HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Section 1: Deviance Section 2: Crime 1.

HOLT, RINEHART HOLT, RINEHART ANDAND WINSTON WINSTON

Section 1: DevianceSection 2: Crime

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Define deviance Explain the nature and social

functions of deviance.Compare the theories that have

been proposed to explain deviance.

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Section 1: Deviance


Continuously talking to oneself in public

Drag racing on a public street or highway

Regularly using illegal drugsA man wearing woman’s clothingAttacking another person with a

weapon

What do they all have in common?3


Most people internalize the majority of the norms in their societies, but may not internalize all the norms and so there isn’t total social control

There are always people who break the rules of a society

Behavior that violates significant social norms is called deviance

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Continuously talking to oneself in publicDrag racing on a public street or highwayRegularly using illegal drugsA man wearing woman’s clothingAttacking another person with a weapon

What do they all have in common?They are all examples of deviant

behavior

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Because there are so many norms governing behavior, occasional violations are unavoidable

What is considered deviant varies from society to society… society determines what is deviant Society determines the consequences

for deviant behavior

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1. people are considered deviant for repeat behavior

▪ So if they once get a ticket for driving their car too fast…that is not deviant

▪ If they continue to be caught driving at high speeds and have reputation of a reckless driver, then called a deviant

2. commits an act that has serious negative consequences for society

▪ i.e. rape, murder, sexual assault, robbery

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Labeling deviance has 2 components: to be considered deviant by society, an

individual must first be detected committing a deviant act, behavior is known to others

the individual must be stigmatized by society▪ stigma – mark of social disgrace that sets

the deviant apart from the rest of society▪ Cut/burn marks on person, public punishments, executions, imprisonment, cut direct , spoiled reputation

What is considered deviant varies from society to society and during different time periods

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Emile Durkheim’s The Rules of Sociological Method observed that deviance has some uses in social life.

1. Unifying the Group – serves to draw the line between conforming members of society and “outsiders” – the nonconforming members

2. Clarifying Norms – defines the boundaries of acceptable behavior

3. Diffusing Tension – acts that allow individuals to relieve tension without disrupting the basic fabric of society

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4. Promoting Social Change – can help prompt social change by identifying problem areas

5. Providing Jobs – provides legitimate jobs for a wide range of people

judges, lawyers, police officers, prison personnel, parole officers, crime reporters

criminologists – social scientists who study criminal behavior

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(continued)

HOLT, RINEHART HOLT, RINEHART ANDAND WINSTON WINSTON11

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SECTION 1

Deviance

Perspective Theory Questions

Functionalist How do individuals respond to culturally approved goals and the legitimate means of achieving them? (conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion)

Strain

Conflict What is the result of competition and social inequality? (deviance) Who decides what is deviant? (ruling classes)

Conflict

Interactionist Why do people conform to norms? (The strength of social ties determines conformity.)

Control

How do people learn conformity or deviance? (through socialization, or interaction with others) Where does this learning mainly occur? (primary groups)

Cultural Transmission

How do people become identified as deviant? (through secondary deviance, or being labeled as deviant)

Labeling


FunctionalistTheory

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Structural-Strain Theory– Proposed by Robert K. Merton Theory views deviance is a natural part of society and

as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structures of society▪ American society places high value on certain goals,

not everyone has access to legitimate means to achieve these goals

▪ People are judged on the basis of how well they meet those goals

under the strain of incompatible goals and means, individuals fall victim to anomie▪ anomie – situation that arises when the

norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable, leave individuals without guidelines for behavior and confusion

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Sociologist Robert K. Merton suggest that individuals respond to the culturally approved goals and legitimate means of achieving goals in 5 ways. Conformity Innovation: end up deviant Ritualism: end up deviant Retreatism: end up deviant Rebellion: end up deviant

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Mode of Adaptation

Definition Stand on Cultural Goals

Stand on Cultural Norms

Conformity many accept culturally approved goals and means of achieving these goals

Accept Accept

Innovation accept cultural goals, but do not accept the approved means to reaching these goals, devise new means for achieving goals and then violate accepted norms (become deviants)

Accept Reject

Ritualism find it impossible to achieve cultural goals by acceptable means, they abandon the goals while continuing expected rules of behavior

Reject Accept

Retreatism reject both cultural goals and acceptable means of attaining them, may drop out of society

Reject Reject

Rebellion want to substitute a new set of goals and means for the approved set

Reject and Replace

Reject and Replace


Conflict Theory

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Conflict Theorists – deviance is a result of competition and social inequality, struggle between those who possess power and those who do not people with power commit deviant act

to maintain power people without power to obtain

economic rewards or because of low self-esteem and feelings of powerlessness

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Richard Quinney’s Conflict Theory: ruling class labels threatening behavior as

deviant lower class has limited opportunity, forced into

deviant behavior to protect their power, ruling class establishes

ideologies to explain deviance as a problem among lower class

law enforcement are directed toward the types of crimes committed by lower classes (results in higher arrest rates)

people without power do not necessarily commit more crimes than others, but are the types of crimes that are most likely to be detected and punished

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Interactionists

as either natural in people with weak ties to the community (control theory)

as a learned behavior (cultural transmission theory)

or as a label (labeling theory)20


control theory – natural occurrence, interest in why people conform rather than the causes of deviance▪ social ties determine conformity, high

integration causes conformity▪ communities with strong social bonds

have lower rates of deviance because strong social control over those who deviate

