavy hedgerow
weed bed. The southern most section of the home range con
tained some open water, the edge of island heavy weed bed Ill
and again the offshore light weeds. The majority of data
points located this fish within light weeds and only twice
within open water or over sand.
Island Largemouth Bass 116 exhibited a primary home
range of 0.43 hectares. Like Largemouth Bass 115, Island
Largemouth Bass /16's primary home range encompassed most of
the home range area. That area which was excluded from the
home range was the outer lateral edges and was compased of
light weeds and some sandy area. The majority of data
points indicated the fish within light weeds, although the
ecotone was often utilized. For example, the edge of the
two heavy weed beds were within this primary home range
area. Both of these heavy weed bed areas exhibit numerous
data points revealing this fish's heightened utilization of
the ecotone.
24
Largemouth Bass 117 exhibited a home range area that
measured 0. 53 hectares. This area was set up along shore-
line stations Z to C and extended 85 meters out from shore.
This area like all the previous largemouth bass, corre-
sponded to the place where the fish was caught and released
(Figure 13).
Largemouth Bass 117's home range only contained light
weeds and sand. The outer sec ti on of this are a contained
the edge of the offshore light weeds and thus a light weed-
sand ecotone. The inshore section of the home range con-
tained light weed beds 1!3 and 114 and the sand that sur-
rounded them.
Largemouth Bass 117 exhibited a primary home range that
measured 0 .44 hectares. This primary home range excluded
the northwest corner of the home range and thus part of
light weed bed 113 and the sand that surrounded it. The
'
majority of tracked locations within this primary home range
showed the fish in light weed bed 113 and 114 and the small
strip of sand that separated these weed beds. Only twice
was the fish found solely over sand. For example, on August
8th, five minute data exhibited the fish entering light weed
bed /14 at its northern end and emerging one hour later out
the southern end of this weed bed. Within this entire time
the fish was found solely within light weed bed #4 and its
ecotone.
Ecotones were also heavily utilized within this pri-
mary home range. On numerous occasions the fish was located
along the edge of the inshore light weed beds, as two qut ~f
the three data points that position the fish within the
outer section of the primary home range reveal the fish at
the light weed bed-sand ecotone.
Largmouth Bass 118 established a home range area that
measured 0.68 hectares. This area was located along sta-
tions Z to C and at its furthest point from shore extended
outward 122 meters. This home range was established in the
area where the fish was caught and released (Figure 14).
Largemouth Bass ll8's home range included a number of
different habitats. The inshore portion of the home range
was composed of light weed beds 113 and 114 and the sand that
surrounded these areas. The outer section of the home range
was composed of heavy weed bed 113 and the offshore light
we eds. A number of ecotones were also prevalent, namely the
light weed-sand and heavy weed-light weed ecotone. The
majority of ecotone utilization by Largemouth Bass 118 was
along the light weed-sand edge.
Largemouth Bass 118 established a primary home range
that measured 0.50 hectares. This area encompassed most of
the home range yet, like Largemouth Bass 117, excluded light
weed bed 113 and the sand that immediately surrounded it.
The majority of data locations within this primary home
range indicated the fish in and around light weed bed 114.
On September 19, and September 24, 1980, five minute data
positioned Largemouth Bass 118 along the ecotone of light
weed bed 113 for at least one full hour. September 5th, and
26 Setpember 26, 1980, show the fish moving in and out of the
same light weed bed for the hour this fish was tracked.
These examples, plus other data, indicate the extensive use
of light weed bed #4 by Largemouth Bass #8.
Other areas of utilization by Largemouth Bass #8
included heavy weed bed #3 and the outer light weed-sand
ecotone. ~either area was used as extensively as light weed
bed #4.
It was also observed that Largemouth Bass #7 and
Largemouth Bass /18's home ranges and primary home ranges
partially overlapped during the same time periods. The
inshore portion of these two fishes' home ranges which occur
along staions Z to B was found to overlap. This again indi-
cates the heavy utilization by both fish of light weed #4,
its edge and the sand that surrounds it (Figure 15).
Each of the previous six largemouth bass had one home
range and one primary home range. Howe v e r , s o me f i sh we re
found to utilize two particular areas of the home range
exclusively with no known location points found between
these two areas. These fish were determined to have two
primary home ranges. If a fish were observed to utilize two
distinctly separate areas of the home range and no two data
points were within 60.69 meters or 200 feet of each other,
the fish was determined to have two primary home ranges.
These two areas can and should be used alternately by the
fish, otherwise two home ranges would result. Two primary
home ranges were exhibited by Largemouth Bass #10.
Largemouth Bass #10 exhibited one home range and t~J
primary home ranges within this one home range. The home
range measured 1.45 hectares and was located off of the
southeast edge of the island along shoreline stations IE to
IF. At its farthest point from shore this home range
extended outward 195 meters. As with the previous six bass,
this home range was established in the same area the fish
was caught and released (figure 16).
Largemouth Bass #lO's home range was composed of three
different habitats. The inshore section of the home range
was composed of light weed bed #12 and the sand that sur
rounded it. The outer portion ·of the home range area was
composed of the heavy hedgerow weed bed. The rest of the
home range area was composed entirely of sand.
The first of the two primary home ranges measured 0.33
hectares. This primary home range wa~ the one closest to the
island and contained light weed bed #I2 and the sand that
surrounded it. The ecotone created by this light weed - sand
transition was heavily utilized by the fish.
The second primary home range area measured 0.22 hec
tares. This primary home range was at the southern most part
of the home range area. This area contained part of the
heavy hedgerow weed bed, the light weeds that bordered it on
the south side, and the sand that bordered on the north.
Also included in this primary home range was the ecotone of
the heavy horseshoe shaped weed bed. The majority of data
points in this primary home range indicated the fish within
28
the heavy weeds and along their edges.
Although primary home range #1 was used more fre
quently by the fish, both primary home ranges were utilized
alternately. A number of different days' data revealed the
fish in one primary home range during one part of the day
and the other part of the home range another part of the
day. No patter~ to this utilization could be found, although
weather did play a role. When winds were out of the south
ca us i ng rough 1 a k e w a t er , the fish u ti 1 i z e d the of f sh o re or
second primary home range. When the wind was out of the
north the fish tended to utilize the first primary home
range. It should also be noted here that the area between
the two primary home ranges was never found to be utilized
by the fish.
Largemouth Bass #10 was also the only fish studied
that utilized an area so close to shore. A number of track
ing locations and actual sightings revealed the fish in one
foot of water and four to five feet from the shoreline. One
possible explanation is that there are overhanging trees
along stations IE to IF and this may have provided a suita
ble and protected habitat for the fish.
Largemouth Bass /Ill exhibited a home range area that
measured 1.11 hectares. This home range was set up along
stations A to E and at its furthest point from shore
extended outward 146 meters. This home range was e stab-
lished in the same area the fish was caught and released
(Figure 17).
29 The inshore portion of Largemouth Bass #ll's home
range contained portions of light weed beds 113· and #4 and
the sand that surrounded these weed beds and separated them
from the outer light weeds. The outer section of the home
range was composed entirely of the offshore light weeds. An
ecotone between light weeds and sand was also found in
Largemouth Bass /Ill's home range, although only one location
was obtained placing the fish within this area.
Largemouth Bass 1111 exhibited no primary home range
area as no one area of the home range contained enough data
points to be condsidered to have been primarily utilized by
the fish. The hypothesized reason was that not enough data
points were obtained before radio transmission was lost to
differentiate a primary home range area from the home range.
Within this study two largemouth bass exhibited more
than one home range area. If a fish were found to leave one
established home range area and set up another area, that
fish was determined to have established two home ranges. In
order for these two areas to be home ranges the fish cannot
return to the original area or utilize both areas during the
same time period. In this study two largemouth bass, namely
Largemouth Bass 112 and 1112, each exhibited two home range
areas.
Largemouth Bass 112's first home range measured 0.80
hectares. This home range occurred along stations Y to A
and extended 110 meters out from shore at its furthest
point. This first home range was established in the same
30
area the fish was caught and released (Figure 18).
Largemouth Bass f!2's first home range was found to
encompass a number of different habitats. The inshore sec
tion of the home range contained part of light weed bed #3
and the sand that surrounded this weed bed and extended
along the shoreline. The outer section of the first home
range contained part of the heavy horseshoe shape~ weed bed
and part of the offshore light weeds. The ecotone between
heavy weeds-sand was also located within this home range
area.
Largemouth Bass #2 exhibited one primary home range
within this first home range. This primary home range area
measured. 0.52 hectares. This area encompassed most of the
home range yet excluded the northwest corner of the home
range. The area that was excluded consisted of the heavy
horseshoe shaped weed bed, the ecotone of heavy weeds and
sand and parts of the inshore sandy area. From figure 18,
it was apparent that the primary home range was composed
entirely of light weeds and sand. The majority of five min
ute data indicates the fish moving between the inshore light
weed bed #3 and the offshore light weeds, again appearing
only to utilize the sand as a means of getting from one weed
bed to another.
Home range #1 and primary home range #1 were utilized
by the fish for the first 68 days after it was released. On
the 69th day Largemouth Bass #2 was located 457 meters west
southwest from the original home range area. Here the fish
.31
set up a new home range and primary home range where, for
the duration of the transmitter's life, the fish remained
(Figure 19).
Home range #2 was set up along stations J to N and
extended 164 meters out from shore. This home range area
measured 2 .07 hectares and was composed of heavy weed bed
Ill, the open water that bordered the weed bed on one side,
and the sand that bordered it on the other. The edge of
heavy weed bed #2 was also enclosed within the home range
area (Figure 20).
