HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON People, Places, and Change HOLT 1 Section 1:Physical Geography Section...

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON1

People, Places,People, Places,and Changeand Change

HOLTHOLT

Section 1: Physical Geography

Section 2: Greece

Section 3: Italy

Section 4: Spain and Portugal

CHAPTER 18

Southern EuropeSouthern Europe



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Major Landforms of Southern Europe:Major Landforms of Southern Europe: The Iberian Peninsula—where Portugal and Spain are The Iberian Peninsula—where Portugal and Spain are

locatedlocated The Cantabrian and the Pyrenees MountainsThe Cantabrian and the Pyrenees Mountains The Southern Alps and the Apennines—located on The Southern Alps and the Apennines—located on

the Italian peninsulathe Italian peninsula Mediterranean islands—including Sicily, Sardinia, Mediterranean islands—including Sicily, Sardinia,

and Balearic Islandsand Balearic Islands

Section 1 Section 1 Physical GeographyPhysical Geography



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Major Rivers of Southern Europe:Major Rivers of Southern Europe: The Ebro River—The Ebro River—

drains into the Mediterraneandrains into the Mediterranean The Douro, Tagus, and The Douro, Tagus, and

Guadalquivir RiversGuadalquivir Rivers

——flow into the Atlanticflow into the Atlantic The Po River—Italy’s largest riverThe Po River—Italy’s largest river




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Major climate types and Major climate types and resources of Southern Europe:resources of Southern Europe: Primarily warm and sunny climate; highland climate Primarily warm and sunny climate; highland climate

in the Italian Alps; semiarid and cool, humid climates in the Italian Alps; semiarid and cool, humid climates found in areas of Spainfound in areas of Spain

SiroccosSiroccos blow moisture over Italy in spring and blow moisture over Italy in spring and summer.summer.

Southern Europe depends on the sea for trade and the Southern Europe depends on the sea for trade and the fishing industry.fishing industry.




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Major climate types and Major climate types and resources of Southern Europe: resources of Southern Europe: (continued) Iron ore, bauxite, chromium, lead, zinc, and marble Iron ore, bauxite, chromium, lead, zinc, and marble

found in the region.found in the region. Hydroelectricity is created by falling water.Hydroelectricity is created by falling water. Climate and natural beauty support tourism.Climate and natural beauty support tourism.




HOLTHOLTSECTION 1

Physical GeographyPhysical Geography

Shared Characteristics:Shared Characteristics:

The Physical Geography of SOUTHERN EUROPEThe Physical Geography of SOUTHERN EUROPE

1. peninsulas 2. mountains 3. rivers 4. climate 5. resources

Spain and Portugal

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Iberian Peninsula

Cantabrian and Pyrenees

several east-west

some semiarid climates; northern Spain is cool and humid

trade, fishing, iron ore, beaches

Italy

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

shaped like a boot

southern Alps, Apennines

Po and Tiber

sirocco

trade, marble

Greece

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

largest peninsula is Peloponnesus

very mountainous

most rivers are short

warm and sunny

bauxite, chromium, lead, marble, and zinc



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Achievements of the Achievements of the ancient Greeks include:ancient Greeks include: The first known democracy (Athens)The first known democracy (Athens) The invention of theaterThe invention of theater Ancient Greek philosophers, artists, architects, and Ancient Greek philosophers, artists, architects, and

writers made important contributions to Western writers made important contributions to Western civilization.civilization.

Section 2Section 2GreeceGreece



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Two features of Greek culture are:Two features of Greek culture are: Religion—98 percent of Greeks are Eastern Orthodox Religion—98 percent of Greeks are Eastern Orthodox

Christians. Christians. The arts—ancient Greeks produced buildings, The arts—ancient Greeks produced buildings,

sculpture, poetry, plays, pottery, jewelry, and sculpture, poetry, plays, pottery, jewelry, and mosaicsmosaics that were influential throughout Europe. that were influential throughout Europe.




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Greece TodayGreece Today Economy—Greece lags behind other European countries in Economy—Greece lags behind other European countries in

economic developmenteconomic development Agriculture is the main industry, but old methods are used due to Agriculture is the main industry, but old methods are used due to

the mountainous terrain. Tourism and shipping are also key the mountainous terrain. Tourism and shipping are also key industries.industries.

A lack of natural resources limits industry in Greece.A lack of natural resources limits industry in Greece. Economic growth is centered in Athens.Economic growth is centered in Athens. Air pollution damages historical sites and public health in Air pollution damages historical sites and public health in

Athens.Athens.




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HOLTHOLTGreeceGreece 11:06



HOLTHOLTSECTION 2

GreeceGreece

Athens—firstknown democracy city-states

EasternOrthodox

ChristianityByzantine Empire

Ancient Greek Achievements



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Italy’s Early HistoryItaly’s Early History 750 B.C.—Rome established by Latin tribe; Romans 750 B.C.—Rome established by Latin tribe; Romans

gradually conquered the rest of Italy and surrounding gradually conquered the rest of Italy and surrounding lands, establishing the Roman Empire.lands, establishing the Roman Empire.

Roman influences are found in modern language, Roman influences are found in modern language, law, politics, and art.law, politics, and art.

Christianity began in the Roman province of Judaea.Christianity began in the Roman province of Judaea. 1300s—the Renaissance began in Italy1300s—the Renaissance began in Italy

Section 3 Section 3 ItalyItaly



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Italy and the World CultureItaly and the World Culture The Roman Catholic church is based at the Vatican in The Roman Catholic church is based at the Vatican in

Rome.Rome. Artists and scholars from the Italian Renaissance Artists and scholars from the Italian Renaissance

include Leonardo Da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, include Leonardo Da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, Francesco Petrarch, and Christopher Columbus.Francesco Petrarch, and Christopher Columbus.