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Travis Hirschi Interactionist Perspective: control theory:▪ people form bonds in 4 ways▪ form attachments with others who accept the norms of society▪ strong belief in the moral codes of society▪ show commitment to traditional societal values and goals▪ fully involved in non-deviant behavior and activities

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Cultural Transmission theory [Interactionist]– based on socialization and sees deviance is a learned behavior Learned through interaction with others who are

engaging in deviant acts the norms and values being transmitted are

deviant, the individual becomes socialized into deviant behavior rather than socially acceptable behavior

cultural transmission views all individuals as conformists▪ difference between deviants and rest of society

is the norms the individual chooses to conform to▪ Deviant chooses to conform to norms that are

not accepted by the larger community 23


differential association – refers to the proportion of associations a person has with deviant versus non-deviant individuals If the majority of a person’s interactions

are with deviant individuals, the person will be socialized into patterns of deviant behavior

Based on Edwin Sutherland, learning of deviant behavior occurs in primary groups and have personal relationships with people who commit crimes

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labeling theory – focuses on how individuals come to be identified as deviant, rather than why people perform deviant acts▪ all people commit deviant acts yet not everyone is labeled as deviant

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Lemert and Becker: deviance has 2 types: primary and secondary▪ primary deviance – nonconformity that goes

undetected by those in authority, occasional acts and well concealed acts, do not consider themselves deviant and neither does society

▪ secondary deviance – results in the individual being labeled as deviant and accepting the label as true▪ degradation ceremony – public setting, individual is denounced, found guilty, or given new identity of a deviant, people are judged in light of their new label, becomes master status, restricts options in society, self-fulfilling prophecy

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Identify the principal types of crime in the United States.

Explain the characteristics of the American criminal-justice system.

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Section 2: Crime


crime – any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the government

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Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) published annually by the FBI chart page 187

limits on statistics: not all complaints make it to official stats of

formal reports not all crime reported (family or friends) only file formal reports on serious crime officer is influenced to file a formal report

based on attitude of individual making the complaint

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1. Violent Crime – includes murder, robbery; most victims are African Americans; small percent of all crimes committed▪ Robbery- larceny from the person or presence of another by violence or

threat.2. Crime Against Property – stealing or damaging

other’s property; includes burglary, larceny (theft other than auto), vehicle theft, arson; more common than violent crimes (1 every 3 seconds)▪ Burglary- the act of breaking and entering a dwelling at night to

commit a felony▪ Larceny- the unlawful taking and removal of another person's property.

3. Victimless Crime – includes prostitution, gambling, illegal drug use; offender is the only victim

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4. White Collar Crime – committed by high-status individuals in the course of their professions (politicians, corporate employees); includes fraud, tax evasion, embezzlement; estimate costs of $300 billion

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(continued)

Bernie Madoff


5. Organized Crime – the pursuit of crime as a big business, use legitimate business as a front for criminal activities crime syndicate – large-scale organization

of professional criminals that controls some vice or business through violence or the threat of violence

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SECTION 2

Question:What are some characteristics of the American criminal-justice system?

Crime

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SECTION 2

Crime

AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM

Police

have the most control over who is arrested for crimes; use police discretion, which has raised the controversial issue of racial profiling

Courts

determines the accused’s guilt or innocence in a court trial and then assigns a punishment; actually settles 90 percent of cases through plea bargaining

Correctionsincludes probation, imprisonment, parole; serves four functions—retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and social protection

Juvenile-Justice System

applies to offenders younger than 18; guarantees juvenile defendants the same legal rights and privileges as adults; often provides more services

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SECTION 2

Crime


Police


Police – have most immediate control over who is arrested for a criminal act police discretion – police have the power to decide

who is actually arrested▪ size of population, number of criminal offenses,

and number of police officers make discretion necessary

▪ factors that influence police discretion: seriousness of offense, wishes of the victim, attitude of suspect, presence of bystanders, race▪ racial profiling - practice of assuming that nonwhite Americans are more likely to commit crime than white Americans

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SECTION 2

Crime


Courts


Courts – determine the guilt or innocence of an accused person by means of a trial and assigns some form of punishment if there is a guilty finding 90% of all case are settled through plea

bargaining▪ plea bargaining – process of legal negotiation

that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentences▪ allows courts to reduce volume of caseloads with avoiding expensive and time-consuming trials

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SECTION 2

Crime


Corrections


Corrections – sanctions (prison, parole, probation) used to punish those found guilty of crimes sanctions serve 4 functions▪ retribution: act of revenge for victim and

society▪ deterrence: discourage offenders from

committing future crimes▪ rehabilitation: reform criminals so they can

return to society as law-abiding citizens▪ social protection: prevent additional crimes

recidivism – term for repeated criminal behaviors, 62% of released prisoners will be charged with new crimes, 41% will return to prison within 3 years

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SECTION 2

Crime


Juvenile-Justice System


Juvenile-Justice System – used to punish offenders younger than age 18, developed in the 1960s courts must now guarantee

juveniles same legal rights and privileges as adult defendants

try to provide more services can be tried as adults for serious

offenses45

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Section 1: Deviance Section 2: Crime 1.

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