Largemouth Bass #2 established a primary home range
within home range #2 that measured 1.64 hectares and
included most of home range #2's area. In differentiating
this primary home range from the home range area, ~he single
location of Largemouth Bass 112 in heavy weed bed 112 was
eliminated. Thus, heavy weed bed #2 and the sand that imme
diately surrounded it were eliminated from this primary home
range area. Within the primary home range the most data
points are located in and around heavy weed bed #1 with five
minute data revealing short excursions (less than one hour)
by the fish into open water. The sandy area inshore of
heavy weed bed #1 was also heavily utilized by the fish,
although most of this data indicate the fish making at least
one pass per hour near the edge of the heavy weed bed. For
example, on June 28, 1980, the fish was being tracked over
sand. Ten minutes into this tracking period the fish made a
short pass along heavy weed bed #1 and then continued its
32 movements back over sand. Thirty minutes later the fish was
noted again at the edge of heavy weed bed #1. This utiliza-
tion of the heavy weed bed-sand ecotone by this fish was a
recurring pattern throughout the entire tracking period.
It should be noted that Largemouth Bass #2 first home
range and primary home range were found to overlap with
Largemouth Bass #l's and #3's home range and primary home
range areas during the month of June. Again it was not
known whether these fish were in the ,same area at precisely
the same time although it may have occurred. Fu rt he rm ore,
this overlap with its implication of exploitative competi-
tion may be the reason for Largemouth Bass #2 to leave home
range Ill and establish another home range, in a different
part of the lake (Figure 10).
Largemouth Bass 1112 also exhibited two home range
areas, yet only one of these home ranges exhibited a primary
home range area. Home Range #1 measured 0.69 hectares and
was set up 268 meters north from the area where the fish was
caught and released. This home range was composed almost
entirely of the offshore light weeds. A small section of
the heavy horseshoe shaped weed bed was within this home
range area. Thus, a heavy weed-light weed ecotone was pres-
ent and utilized by the fish (Figure 21).
This fish utilized this home range for eight days
after its release. Thus a primary home range was not dif-
ferentiated from the home range area.
Seven days after the fish left home range #1, Large-
mouth Bass 1112 established another home range off of t~~
west end of the island (Figure 22). This home range meas-
ured 0.24 hectares and was composed entirely of light weeds
(Figure 23).
Largemouth Bass /112 established a primary home range
within home range #2. This primary home range measured 0.01
hectares and again was composed entirely of light weeds.
This primary home range may be unde res tima ted as only a
small number of locations were obtained.
Largemouth Bass Home Range Statistics
A number of linear correlations were performed on the
home range and primary home range a re as to determine if
there was any correlation between these areas and the size
of the fish or the number of days tracked. In some cases a
fish was determined to have more than one home range or pri-
mary home range area. In these cases both home ranges or
primary home ranges were correlated with the size of the
fish or the number of tracked days. If a fish exhibited no
primary home range, as in the case of Largemouth Bass 1111
the fish was excluded from the calculation of that correla
tion.
The first statistical test performed was to determine
if there was a correlation between largemouth bass home
range areas and the number of tracked days. The null
hypothesis was accepted; r•0.15 (p)0.05). This result was
expected, as each fish was thought to have been tracked
34
enough times to reveal an accurate representation of a
largemouth bass home range area.
The second correlation performed correlated the large-
mouth bass primary home
the fish were tracked.
range area and the number of days
Here again the null hypothesis was
that there is no difference in primary home range size and
the number of days a fish was tracked. The hypothesis was
accepted, r"'0.51; (p)0.05). Again this result was expected
as each f i s h w a s d e t e rm i n e d t o have been t racked enough
times to reveal an accurate representation of a largemouth
bass primary home range area.
It must be noted here that the previous two correla:
tions also indicate that the area of the home range is not a
function of time. Rather than finding the home range
expanding or contracting over time, the fish would establish
a new home range and primary home range. For example,
Largemouth Bass #2 exhibited two home ranges and two primary
home range areas. After plotting the data for the first few
tracking days, this fish's initial home range did not
increase or decrease over time; yet the fish was found to
leave one home range and establish another.
occurred with Largemouth Bass #12.
This also
The third correlation tested the size of the large-
mouth bass versus the size of their home ranges. The null
hypothesis was that there is
mouth bass and the areas
no difference in size of large
of their home ranges. This
hypothesis was accepted, r•-0.4; (p)0.05). Here a negative
correlation was obtained.
35
Although not significant, the
possibility of obtaining a significant negative correlation
exists. For example Largemouth Bass #4, which was the larg
est in size of all studied largemouth bass, measuring
37.6cm, exhibited a home range of only 0.18 hectares, which
was the smallest recorded home range in the study. It is
this 37.6cm largemouth bass that may have contributed heav
ily to this negative correlation. However, it was noted
that some of the larger largemouth bass do have smaller home
ranges than the smaller largemouth bass.
The fourth and final correlation was between the size
of the largemouth bass and the size of their primary home
range areas. The null hypothesis was that there i~ no dif
ference in the size of the fish and the size of their pri
mary home range areas. This null hypothesis was accepted,
r=-0.29; (p)0.05). Again a negative, nonsignificant corre
lation was obtained.
36
TABLE 4
LARGEMOUTH BASS HOME AND PRIMARY HOME RANGE RESULTS
HOME PRIMARY BASS RANGE HOME RANGE SIZE DATES
II (hectares) (hectares) (cm) TRACKED
I 1.50 0.82 25.1 6-2-80 6-12-80
2 HR#l 0.80 PHR/11 0.52 24.8 6-8-80 8-14-80
HRll2 2.07 PHRll 2 1.64 8-15-80 11-26-80
3 1.44 1.16 27.1 6-10-80 7-16-80
4 0.18 0.11 37.6 7-1-80 7-17-80
I6 0.59 0.43 24.5 7-19-80 8-18-80
7 0.53 0.44 21. 5 8-2-80 8-20-80
8 0.68 0.50 24.8 8-12-80 8-29-80
IlO 1.45 PHR/11 0.33 25.0 9-5-80 12-23-80
PHRll 2 0.22
11 1. 11 24.0 5-28-81 6-7-81
12 HR/11 0.69 PHR/11 28.5 5-28-81 6-4-81
HRll2 0.24 PHRll2 0.01 6-11-81 7-28-81
37
LEGEND FOR LARGEMOUTH BASS ILLUSTRATIONS
Heavy Weeds
Light Weeds
Sand
Open Water
Home Range Line
---------- Primary Home Range Line
Shoreline
Triangulation Data
Island or Mainland as Indicated
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MAINLAND
Figure: 9 Largemouth Bass #J
(1cm=11.2m)
.... ... ~ .. ·' .. . .•. -· , .•. • ... "·· .. .. . . . . . .. . . .. . .. .... .. . .. . ...... • .-. "'• •• •• •o• • • ·•···:· ' •"• ...... • • -'· •••• ., • .;• •,< I
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x
,.
t s
v w z A B c Figure:10 Largetouth Bass 1¥1
Large outh Bass i3 ·--- ~ {1cm=1Jm) Large,outh Bass --- 0
.ISLAND ~42
•O ••• • I
I B "o· It •• e •• -.·:·. 0
--~::::;::;~::::~~E:~~~:.~~~~~~~7f:f~~ .:·. . 0
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Figure: 22 Largemouth H.R. #1
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54
BLUEGILL HOME-RANGE RESULTS
Nine Bluegills were studied to determine their home
range and primary home
namely, Bluegill #3, 114,
range areas. Five of these fish
118, 119 and #10 each exhibited one
home range and one primary home range area. Three other
fish, Bluegill 116, 117 and 118 each exhibited a home range
where the primary home range was of the same area. One
other fish, Bluegill Ill established two home range areas.
The first bluegill that established one home range and
one primary home range was Bluegill #3. Bluegill 113 estab-
lished a home range that measured 0.48 hectares. This area
was set up two days after the fish was released, 713 meters
west southwest. This home range ran along stations K to L
and at its furthest point from shore extended 121 meters
outward. Bluegill #3's home range was entirely composed of
sand (Figure 24).
Bluegill 113 established a primary home range that
measured 0.23 hectares. This area encompassed the norhtern
and center sections of the home range and was composed
entirely of sand. The majority of triangulation on five
minute data indicated this fish within the northern section
of the home range.
Bluegill 114 established a home range that measured
0.72 hectares. This area was located along stations A to B
and, at its farthest point from shore extended outward 213
meters. This home range was set up in the same area that
the fish was caught and released (Figure 25).
55
Bluegill #4's home range encompassed a number of
different habitats. The inshore section of the home range
consisted of light weed bed #4, part of light weed bed #3
and the sand that surrounded and separated these areas. The
outer section of the home range consisted of part of the
heavy horseshoe shaped weed bed, heavy weed bed #3 and much
of the offshore light weeds. This fish utilized ecotones
extensively. Ecotone utilization was between light weed
heavy weeds and light weed-sand.
Bluegill #4 established
measured 0.18 hectares. This
a primary home
area of primary
range that
utilization
excluded the eastern and western most section of the home
range. Within this area three different habitats were found
namely the offshore light weeds,
sand that separated these two
tracked locations indicated this
light weed bed and its ecotone.
light weed bed #4 and the
areas. The majority of
fish within the inshore
A number of other tracked
locations indicated the fish within the outer light weeds.
The sand that separated the inner and outer light weeds was
only utilized by the fish as the fish moved from one weed
bed to another.
Island Bluegill #8 established a home range that meas-
ured 0.74 hectares. This area was set up 140 meters south
southeast from the area the fish was caught and released
(Figure 26). This home range was composed entirely of off
shore light weeds and sections of the heavy horseshoe shaped
weed bed. The edge of the heavy hedgerow weed bed was also
56 found within this area.
Island Bluegill 118 established a primary home range
that measured 0.52 hectares. This area encompassed the
southern most section of the home range and was composed of
the offshore light weeds and sections of the heavy horseshoe
shaped weed bed. No one particular habitat of this primary
home range was utilized more extensively.
Island Bluegill 119 established a home range that meas
ured 0.61 hectares and was set up in the same area the fish
was caught and released. This area was located off the
southwest shore of the island along stations IY to IZ. At
its farthest point from shore this home range extended out
ward 287 meters. This area consisted of the offshore island
light weeds, island heavy weed bed 113, a sandy inshore sec
tion and a section of open water. Ecotones of heavy weed
open water, light weed-open water and light weed-sand were
predominant in the home range (Figure 27).