Italian composers, designers, actors, and filmmakers Italian composers, designers, actors, and filmmakers continue to influence world culture.continue to influence world culture.




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HOLTHOLTBorn: 15 February 1564 Born: 15 February 1564 Birthplace: Pisa, Italy Birthplace: Pisa, Italy Died: 8 January 1642 Died: 8 January 1642 Best Known As: The inventor of the astronomical telescope Best Known As: The inventor of the astronomical telescope Galileo was an Italian scientist whose work in the 17th century helped Galileo was an Italian scientist whose work in the 17th century helped unlock many secrets of astronomy and natural motion. Galileo's unlock many secrets of astronomy and natural motion. Galileo's achievements include: building the first high-powered astronomical achievements include: building the first high-powered astronomical telescope; inventing a horse-powered pump to raise water; showing that telescope; inventing a horse-powered pump to raise water; showing that the velocities of falling bodies are not proportional to their weights; the velocities of falling bodies are not proportional to their weights; describing the true parabolic paths of cannonballs and other projectiles; describing the true parabolic paths of cannonballs and other projectiles; coming up with the ideas behind coming up with the ideas behind Newton'sNewton's laws of motion; and laws of motion; and confirming the confirming the CopernicanCopernican theory of the solar system. Because he theory of the solar system. Because he believed that the planets revolved around the sun, and not the Earth, believed that the planets revolved around the sun, and not the Earth, Galileo was denounced as a heretic by the church in Rome. He faced the Galileo was denounced as a heretic by the church in Rome. He faced the Inquisition and was forced to renounce those beliefs publicly, though later Inquisition and was forced to renounce those beliefs publicly, though later research, of course, proved his theories correct. His works include research, of course, proved his theories correct. His works include Sidereus NunciusSidereus Nuncius ( (The Sidereal MessengerThe Sidereal Messenger, 1610), , 1610), Il saggiatoreIl saggiatore ( (The The AssayerAssayer, 1623), and , 1623), and Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo tolemaico, e copernicanotolemaico, e copernicano ( (Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World SystemsSystems, 1632)., 1632).

The Vatican officially recognized the validity of Galileo's work in 1993...The Vatican officially recognized the validity of Galileo's work in 1993...



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Italy TodayItaly Today Italians are bound by language, the Roman Catholic Italians are bound by language, the Roman Catholic

church, and strong family ties.church, and strong family ties. Grapes are Italy’s most important crop and make Italy Grapes are Italy’s most important crop and make Italy

the world’s largest wine producer.the world’s largest wine producer. Tourism is important to the Italian economy.Tourism is important to the Italian economy. Northern Italy is more industrialized than the south.Northern Italy is more industrialized than the south.




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HOLTHOLTItaly Italy (4:15)(4:15)

Google Earth



HOLTHOLTRenaissanceRenaissance 15:00



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ItalyItaly

• 750 B.C. Rome established

• Roman Empire• Christianity• Renaissance• coalition

governments

• Latin• Roman Catholic

Church• Mediterranean diet• glassware• jewelry• painting• sculpture

History Culture

The History and Culture of ITALYThe History and Culture of ITALY



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Major events in the Major events in the history of Spain and Portugal:history of Spain and Portugal: 1492—King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella conquered 1492—King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella conquered

the last Moorish outpost in Spain, Granada. They also the last Moorish outpost in Spain, Granada. They also sponsored Columbus’s voyage to the Americas.sponsored Columbus’s voyage to the Americas.

1490s—Spain and Portugal establish large empires in 1490s—Spain and Portugal establish large empires in the Americasthe Americas

1588—Philip II invades England but is defeated, and 1588—Philip II invades England but is defeated, and power begins to declinepower begins to decline

Section 4 Section 4 Spain and PortugalSpain and Portugal



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Major events in the Major events in the history of Spain and Portugal: history of Spain and Portugal: (continued) 1936–1939—The Spanish civil war is fought and 1936–1939—The Spanish civil war is fought and

won by General Francisco Franco.won by General Francisco Franco. Today both Spain and Portugal are democracies.Today both Spain and Portugal are democracies.




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The Cultures of Spain and PortugalThe Cultures of Spain and Portugal Castilian is the most widely spoken dialect.Castilian is the most widely spoken dialect. Basque separatists use violence to protest Spanish rule.Basque separatists use violence to protest Spanish rule. Spain and Portugal are strongly Roman Catholic.Spain and Portugal are strongly Roman Catholic. The diet is typical of the Mediterranean region.The diet is typical of the Mediterranean region. Art reflects African influences.Art reflects African influences. Spain and Portugal belong to the European Union.Spain and Portugal belong to the European Union. Tourism, agriculture, clothing, and timber are important Tourism, agriculture, clothing, and timber are important

economic industries.economic industries.




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HOLTHOLTSpain and PortugalSpain and Portugal 3:00



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Myths and LegendsMyths and Legends 20:00



HOLTHOLTSECTION 4

Spain and PortugalSpain and Portugal

• olives and olive oil

• limes • wine • fish• wheat• foods from the

Americas• Roman Catholic

holidays• bullfights

• European Union• agricultural

products: wine, fruit, olive oil, olives, and cork

• clothing• timber products• cars and trucks• tourism

The Culture of SPAIN and PORTUGALThe Culture of SPAIN and PORTUGAL

• porcelain• fado singers• flamenco dancers• Picasso

Food and Festivals TodayThe Arts

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