Island Bluegill 119 estabilshed a primary home range
that measured 0.27 hecatres. This area excluded the eastern
and western most ends of the home range and was composed of
the island offshore light weeds. Again no one particular
area of this primary home range was utilized more exten
sively.
Island Bluegill #10 established a home range area that
measureed 0.18 hectares. This area was set up 159 meters
southeast from the area the fish was released. This home
range was located off the southeast edge of the island and
S7
included only a few habitats (Figure 28). The southern sec-
·tion of the home range contained the offshore island light
weeds while the northern section contained the edge of the
heavy hedgerow weed bed.
Island Bluegill 1110 established a primary home range
area that measured 0.11 hectares. This area encompassed the
northern section of the home range and consisted of light
weeds and a small section of the heavy hedgerow weed bed.
The majority of data points indicated this fish within this
light weed bed area. A few days of resectioning data indi
cated the fish within the heavy hedgerow weed bed and along
the edge.
In determining the home range areas for bluegills it
was noted that three of the fish established a home range
and primary home range of equal areas. These fish utilized
their entire home range areas equally, as no one data point
indicated the fish more than 60.69 meters or 200 feet from
any·other data point. Therefore these primary home ranges
were recorded as having the' same area as their home range.
These fish were Island Bluegill #S, #6 and #7.
Island Bluegill #S's home range and primary home range
was found to measure 0.20 hectares. This area was set up
488 meters south southwest from the fish's point of release
two days earlier. This home range area ran along stations N
to O and at its furthest point from shore extended outward
110 meters (Figure 29).
Island Bluegill #S's home range and primary home range
58
contained part of heavy weed bed #1 and the sand that sur-
rounded this area. The edge of the transition between sand
and open water was also included. The majority of locations
indicate this fish over sand.
Bluegill #6 established a home range and primary home
range that measured 0.39 hectares. This area extended along
stations Z to B and at its furthest point from shore
extended 120 meters outward. The home range was established
in the same area the fish was caught and released (Figure
30).
Bluegill #6's home range and primary home range con
sisted of light weed bed #3 and 114 and the sand that sur-
rounded these two areas. The outer section of this area
consisted of part of heavy weed bed #3 and the offshore
light weeds. Ecotones were
home range area. This was
between light weeds and sand.
also prom! nen t
exhibited as
throughout the
the transition
The majority of locations indicate the fish in and
around the inshore light weeds. A few locations also indi
c at e d the f i sh w i thin the outer 1 i g ht weed bed • Fr om f iv e
minute data plottings the sandy area between these light
weed beds appear only to be utilized by the fish as a means
of getting from one weed bed to another. Not once during
the course of the study was Bluegill #6 shown to spend more
than five minutes solely over sand.
Bluegill #7's home range and primary home range areas
were found to measure 0.20 hectares. This area was estab-
59
lished along stations A to B and at its furtherst point from
shore extended 116 meters outward. This home range was
established in the same area the fish was caught and
released (Figure 31).
Bluegill #7's home range and primary home range con-
sisted of light weed bed #4, the sand that surrounded the
area, the offshore light weeds and part of heavy weed bed
#3. Ecotones were prominent throughout this area as exhib-
ited by the transition between light weeds and sand and
heavy weeds and light weeds.
The majority of data points indicated the fish within
the inner and outer light weeds and the sand that separated
these areas. The ecotone of the light weeds-sand was also
heavily utilized by the fish. Again the sandy area in this
home range only appeared to be utilized as the fish moved
along the edge of the light weeds or traveled from one weed
bed to another.
Bluegi 11 Ill was the only bluegi 11 in the study to
establish two home range areas. Home range #1 was found to
measure 0.75 hectares. This area was set up along stations
Y to A and at its farthest point from shore extended outward
122 meters. This home range was set up near the area where
the fish was caught and released (Figure 32).
Bluegill #l's home range #1 was composed of an inshore
sandy area and an offshore weedy area. The inshore section
of this home range was composed of part of light weed bed 13
and sand. The outer section was composed of part of the
60 ~-
heavy horseshoe shaped weed bed and offshore light weeds.
The edge effect was predominant in these areas.
Bluegill Ill established a primary home range within
home range #1 that measured 0.60 hectares. This area elimi-
nated part of the inshore sandy area. The majority of data
locations indicate the fish within the outer weed beds.
Bluegill #1 remained in this first home range for two
weeks after release. One week after leaving home range #1,
Bluegill Ill established its second home range 171 meters
east. Here the fish remained for the duration of the trans-
mitter"'s life.
Home range #2 was found to measure 0 .15 hectares.
This area was located along stations E to F and at its far-
thest point from shore extended outward 73 meters. This
home range was composed of light weed bed 116 and the sand
that surrounded this weed bed forming the light weed-sand
ecotone. No one particular area or habitat was utilized
extensively by Bluegill #1.
Bluegill #1 did not establish a separate primary home
range area. This was due to the fact that only a week's
worth of data was collected before transmission was lost.
Therefore Bluegill #l's primary home range was recorded as
having the same area as the home range.
Bluegill Home Range Statistics
Linear correlations were performed on the home range
and primary home range areas of bluegills. The correlations
61
correlated these areas with the number of days the fish were
tracked and the size of the fish. Data for all correlations
were handled in the same manner as previous tests.
A correlation coefficient was calculated between the
area of the bluegill's home range and the number of days
each fish was tracked. The null hypothesis stated that there
is no correlation between the area of the home range and the
number of t racke'd days. The null hypothesis was accepted;
r=-0.06; (p)0.05). This result was expected, as each blue-
gill was determined to have been tracked enough times to
reveal an accurate home range area.
The second correlation coefficient calculated was
between the area of the primary home range and the number of
days tracked for each fish. The null hypothesis stated that
there is no correlation between the area of the primary home
range and the number of tracked days. This null hypothesis
was accepted; r=-0.01; (p)0.05). The result was expected,
as each bluegill was tracked enough times to reveal an accu-
rate primary home range area.
The third correlation correlated the home range area
versus the size of the fish. This null hypothesis stated
that there is no correlation between the home range area and
the size of the bluegills. This null hypothesis was
re j e ct e d ; r • -0 • 6 8 ; ( p < 0 • 0 5 ) • A significant negative corre-
lation was obtained indicating an inverse relationship. The
result that larger fish are able to utilize a smaller area
than smaller bluegills may possibly be due to larger blue-
gills establishing a social dominance.
62
If this is true,
then larger bluegills may efficiently utilize a smaller area
than smaller fish.
It can also be noted that it is the larger bluegills
that establish a home range and primary home range of the
same area. This again can illustrate that the large blue-
gills are able to utilize a smaller area.
The fourth correlation coefficient calculated was
between the size of the bluegills versus their primary home
range areas. The null hypothesis stated that there was no
correlation between the size of the fish and the area of
their primary home ranges; r=0.19; (p)0.05). All bluegills
regardless of size were determined to utilize nearly identi
cal primary home range areas.
63
TABLE 5
BLUEGILL HOME RANGE AND PRIMARY HOME RANGE RESULTS
f !' ' PRIMARY r HOME ~
BLUEGILL RANGE HOME RANGE SIZE DATES ' L II (hectares) <hectares) (cm) TRACKED ,.
1 HR/11 0.75 PHRlll 0.60 17.8 6-17-80 6-28-80
HR/12 0.15 PHR/12 0.15 7-12-80 7-22-80
3 0.48 0.23 17.0 6-24-80 7-6-80
4 0.72 0.18 15.5 7-8-80 7-22-80
5 0.20 0.20 17.0 7-11-80 7-27-80
6 0.39 0.39 18.0 8-14-80 9-5-80
7 0.20 0.20 19.0 9-14-80 10-11-80
I8 0.74 0.52 16.1 10-5-80 11-7-80
I9 0.61 0.27 17.0 5-3-81 5-26-81
IlO 0.18 0.11 19.0 5-2 8-81 7-2-81
64
LEGEND EOR BLUEGILL ILLUSTRATIONS
Heavy Weeds
Light Weeds
Sand
Open Water
Home Range Line
---------- Primary Home Range Line
Shoreline
Island or Mainland as Indicated
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'••o' ·•o:· ............ ·• ·,.'·e.•".·P:..•.·• .·'. -.0 :·.·~.·ti' ,,, . ; •· ;•:.: •. • .• "".·•···· .. •·. ·.:.; .:..•.· .• .· •.•. ~· • .•::..;: •. ·~ , ...•. t.;•o. ~ ·• i. ··-·. • 0
.-. :,"-: •• , • •. ··'~ o·•· •· •.•.• •.•·:·:..·.··.; '· ·,·-·~: •. , ..... ~ •. ·: • ...••. · •. o. • ·.,.o •. o ... •;.o• ·••: .• •• o,•• ,,,,, .·.0···•·•1••·•0·;c;..:o•. ·. ·• O• • •• ·•·• •• •-. :o:':'•:; ~ :; :.:· :0 ::70
•0 :~ .• .•: • .o·, • ;',~·.·~o. ·,; .-.:~.;. ~: ;,.,, , ·,·.'~ :'• :..: .. •: • :::.·.,·.;.:.. :" .#. ~',,·:: ': 00'lo;,!'°•• ~; ,• • ... ; · ..... ••• •
0
• •• •• ·,.~.····o· ·.···; ·,: ··· .. · .. •. •o · ~~-•• ·;.. •··•.,·~:·,·•···~········~·i:··.,. ·fl•,.
z Figure: Jl
Bluegill #7 (lcm=6.4m)
·• · · ..... · ··· -~··· . . :•.•··:::: .. -·~:.·.·:.!o.· .• ~i.o• • • • •. • • 0 •• ,,
74
YELLOW PERCH HOME RANGE RESULTS
Four yellow perch were studied to determine their home
range and primary home range areas. Two of the yellow
perch, Yellow Perch #3 and #5, each exhibited one home range
and one primary home range area. The other two yellow
perch, Yellow Perch #1 and #4, each exhibited one home range
and two primary home ranges within each of these home range
areas.
Yellow Perch #3 established a home range that measured
0.56 hectares. This area was betweeen stations A to C and
extended 140 meters out from shore. This home range existed
near the area where the fish was caught and released (Figure
33).
Yellow Perch #3"'s home range included a number of
habitats. The inshore section contain light weed bed 114,
the edge of light weed bed /13 and the sand t-hat surrounded
these areas. The outer section of the home range consisted
of light weeds with portions of heavy weed bed 113 and an
ecotone of light weeds-sand.
Yellow Perch /13 established a primary home range area
of 0.38 hectares. This area included light weed bed 114, the
offshore light weeds and the sand that separated these
areas. The ecotone created by the light weed-sand trans-
ition was also included. The area excluded from the primary
home range corresponded to some of the sandy inshore area
and part of the offshore light weeds.
The majority of tracked locations for Yellow Perch #3
75
were- found in and around light weed bed 114 and its ecotone.
The offshore light weeds were also utilized by this fish
alt hough not as heavily as light weed bed 114. The sandy
area that separated the inner and outer light weeds was
again primarily used by the fish as a means of getting from
one weed bed to another.
This fish also utilized the edge of light weed bed 113
as well as the edge of the heavy weed bed. Neither of these
two areas were utilized as heavily as light weed bed 114 or
its ecotone.
Yellow Perch #5 established a home range of 0.54 hec
tares. This area was found off the southwest shore of the
island and extended along stations ID to IF. This area was
located near the same place the fish was caught and
released. Habitats within this home range included part of
the light weed bed llI2 and the sand that surrounded this
weed bed and extended along the shoreline (Figure 34).
Yellow Perch 115 established a primary home range of
0.05 hectares. This area excluded most of the sandy area
that made up the home range as well as part of light weed
bed llI2. The majority of data locations indicated the fish
over sand and occasionally in light weed bed llI2.
It can be noted that Yellow Perch 115 was only tracked
for eleven days due to premature transmitter failure. For
this reason this primary home range may be under-estimated.
The other two yellow perch studied revealed one home
range and two primary home ranges within each home range
76
area. As stated previously a fish may establish two primary
home ranges if two distinctly separate areas of the home
range are used exclusively and neither of these two primary
home ranges were within 60.69 meters of one another. These
two fish were Yellow Perch #1 and Yellow Perch #4.
Yellow Perch #1 established a home range that measured
1.39 hectares. This area extended along stations Z to D at
its farthest point from shore extended outward 174 meters.
This home range was set up in the same area the fish was
caught and released (Figure 36).
Yellow Perch #l 1 s home range included a number of dif
ferent habitats. The inshore section of the home range was
composed of light weed beds #3, #4 and #5 and the sandy area
that surrounded these weed beds. The outer section of the
home range consisted of part of heavy weed bed #3, the outer
light weeds and the edge of the heavy horseshoe shaped weed
bed. The ecotone created by the light weed-sand transition
was also included in the home range.
From Figure 36, it can be seen that the eastern and
western most regions of the home range was used exclusively.
No known data locations indicated the fish within the center
of the home range area. For this reason Yellow Perch #1 was
considered to have established two primary home range areas.
Primary home range Ill measured 0.41 hectares and was
the western most primary home range area. This area
included heavy weed bed #3, the edge of the heavy horseshoe
shaped weed bed and part of the offshore light weeds. Also
77
included was part of inshore light weed bed 113, the sand
that surrounded this area, and the light weed-sand ecotone.
were
sand
The majority of locations in the primary home range
found along the
that surrounded
ecotone of light weed bed #3 and the
this weed bed. The fish was located
only a few times within the outer light weed bed and only
twice within heavy weed bed 113 or along the edge of the
heavy horseshoe shaped weed bed.
The second primary home range measured 0. 2 7 hectares
and was located at the eastern end of the home range area.
This area was composed mostly of sand with the ecotone of
the offshore light weed bed also included. The majority of
data locations within this primary home range reveal the
fish over sand. Only twice was the fish ~ositioned at the
light weed-sand ecotone. It should be noted that both pri
mary home ranges were utilized equally and alternately by
the fish.
Yellow Perch #4 established a home range that measured
2.20 hectares. Th i s a re a w a s s e t up a 1 o n.g s t at i o n s Y t o F
and extended outward 1.46 meters. This home range occurred
in the same area the fish was caught and released (Figure
35).
The inshore portion of the home range consisted of
light weed bed #6, sand and a light weed-sand ecotone. The
offshore portion of this home range was composed of part of
the heavy horseshoe shaped weed bed, heavy weed bed #3 and
part of the offshore light weeds. A number of ecotones were
78
also prominent within this home range area.
As with Yellow Perch #1, Yellow Perch #4 utilized two
areas of the home range exclusively. These areas corre-
sponded to the eastern and western most sections of the home
range, while the center area of the home range was never
noted to have been utilized.
Primary home range #1 measured 0.17 hectares and cor
responded to the western most area of the home range. Habi
tats within the area consisted of part of the heavy hor
seshoe shaped weed bed and the open water that borders it on
the north and the offshore light weeds that border it on the
SOU th. A small section of sand near the edge of light weed
bed #3 was also contained in the primary home range. No one
habitat or area of this primary home range was utilized more
extensively than others as Yellow Perch #4 was only located
four times within this area. For this reason primary home
range #1 may be underestimated.
Primary home range #2 measured 0.61 hectares. This
area corresponded to the eastern most section of the home
range. This area was composed of light weed bed #6, its
ecotone and the offshore light weeds. The sandy area
between these light weed beds was also included within the
primary home range.
The majority of data points in primary home
revealed the fish within the outer light weeds.
range #2
The fish
was only located three times over sand and twice within
light weed bed #6. The light weed-sand ecotone of this pri-
79
mary home range did not appear to be utilized by the fish.
As with Yellow Perch #1 both primary home range areas
were utilized alternately. It was noted however, that pri
mary home range #2 was utilized more extensively.
Yellow Perch Home Range Statistics
The first correlation coefficient calculated was
between the areas of the yellow perch home range and the
number of days the fish were tracked. The null hypothesis
w a s that there i s no di ff e re n c e in the s i z e of the ho me
range and the number of tracked days.
was accepted, r=-0.08; (p)0.05).
This null hypothesis
The second correlation coefficient was between the
area of the primary home range and the number of days the
fish was tracked. The null hypothesis was that there is no
difference in areas of the primary home range and the number
of days the yellow perch were tracked. This null hypothesis
was accepted, r=0.40; (p)0.05). This result was accepted as
enough data was obtained to reveal an accurate representa-
tion of perch primary home range areas. No correlations·
were performed correlating the size of the fish to the area
of their home range or primary home range area. This was
due to the narrow range in the size of yellow perch (19.8cm
- 22.5cm).
TABLE 6
YELLOW PERCH HOME RANGE AND PRIMARY HOME RANGE RESULTS
PERCH #
1
3
4
5
HOME RANGE (hectares)
1.39
0.56
2.20
0.54
PRIMARY HOME RANGE (hectares)
#1 0.41 112 0.27
0.38
Ill 0.17
#2 0.61
0.05
SIZE (cm)
21.3
20.5
22.5
19.8
DATES TRACKED
6-10-80 7-4-80
9-14-80 12-23-80
5-13-81 6-28-81
5-21-81 6-2-81
80
81
LEGEND FOR YELLOW PERCH ILLUSTRATIONS
Heavy Weeds
Light Weeds
Sand
Open Water
Home Range Line
·-----------· Primary Home Range Line
Shoreline
Island or Mainland as Indicated
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... ,.;···4l:-:-,,·.-··-· .. -:.. $!' • • ··.: . . -.~·:;.•.:. ·: ;,~· . . :o:~ .... ~ <>·····. ...-~-
c Figure: 35 Yellow Perch #4
(1 cm=1 J • .5m)
86 Pumpkinseed Home Range Results
Home r~nge and primary home range areas of four pump-
kins eed we re exam! ned. Two of these fish, Pumpkinseed #2
and #6, each exhibited one home range and one primary home
range area. Two other fish, Pumpkinseed 114 and 115 each
exhibited a home range and primary home range of the same
area ••
Island Pumpkinseed #2's home range area measured 0.27
hectares. It was located off the southwest shore of the
island along stations IA to IB and extended westward 104
meters. This home range was in the same area the fish was
caught and released (Figure 37).
Pumpkinseed //2's· home range consisted of light weeds
and sand. The outer secti~n of the home range contained the
offshore island light weeds, while the inshore area was
entirely composed of sand. The edge of the heavy hedge row
weed was also found within this home range area.
Island Pumpkinseed #2 established a primary home range
that measured 0.11 hectares. This area contained a small
section of the offshore light weeds, an inshore sand area
and the light weed-sand ecotone. The edge of the heavy hed
gerow weed bed was also included.
The majority of data locations for this fish were
along the light weed-sand ecotone as well as the edge of the
heavy hedgerow weed bed. Island Pumpkinseed 112 was never
tracked solely over sand or within light weeds as each day's
data indicated the fish at the sand-light weed ecotone.
87
Pumpkinseed #6 established a home range of 1.12
hectares. This area was located 85 meters north of the area
the fish was caught and released. The majority of the home
range was composed of the offshore light weeds although
parts of the heavy hedgerow weed bed and heavy weed bed #3
were also included (Figure 38).
Pumpkinseed 116 established a primary home range that
measured 0.23 hectares. This area of primary utilization
contained sections of the heavy horseshoe shaped weed bed
and the light weeds that border it on the east. The major
ity of tracked locations position the fish within the heavy
horseshoe shaped weed bed. The fish was also located a few
times within light weeds and only once positioned on the
heavy weed-light weed ecotone.
Two of the other fish namely, Pumpkinseed /14 and #5,
each exhibited a home range and primary home range of equal
areas. All locations for both fish were never separated by
more than 60.69 meters or 200 feet from any other data
point. For this reason these fish were determined to have a
primary home range that was the same area as their home
range.
Pumpkinseed 114 established a home range and primary
home range area of 0.36 hectares. This area was located off
staions POINT to W and at its farthest data point from shore
extended outward 122 meters. This home range existed in the
same area the fish was caught and released (Figure 39).
Pumpkinseed #4's home range contained a number of dif-
88
ferent habitats. The inshore section of the home range was
composed of light weed bed #2 and the sand that surrounded
it. The outer section of the home range contained part of
the heavy horseshoe shaped weed bed and the open water that
bordered it on the north and the sand and light weed that
bordered it on the south. The majority of tracked locations
indicated the fish in and around the heavy horseshoe shaped
weed bed and its ecotone. The sandy area inshore of this
weed bed was also heavily utilized. Only once was this fish
found utilizing light weed bed #2 or within open water.
Pumpkinseed 115 established a home range and primary
home range that measured 0.23 hectares. This area was
located between stations A to C and at its farthest point
from shore extended outward 122 meters. The home range was
located at the same area the fish was caught and released
(Figure 40).
A number of habitats existed within Pumpkinseed #4's
home range. The inshore section of the home range contained
light weed bed #4 and the sand that surrounded and separated
this weed bed from the offshore light weeds. The outer sec
tion of the home range contained the offshore light weeds
and the ecotone of the light weed-sand transition. The
majority of tracked locations for this fish were at the eco
tone of light weed bed #4 and the sand that surrounded this
area. Five minute data revealed the fish over sand for most
of the tracking period yet also revealed the fish, every 15
minutes or so, to pass along the edge of light weed bed #4.
89
Pumpkinseed Home Range Statistics
Correlation coefficients were calculated between the
size of home range and primary home range versus fish size
and between size of these home ranges and days tracked.
There was no significant correlation between the size of the
home range (r=-0.34; p)0.05), or primary home
(r=-0.652; p)0.05) and the number of tracked days.
range
A non-
significant correlation was expected as each fish was
tracked enough times to reveal an accurate representation of
pumpkinseeds' home range and primary home range areas.
These correlations also indicated that home range
areas did not change with time. This was also noticed in
the actual plotting of the data as the home range and pri
mary home range areas never increased or decreased in size
as more data was gathered.
The third correlation correlated the size of the pump
kinseed to the size of their home ranges. The null hypothe
sis stated that there is no difference in the size of the
primary home range and the size of the fish.
hypothesis was accepted; r=-0.284; (p)0.05).
This null
It should be noted that the range in sizes of the four
pumpkinseeds (13.9 - 16.0 cm) may not be large enough for a
meaningful analysis of the relations between body size and
home range and primary range areas.
90
TABLE 7
PUMPKINSEED HOME RANGE AND PRIMARY HOME RANGE RESULTS
HOME PRIMARY FISH RANGE HOME RANGE SIZE DATES
# (hectares) (hectares) (cm) TRACKED
I2 0.27 0.11 14.S 8-6-80 8-20-80
4 0.36 0.36 13.8 9-1-80 10-26-80
5 0.23 0.23 16 9-14-80 11-5-81
6 1.12 0.23 16 9-24-80 10-10-80
LEGEND FOR PUMPKINSEED ILLUSTRATIONS
C;. ·'"''·· ··~ ·:1, I •''' :·· . ,, '·· . •. • I
c _____ ~
-----------
Heavy Weeds
Light Weeds
. Sand
Open Water
Home Range Line
Primary Home Range Line
Shoreline
Island or Mainland as Indicated
91
''· ·'"·
··"· ··'''· ··"· ·'''·· ..... ''''· ·''· .... ,,. . .... ,, ···''''·
·''·
·'"'·· ···'' ···~. ·'"' ··'''· ··''''
··"· ..... ··''''· .,,, ·'''·
···•·· ·''"' ... ,, ··"'· .. ,, ··''· ·"'' ·''· , ... ,, ....
,, ., . .., ....... . .. .... ,,,, ·"''"•. ··"
~ .. ,, ,.(,,_ ... ·'''··
·'''' ''''· .u. '"'
·''· ·•''· ·'"'·· ..... 11,
··'''·· ·'"· ·'''·· ··'''·· ··'"·· ··'·· .1\1 •• ...... ··'''··
<.·:-.. --~ .. ,. .. '''· ·"· ··'··· ·"· ••• ,,. . .. ··''· ""· ·'"'·. ·'''· ,,,,, ·'"· ·''"' '"· ,,.,, '"'· :~~,~· ·'"'· ·''''· ,,,, .•• ,,. ,,\/,, ·''''·~~:~·:::··:~:~:.:::·::=.:::.:~;:··.:~· .. ·:;· .. .-:~:·:~·;·:··:::. ~ c 0 ~ . V . . ''' • ·'''''· u ,\ft I I \I '''' ·'"' ·• .•:' ••. •.•.•"•"••"•,.•I••'•••• •• • •• I, (111- ,\Ut.,, f ·''''· ·~\I, ·):'_.~~ ·•"· ·'' 1'• . '•. "''\I ;,,""'/ ,\I. ,,\/1 " '• II ·''"'· ';:~··.,·:~·.~~··.-.:·.~·:::.· •• ··:.-.·.·\:•• ~-..~.~·: ·l .~II.. ,111,, - r ,If. -'"'• •. I ~-•'j ("., .:J ~. • ,11, "''· ··""'·· ,.11, •• "W;t'f: "''1 ,\If, ""• ,.,111., ' ·:,,,, ·•''"· u •• ·:~.=~~~::::~.:;;::,:i;:::~;:::_:::::i:~·:::::·.:~:°:'•:-:~:::.:.
•. • .v •. '''• ~ ~ 4 '•, ,,\/., \I, ''''• ·•I. ;I"' •''i' ,.,\11, • tit, .,,,:1, •''~ ::•:::·.~·:.".•:;:.:; !•~::• .• •.•:_.:.: ... ·.:·.: ... ·.:·.:~:··•:.•:•' .,\\\I•, ~I •• ··'"'• •''""'· ·''•·I ¢ ~ p .•UI.. • ,\\11, '"· -' • .ll ... · • .,. ·'''·· ,,\II,, ·''''·,\I,,'~• .:\\/, • •. :::::.:.~~·::•:.;:•::.:::·.·:::.:•::~•:•;;::::·:.~.:::·:::•.::-::·:·.:.:.i_.:
·'''• ,,\\\1,, .\f., J (~ c;•• r •••flt, ,\I,, ,\\t/,, ,...-,,tt/.. \\ ''• ,\\/,, I ,\((,, ,,\I,, : • ; .. ;:: : .. •: •::• •.:".=•.;•::•,•:: :::.~:. :: ~··•.•,.•: .•,.•:•. •:.•: .... •.•! •.: ~ •,. ... . ·''''••, f:- \ •\l1 ,•'"'· ,It,, •'"'· ~I, •• '/ Hi.. ,,\I,. ,\If.. ..1.. :'~~'::::::·_;:.•:.:-;:;.~::::::•::.:::•:::::: .. ::::.•:.:·.•::::.:•:·:~".·.•:,
,\, ·•'"·· ,,\,I,, ~ ~ ,,\/, . •' f,. ·'"• ~;,>- • ··'"'· ,,\(~ I ,\\11, \ ,,\\1., ;'~'! • •:•: ::_::::•::,•~ •:•:· •. :. ::::::<[~.\-..;.,-..:. ;;: ::,,'r.. ~\I·•·.,.,, ........ :.:·.-.·:: •• •. '" ''''· • ,,,, 1'11"1_ "
"·· ·'''··.. •, ''''''·· ··"· ··'"''· ·'''·· . . ,,, ''•. ·''''· ,,.,, ·''''· ..... ,.. ·'"' ·"·· ,,, /, ·'"'· ·'"· •'''· .1U. ''''·· '"'· •'"''· I . ''"'· .. ,, •'''· .... '-.
'"··
:•-;. .:t•:•:•:• •: .:: •• ::.·.:e.····•····::•: ,\\1,;·: ··: ...... •. :.::-.:.:·: • .-•• ~· ·,··-.··:·:·:··:.~.-·· : •• :·.·::::·•:.·. ·: ... ;.·.·:.· •••. ;r. :.·. :• .·.·.· .•:: ::. ·. . ll ,t,:·.·~·: ... • • :~- :.-::·.~· =:~:::::•.:;:::~:=~=:: ... :·:.::.:::~'I. :.:.·:::·.::·:::.::: ::.·; :: .•;: :: l :·~ ,:·~·t ::: ::~: ~:.: !·. ~ ~~' ~.! :~·:~ ·:· :·:·~·::·: ~ ~-·.·:· ::·.;::~:.:.~ :~~~·:~·: :·: ~·~·:=·:·.'· ·'' ,, ..• • ••
• • • ·······~ ......... •• ,, '· :-::::! ·=.~··' ·.;·:·::-. :. -.;·.~.~·.\· ... ··: :::.:·· .·: :: ::~·.·::.: :: :::•·-:;.:.·::.·.·::··:·.·:-·.-.··:·· ~: .. ·.·: "''.L.--~:;;;;--. . .....................• ·:.··· ·····~·=··· .......................... ~··.
Figure: 40 Pumpkinseed 115
(1cm=9.4m)
• • •• • • ·' ... \.·,::.·····:.:·.·: :: •• ~- •• ;•:.•:.:·.. ·!".•.
96
HABITAT PREFERENCE RESULTS
Cedar Lake consists of five different habitats: heavy
weeds, light weeds, sand, open water and edge of weeds.
Heavy weeds were of the Myriophyllum sp. and occurred in
large dense clumps that grew to the surface of the water.
Light weeds were Potamogeton sp. and tended to be distrib-
u t ed uniformly and we re usually submerge n t. An open water
area is where the water was deeper than 5.5 meters and
exhibited no visible macrophytes. The edge effect or eco-
tone is the .area 1.5 meters on either side of the transition
between heavy weeds and light weeds, sand or open water.
Areas of the five habitats were measured from the
hydrographic map of Cedar Lake with a planimeter. The per-
cent area of each habitat was determined. Heavy weeds com-
posed 8.7% of the mapped area, light weeds 27.2%, sand
31.9%, open water 23.3% and edge 8.9%.
Time spent by the various fish in each habitat was
determined by alloting one point for each tracking day.
When a fish was tracked more than once during the day, or
over an hour time, this alloted one point was divided among
the various habitats based on how much time the fish spent
in each habitat. Data points were then totaled in each
habitat for each fish. These occurrence values were then
divided by the percent of the habitat. This method was
employed in order that each occurrence point would be
weighted according to the amount of area that habitat encom-
97
passed.
A non-parametric randomized block analysis of variance
by ranks (Friedman's test) was performed on the data. This
stastical test determined if all habitats were perfered
equally. This test also took into account effects by indi-
vidual fishes' on the data. If the null hypothesis was
rejected, a multiple comparison test for ranked data in a
randomized block format was performed to determine among
which habitats differences occurred.
Largemouth Bass Habitat Preference
Eleven largemouth bass were studied to determine their
habitat preference. The Friedman's test revealed a
2 x ==17.65; p)0.05, revealing that the mean number of occur-
rences per area of habitat was not stastically similar in
all five habitats. The non-parametric multiple comparison
test revealed the following: L..J!. L S O. This diagram
reveals that edge and heavy we eds a re preferred equally.
Also heavy weeds, light weeds, sand, and open water are pre-
ferred equally yet edge is preferred over light weeds, sand
and open water. This ambiguous result of overlapping simi-
larities is not uncommon for this stastical test and usually
occurs as a result of the test not being powerful enough to
differentiate, in this case, which group heavy weeds belong
to. This stastical test did reveal that the ecotone is pre-
ferred over light weeds, sand and open water by largemouth
bass. This again substantiated the already stated heavy
98
utilization by largemouth bass of the ecotone habitats.
Bluegill Habitat Preference
Nine bluegills were studied to determine their habitat
preference. 2 The Friedman's test revealed a x =17.67;p<0.05,
indicating that all habitats were not preferred equally.
The non-parametric multiple comparison test differentiated
the following habitats: H L S E 0. This stastical test
revealed that for bluegills heavy weeds are preferred
equally to light weeds and sand. Also light weeds are pre-
ferred equally to sand, open water and edge yet heavy weeds
are not preferred equally to open water or edge. Again
ambiguous results were attained. It was found though that
bluegills prefer heavy weeds over open water or edge. This
was also observed in the actual data as bluegills were found
to spend a great deal of time within heavy weeds.
Pumpkinseed Habitat Preference
Five pumpkinseeds were studied to determine their
habitat preference. The Friedman's test revealed a
2 x =5.81;p>=O.OS, indicating that there was no significant
habitat preference or: H=L=S=O=E. This result was expected
as the actual raw data indicated pumpkinseeds utilizing all
habitats except open water equally. The inability of this
test to differentiate a low preference for open water may be
a result of not enough data due to too few fish studied. It
is apparent that open water was not preferred by pumpkin-
99
seeds as Pumpkinseed #4 was the only fish positioned within
this habitat.
Yellow Perch Habitat Preference
Four yellow perch were studied to determine their
ha bi t a t p re f e re n c e • T he Fr i e d man' s t e s t r e v ea 1 e d a
x2=6.16,p)0.05,· indicating there was no significant habitat
preference: H=L=O=E=S. These results were expected as the
raw data indicated perch utilizing all habitats except open
water equally. The inability of this stastical test to
reveal a low preference for open water was probably due to
the small number of fish studied.
100
TABLE 8
LARGEMOUTH BASS HABITAT PREFERENCE
(occurrence I habitat proportion)
Largemouth Bass # HEAVY LIGHT SAND OPEN EDGE
1 0 1. 2 6.3 0 18.7
2 11. 4 3.7 1587 10.3 124.8
3 24.9 3.7 3.2 4.3 41. 2
4 0 3.7 7 • 9 0 2 8. 1
5 17.2 0 0 0 16.8
6 0 18.4 5.3 8.5 14.9
7 0 3.7 11. l 0 28.1
8 2.3 1.8 11.1 0 67.4
10 0 18.4 31. 6 0 78.6
11 11. 5 3.7 6.3 0 11. 2
12 80.4 36.7 0 0 11. 2
101
TABLE 9
BLUEGILL HABITAT PREFERENCE
(occurrence I habitat proportion)
Bluegill II HEAVY LIGHT SAND OPEN EDGE
1 23 7 17 0 7
3 0 4 13 0 0
4 34 5 2 0 0
5 11 2 8 4 0
6 11 4 2 0 6
7 21 7 6 0 82
8 46 11 0 0 34
9 23 18 3 0 0
-10 34 18 0 0 0
102
TABLE 10
PUMPKINSEED HABITAT PREFERENCE
(occurrence I habitat proportion)
PUMPKINSEED II HEAVY LIGHT SAND OPEN EDGE
2 0 5 1 0 26
3 11 0 3 0 0
4 96 4 21 6 26
5 0 22 11 0 39
6 29 13 0 0 11
PERCH II
1
3
4
5
TABLE 11
YELLOW PERCH HABITAT PREFERENCE
(occurrence I habitat proportion)
HEAVY LIGHT SAND OPEN
29 11 11 0
27 45 17 0
46 33 3 4
0 7 9 0
103
EDGE
22
67
11
0
104
SWIMMING SPEEDS
Swimming speeds were
bass, seven bluegills, six
measured for eight largemouth
pumpkinseeds and three yellow
perch. This study was done to determine swimming speeds in
different habitats.
Swimming speeds were determined by measuring the dis-
tance between two triangulation points. One assumption in
measuring swimming speeds is that the distance between the
two points 1s assumed to be covered by the fish in a contin
uous straight line swim. This assumption is similar to Dia
na's (1980) who measured swimming speeds of Northern Pike
via radio telemetry.
The average swimming speed in the various habitats are
listed for the largemouth bass, the bluegill, the yellow
perch and the pumpkinseed in Tables 12, 13, 14 and 15
respectively. A single factor analysis of variance was per
formed on the four species data to determine if the swimming
speed was similar in all five habitats: H==L•S•O=E. This
null hypothesis was accepted for largemouth bass
(F::al.31,p)O.OS), bluegills (f-2.48,p)O.OS) and yellow perch
(F::al.31, p)0.05). This indicated that the swimming speeds
did not vary as the fish swam thru different habitats. This
also indicated that there is no correlation between habitat
preference of the various species and swimming speed. One
possible reason is that there is a great deal of variability
in swimming speeds. This is exemplified thru the actual
range values· listed in the tables.
105
Also this method may not
be sensitive enough to reveal any subt 1 e changes between
habitats. This could be due to the assumption that the dis
tance covered between locations is a straight line. One may
need to look at the patterns of movements in the various
habitats as this may be more of an indication of how these
fish forage for prey.
The analysis of variance performed on the pumpkinseed
data was rejected, (F=l5.5, p<0.05), indicating that the
s w i mm i ng s p e e d s we re no t s i mi 1 a r i n a 11 ha b i t a t s ; H = L = S =- E •
Open water was eliminated from the analysis as the fish were
never tracked for five minutes solely within this habitat.
The Newman-Keuls multiple range test was then performed on
the data to determine in which habitats the swimming speed
differed. This statistical test provided the following
results: H,..L•S=E. This result was expected as the average
pumpkinseed swimming speed in heavy weeds (5.1 m/minute) is
twice its swimming speed in other habitats. This result
could not be correlated to habitat preference as there was
no significant habitat preference exhibited by the pumpkin
seed.
Body lengths per minute were also determined for the
four species of fish in each habitat. These results (Tables
12, 13, 14 and 15) do not indicate a great deal of differ
ence either between habitats or between species. Again this
method may not be sensitive enough to reveal subtle changes
in various habitats.
TABLE 12
LARGEMOUTH BASS SWIMMING SPEEDS
HEAVY
Bass Ill range
Bass 112 2. 1 range 1.4-2 .4
Bass II 3 2.5 range 1.2-3.9
Bass 114 range
Bass II 5 10. 1 range
Bass 116 range
Bass 117 range
Bass 118 range
Average 4.8
Body Length/ 22.2 minute
(meters I minute)
LIGHT SAND OPEN
4.2 7.. 3 1.9-7.6 4.5-11.7
3.2 3.7 6.3 2.4-3.9 1.3-10.5 2.6-10.9
1.8 2.6 2.2 1 • 4-2. 2 1.7-3.6
1. 2
4.5 3.2
4.6 1. 5 1. 4-1. 5
2.0 1. 6 0.8 1.5-1.7
0.8 2.4 o.5-1.1 2.2-2.5
3.0 2.9 4.3
13.2 12.8 18.8
106
EDGE
6.4
0.9
4.1 3.5-4.6
2.5
2.2
3.2
14.2
107
TABLE 13
BLUEGILL SWIMMING SPEEDS
(meters/minute)
HEAVY LIGHT SAND OPEN EDGE
BLUEGILL Ill 6.3 1. 6 2.5 3.9 range 5.3-7.2 0.6-2.5 .49-5.7 0.5-9.26
BLUEGILL 112 2.9 0.89 range
BLUEGILL 113 3.7 4.9 range 2.7-8.4
BLUEGILL 114 3.4 6.0 3.6 range
BLUEGILL 115 2.7 4.4 range 2.9-5.7
BLUEGILL 116 1.8 3.5 1. 8 range
BLUEGILL 117 1.4 1.0 2.6 1. 4 range .61-2.2 .34-2.0 1.2-4.1 0!45-2.4
-----------------------------------------------------------Average 3.8
Body length/ 22.5 minute
2.4
14.5
3.5 2.6
20.9 15.5
TABLE 14
YELLOW PERCH SWIMMING SPEEDS
PERCH /11 range
PERCH #2 range
PERCH /14 range
Average
HEAVY
1.8
2.4
2. 1
Body length/ 10.1 minute
(meters/minute)
LIGHT
2.7
0.9 .04-1.5
8.8
4.1
19.9
SAND
4.9 3.6-7.3
2.6 2.0-3.4
2.3 1.6-3.1
3.3
15.7
OPEN EDGE
5.0
1.0 .01-2.6
3.0
14.4
108
TABLE 15
PUMPKINSEED SWIMMING SPEEDS
Pumpkinseed Ill
range
Pumpkins eed 112
range
Pumpkinseed 113
range
Pumpkins_eed 114
range
Pumpkinseed 115
range
Pumpkin-
HEAVY
4.5 3.3-5.6
seed 113 5.7 range
Total Average 5.1
Body length/ 33.8 minute
(meters/minute)
LIGHT
2.9 0.7-5.0
0.9
0.7
1.1 0.4-2.8
1.4
9.3
SAND
0.9
2.4
1.2 0.6-1.6
1.0 0. 6-2 • 2
1.4
9.3
OPEN EDGE
4.0 1.8-4.57
0.6 0.5-0.6
2.7
17.9
109
110
ORIENTATION
During the course of the study it was observed that
the four species of fish moved between the heavy weeds and
the shoreline in directions that are almost perpendicular to
these two areas. Because of this observation it was thought
that theses two areas may be utilized by the fish as a means
of orientating itself within its home range. Also we might
be looking at a gross representation of these fishes' forag-
ing patterns.
The direction these fish were heading during each of
five minute intervals was determined. This entailed one
assumption, namely that the direction the fish was heading
was constant within each five minute interval. The percent-
age of directions headed by each fish species within four
compass sectors was determined. These four compass sectors
were divided depending upon the degree of the perpendicular
line that connected the two parallel lines of the shoreline
and the heavy weeds. In the eastern section of the lake
this perpendicular line has a degree heading of o0 - 180°.
Therefore, if these fish utilize the heavy weeds and shore-
line to orientate, the majority of directions the fish would
0 swim whould be within +45 of this perpendicular line. This
revealed the following four compass sectors:
-135°, 1350 -2250 and 2250 -315°.
In the southwest portion of the lake the perpendicular
line that connects the parallel lines of the shoreline and
the heavy weeds had a degree heading of 1350
111
315°.
Therefore, the majority of directions headed by the fish
should be within +450 of this perpendicular line. Thus the
following four compass sectors for the southwest portion of
the lake are: o0 - 90°, 900 - 180°, 1800 - 210° and 210° -
360°.
A heterogeneity chi-square was performed on each spec-
ies data to determine if the data could be pooled. For all
four species the chi-square was accepted; largemouth bass
2 x =17.74, p)0.50, bluegill 2 x =8.10, p)0.90, yellow perch
2 2 x =0.52, p)0.99 and pumpkinseed x =5.09, p)0.50. This indi-
cated that the data for each species could be pooled. A
chi-square was then performed on each species data in both
sections of the lake to determine if all direction headings
were utilized equally.
For largemouth bass located in the eastern section of
the lake the following percentage of directions headed in
h f th f t (315 0 - 450, eac o e our compass sec ors
are as follows: 40%' 9.5%,
37.2%, 13.3% respectively. The chi-square was rejected .,
(x-=62.04, p(0.001), indicating that not all directions were
utilized equally. The actual data reveals that 77.2% of the
directions these fish were heading were within +450 of the
perpendicular line that connects the outer heavy weed beds
and the shoreline.
In the southwest section of the lake the following
percentage of direction headings in the four compass sectors
112 0 . 0
( 0 -· 90 ' 0 0 0 0
180 - 270 and 270 - 360 ) were
16.7%, 31.7%, 12.7% and 38.9% respectively. The chi-square
2 was rejected (x •23.14, p(0.001), again indicating that not
all directions were utilized equally. Again the actual data
reveals that 70.6% of the observed headings were within +450
of the perpendicular line that connects the shoreline and
heavy weed bed.
These results reveal that largemouth bass utilize,
over 70% of the time, direction headings that are within
+450 of the perpendicular line between the shoreline and the
heavy weed beds. Thus these fish seem to utilize these
areas as a means of orientating within the home range.
All bluegills were tracked within the eastern section
of the lake with exception of Bluegill #3 which was excluded
from the analysis. This section of the lake reveals the
following four compass sectors: 3150 - 45°, 450 - 135°, 1350
0 0 0 - 225 and 225 - 315 • The percentage of directions headed
by these fish within each sector respectively is as follows:
36%, 14%, 35% and 15%. The chi-square was rejected
2 (x =23.14, p(0.001) indicating that not all directions were
utilized equally. The actual data indicated that 71% of the
directions that . 0
these fish were heading within within +45
of the line that runs perpendicular to the heavy weeds and
open water.
All yellow perch were tracked within the eastern sec-
tion of the lake. The percent direction the fish were head
ing in the four compass sectors (3150 - 450, 450 - 1350,
135° - 2250 and 2250 - 3150) are as follows:
113
39%, 12%, 39%
and 10% respectively. This chi-square was also rejected
(x2=25.90, p(0.001) indicating that not all directions were
utilized equally. Here the actual data indicated that 78%
of the directions these yellow perch were heading were
0 within +45 of the perpendicular line.
All pumpkinseeds were tracked in the eastern section
of the lake. The direction headings by these fish revealed
the following percentages: 39%, 9%, 37% and 15% respec-
tively. The chi-square was rejected 2 (x =31.07, p(0.001).
This reveals that 76% of the time these fish were moving in
a direction +450 of the perpendicular line that runs between
the shoreline and heavy weed beds.
These results indicate that bluegill, yellow perch and
pumpkinseeds like largemouth bass spend over 70% of the time
moving between the heavy weeds and s ho rel! ne. This ind!-
cates that these species may be utilizing these areas as a
means of orientating themselves within their home range
areas.
114
Discussion
The largemouth bass established home ranges that
ranged in size from 0.18 to 2.07 hectares. These home
ranges were established in the same areas of the lake where
the fish were caught and released. These results are in
agreement with those founded by Lewis and Flickinger (1967)
who demonstrated in 3.4 hectare lake, with mark and recap
ture techniques, that largemouth bass establish home ranges.
A study by Ball (1947) in a 4.0 hectare lake revealed that
the largemouth bass has no tendency to remain in a specific
area. My results along with Winters (1976), who radio
tracked largemouth bass and found the fish to establish home
ranges between 0.33 to 1.4 hectares, do not agree with
Ballw' conclusions. I believe that Balls' results were not
accurate because of his low number of recaptures and the
nature of his technique. Also just because a fish leaves
one area of the lake does not indicate that these fish did
not establish a home range. For example during the course
of the study two Largemouth Bass namely 112 and #12 each
established two home ranges in different areas of the lake.
This indicated that even though these fish left one area of
the lake they still established a home range in the other
area. Hasler and Wisby (1958) found that 68% of tagged
largemouth bass remained in one part of the lake. This
again does not indicate that the other 32% did not establish
home ranges. What it does indicate is that they did not
115
establish a home range in the same area where they were
released. This idea may also explain Balls' findings that
largemouth bass do not remain in one section of the lake.
There are two possible reasons why Largemouth Bass #2
and #12 left their original home range areas. One posssible
explanation is that Largemouth Bass #2's home range and pri
mary home range were partially overlapped with Largemouth
Bass Ill and #3's home range and primary home range during
the same time period. This fish may have left this home
range because of low prey availability due either to exploi
tative competition or limited prey resources.
Largemouth bass were found to establish primary home
ranges within the home range area. These areas ranged,from
0.01 to 1.64 hectares and are the areas where the fish is
primarily found to utilize and reside.
One largemouth bass namely Largemouth Bass #10 was
found to establish two primary home ranges within its home
range area. This again may be a result of limited resources
as the two areas that the fish primarily utilized were areas
where the fish would be more likely to encounter prey items.
The sandy area that separated these two primary utilized
areas was not utilized by the fish and would probably not be
an area with adequate forage.
The linear correlations on the size of the home range
and primary home range areas vs. the number of tracked days
were found to be nonsignificant. This indicated that these
areas are not a function of time. Therefore, a fishes home
116
range or primary home range was never found to increase or
decrease over time, yet the fish were found to leave one
home range area and establish another. This was also
observed in the actual plotting of the data as a fishes home
range was usually established within 4-5 days. Only rarely
was a point revealed after five days that enlarged the home
range. Therefore once this home range was es tab li shed the
fish was found to remain within this area or totally change
its home range for the duration of the study.
The linear correlation between size of the home range
and fish size provided the possibility of obtaining a nega
tive correlation. This result may be due to the 37.6cm
largemouth bass in the study which established a small home
range area of 0 .18 hectares. In general home range sizes
were variable. For example Largemouth Bass #2 established
two home ranges, one that measured 0.80 hectares and a sec
ond that measured 2.07 hectar~s.
One explanation for the variation in home range size
is that the size of the home range may be dependant upon the
availability of food. When prey availability is high the
fish has little need to forage extensively and therefore
utilizes a smaller area. Conversely when prey availability
is low the fish would need to utilize a larger area to for
age. This possibility was observed with Largemouth Bass #10
which established a large home range yet only utilized two
smaller areas of the home range that would yield high prey
availability. This same idea can also explain why Large-
117
mouth Bass #2 and #12 each left one home ranage to establish
another home range in a different part of the lake.
Habitat preference results indicate that largemouth
bass prefer the edge of weed beds over all habitats except
heavy weeds. This was also observed in the figures as a
great deal of largemouth bass home ranges encompass a number
of heavy weed beds and ecot ones. This preference can be
explained as it is in these areas the fish would encounter
preferred prey items such as minnows and darters (Savitz
1982).
Swimming speeds were found to be similar in all five
habitats. The swimming speeds in general we re found to be
highly variable ranging from 1.3 meters per minute to 10.4
meters per minute over sand alone. These results may be due
to the t ec~ niq ue not being sensitive enough to reveal sub
t il e changes in swimming speeds between habitats.
Largmouth bass were also found to utilize the shore
line and heavy weed beds possibly as a means of orientating
themselves within their home range.
Bluegills were found to establish home ranges that
ranged in size from 0.15 to 0.75 hectares. Five of these
fish established their home ranges in the same areas they
were caught and released. The four other fish left the
point of release and established home ranges within two days
from 140 - 713 meters away from the point of release. This
fact plus the point that Bluegill #1 established two home
ranges during the course of the study can indicate that
118
bluegills may establish more than one home range in a single
season. Gunning and Shoop (1963) also found that bluegills
establish home ranges in streams. They believed that these
home ranges were short termed because their number of recap-
t ures decreased over time. These results are in agreement
with our findings. These b 1uegi11 s d id not est ab 1 i sh home
ranges were released yet found other a·reas with adequate
forage. The availability of prey at the original release
point may be low due to predation by other fish as well as
resource depression. For these reasons these fish may
establish home ranges in other areas of the lake and proba
bly establish a number of home ranges in a single season.
The reason I believe that we only had one blueg i 11 that
established more than one home range was due to the trans
mitters having a theoretical life span of only 30 days. I
believe if these fish were tracked longer that they would
establish more than one home range in a single season.
Bluegills were also found to establish primary home
ranges that ranged in size from 0.15 to 0.60 hectares. Four
of these fish were found to establish primary home ranges
that were of the same area as their home range. From linear
correlations correlating size of fish vs size of home range
it was found that the large bluegills utilized smaller areas
than smaller bluegills. This can indicate that the larger
bluegills establish a social dominance over the smaller fish
and thus are able to utilize their primary home range and
seldom forage outside of it. Thus the four larger bluegills
119 that established primary home ranges of the same area as
their home ranges need not establish areas of different
sizes as they are able to utilize a smaller area more effe-
ciently.
Other correlations were found to be nonsignificant.
This included the size of the home range and primary home
range vs. the number of tracked days. This finding was also
substantiated by the raw data as the majority of the home
range was established within 3 to 4 tracking days. Only on
rare occasions would a point occur 5 to 6 days into tracking
that extended the home range.
Habitat preference results for bluegills revealed that
heavy weeds were preferred over open water and edge yet were
preferred equally with light weeds and sand. These prefer-
red habitats specifically heavy weeds and light weeds corre-
spond to the area these fish would encounter preferred prey
items such as chironomids, caddisflies, and amphipods (Sav-
itz 1982).
Swimming speeds were not significantly different in
the five habitats and a wide range of variability in speeds
was observed. Again, the technique may not be sensitive to
reveal subtile changes in speeds as the fish swims through
various habitats.
Bluegills were also found to utilize the shoreline and
heavy weeds possibly as a means of orientating itself within
its home range.
Yellow perch were found to establish home ranges that
ranged in size from 0.54 to 2.20 hectares.
120
These results
are in agreement with those of Ross and Winter (1981) who
demonstrated via radio telemetry in a thermal plume that the
yellow perch established a winter home range averaging 13.4
hectares. Although their study is not comparable to ours,
as they dealt in a larger lake with different temperatures
and with a seasonal difference, we both found that yellow
perch establish home ranges.
Yellow perch were also found to establish primary home
ranges that ranged in size from 0.05 to 0.61 hectares. Two
of these fish, Perch #1 and #4 established two primary home
ranges within each of their home range areas. Again a pro-
posed reason these fish established two primary areas of
utilization is due to low availibility of forage items or
resource depression. Therefore in order to encounter more
prey items these two yellow perch have established two areas
of primary utilization in which they alternately forage in.
All linear correlations were non-significant indicat
ing no relationship between the size of the home range and
primary home. range vs. number of tracked days. This was
also substantiated by the actual data. It was found that
within 3 to 4 days these home ranges were established and
did not increase after this time.
No specific habitat was utilized by these fish as all
areas excluding open water were utilized equally, although
light weeds exhibited the largest number of occurrences
(43.9%). This was not found to be the preferred habitat as
121
light weeds composed 27.2% of the lake. The fall data on
Perch 11·3, indicating the fish extensively utilizing sand,
was also non-significant although this fish moved inshore
duririg this time period.
Swimming speeds were not significangly different in
the five different habitats. In fact, swimming speeds were
found to vary in all habitats from 0.3 meters per minute to
8.8 meters per minute. Although these results are inconclu
sive this is probably due to the small number of perch stud
ied and their almost negligible range is size.
Pumpkinseeds were found to establish home ranges that
ranged in size from 0.23 to 1.2 hectares. In all cases
except one these fish established their home ranges in the
same area they we re caught and released. Pumpkinseed 116
established its home range 85 meters north of the area of
release. This was not considered a highly significant
change of areas.
Shoemaker (1952) revealed results for pumpkinseeds
similar to ours. He found thru mark and recapture techni-
ques in a 90-acre lake, that pumpkinseeds have tendencies to
remain within one section of the lake. In this study we
substantiated this tendency by revealing that pumpkinseed
established defined home range areas.
Pumpkinseed were also found to establish primary home
ranges that ranged in size from 0.11 to 0.36 hectares. Two
of these fish, Pumpkinseed 114 and 115, each established pri
mary home ranges of the same size as their home range.
122
All correlations were found to be nonsignificant.
Correlations between home range and primary home range sizes
versus size of the fish were considered nonsignificant as
the range in size of the four pumpkinseeds was not large
enough to reveal any meaningful analysis. The correlation
between the size of these areas vs. the number of tracked
days was also nonsignificant. The actual data plotting
indicates that within 3 to 4 tracking days the home range
limits were defined.
No significant results were found in determining these
fishes' habitat preference. All five habitats except open
water were utilized equally.
Swimming speeds were not found to be statistically
different in all habitats except heavy weeds. Here it was
found that these fish swims twice as fast through heavy
weeds as in other habitats. This could not be correlated
with habitat preference. These inconclusive results are
probably due to the small number of fish studied and their
similar size.
123
Summary
Largemouth bass, bluegi 11, ye !low perch and pumpkin
seed were found to establish well defined home range and
primary home range areas. Residence time spent in home
ranges was probably in response to food availability.
Largemouth bass and perch may respond to this
bility by utilizing two distinctly separate
prey availa
a reas of the
home range alternately where by increasing their chances of
encountering available prey. Largemouth bass and bluegill
left one area and set up other home ranges in different
areas of the lake possible as a result of low prey availa-
bility in the original home range area. Bluegills are also
thought to establish several home ranges in a single season
in response to low or depressed resources in the area they
were utilizing.
Although the habitat preference for these four species
revealed inconclusive results for perch and pumpkinseed, but
revealed that largemouth bass heavily utilized the edge of
weed beds. It is in this area that these fish would encoun-
ter the largest number of prey items, namely minnows and
darters. Bluegill were found to prefer heavy weeds over
open water and edge but light weeds and sand were not sig
nificantly different from heavy weeds. These weedy areas
contained the benthic prey item utilized by these fish.
Swimming speeds revealed inconclusive results for all
species except pumpkinseeds. Here these fish were found to
124
swim twice as fast through heavy weeds although no correla-
tion could be made between swimming speed and habitat pref-
erence. These inconclusive results were probably due to the
technique not being sensitive enough to reveal
changes in foraging behavior between habitats.
subtle
All four species were found to predominantly move per-
pendicular to the shoreline and heavy weeds. For these rea
sons the fish may utilize these areas as a means of orien
tating themselves within the home range.
LITERATURE CITED
DIANA,J.S., W.C.MACKAY, and M. EHRMAN 1977. Movements and Habitat Preference of Northern Pike (Esox lucius) in Lac Ste. Anne, Alberta. Trans. Am, Fish. Soc., 106(6): 560-565.
DIANA,J.S. 1980. Diel Activity Pattern and Swimming Speeds of Northern Pike (Esox lucius) in Lac St~. Anne, Alberta. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37:1454-1458.
GERKING,S.D. 1953. Evidence for the Concepts of Home Range and Territory in Stream Fishes. Ecology 34:347-365.
1959. The Restricted Movements of Fish Popula-~~~--,-~
tions. Biol. Rev., 34:221-242.
GUNNING,G.E. and L.R.SHOOP. 1963. Occupancy of Home Range for Longear Sunfish, Lepomis megalotis (Rafinesque), and Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, Rafinesque. Animal Behavior. 11:325-330.
HASLER, A.D. and W.J. WISBY 1958. The Return of Displaced Largemouth Bass and Green Sunfish To a "Home" Area. Ecology 39: 289-293.
HOLT, c.s., G.D. GRANT, G.P. PBERSTAR, L.C. OAKES, and D.w. BRADT 1977. Movement of Walleye, Stizostedion vitreum, in Lake Bemidji, Minnesota as Determined by Radio-Biotelemety. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 106(2): 163-169.
HUBERT, W.A. and R.T. LACKEY 1980. Habitat of Adult Smallmouth Bass in a Tennessee River Reservoir. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 109: 364-370
LEWIS, W.M. and S. FLICKINGER 1967. Home Range Tendency of the Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides). Ecology 48:1020-1023.
125
MC NAB, B.K. 1963. Bioenergetics and the Determination of Home Range Size. American Natural-ist. ,97(894): 133-140.
PARKER, R.A. and A.D. HASLER 1959. Movements of Some Displaced Centrarchids. Copeia 1: 11-18.
SAVITZ, J. 1982. Trophic Diversity and Food Partitioning amoung Fishes Associated with Aquatic Macrophyte Patches. Trans. Ill. Acad. Sci. (in press).
ROSS, M.J. and J.D. WINTER 1981. Winter Movements of Four Species Near a Thermal Plume in Northern Minnesota. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 110: 14-18.
ROSS, M.J. and J.H. MCCORMICK 1981. Effects of External Radio Transmitters on Fish. Prog. Fish-Cult. 43(2): 67-72.
WINTER, J.D. 1976. Movements and Behavior of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) and Steelhead (Salmo gairdneri) Determined by Radio Telemetry. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Minnesota. pp:l-195.
126
AF.t>ROVAL SHEET
The thesis submitted by OJ~ a_. ~Ai.L., has been read and approved by the~ following committee:
Dr. J. Savitz, Director Associate Professor, Biology, Loyola
Dr. E. Palincsar Professor, Biology, Loyola
Dr. S. Freedman Assistant Professor, Natural Science, Loyola
The final copies have been examined by the director of the thesis and the signature which appears below verifies the fact that any necessary changes have been incorporated and that the thesis is now given final approval by the Committee with reference to content and form.
The thesis is therefore accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.
127