Hocking - Leaders in Eddy Current Ndt

Hocking - leaders in eddy current ndt

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Eddy Current Theory - Introduction

ScopeThis document is only intended as a brief familiarisation course It is not intended as a complete theoretical course in eddy current non-destructive testing and a number of aspects are intentionally simplified The bibliography at the end of the document details several appropriate reference books which should be consulted if a more complete understanding is required

Historical perspectiveEddy current testing has its origins with Michael Faradays discovery of electromagnetic induction in 1831 In 1879 Hughes recorded changes in the properties of a coil when placed in contact with metals of different conductivity and permeability but it was not until the Second World War that these effects were put to practical use for testing materials Much work was done in the 1950rsquos and 60rsquos particularly in the aircraft and nuclear industries and eddy current testing is now an accurate widely used and well-understood inspection technique

Basic electrical principles Basic eddy current testing Typical instrumentation Applications Bibliography Eddy Current Applications NEW Papers on The Eddy Current Inspection Method

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Copyright 2003 copy eddy current ndt - Hocking

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Eddy Current Theory Principles - Hocking NDT leaders in eddy current ndt

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Eddy Current Theory - Principles

Current flow in DC circuitsWhen a voltage is applied to a circuit containing only resistive elements current flows according to ohms law

I = VR or V = IR

If a circuit consists of more than one element the overall voltages resistance and capacitance can be calculated by simple algebra for example with two resistors in series

Current (I) must be the same for both resistors so

V1 =IR1 V2=IR2

Vtot = V1+V2 = IR1+ R2 = I (R1+R2) = IRtot

so Rtot = R1+ R2

Electromagnetic inductionIn 1824 Oersted discovered that current passing though a coil created a magnetic field capable of shifting a compass needle Seven years later Faraday and Henry discovered the opposite that a moving magnetic field would induce a voltage in an electrical conductor

The two effects can be shown in a simple transformer connected to a DC supply as below

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The meter needle will deflect one way when current is applied then back the other way when it is removed A voltage is only induced when the magnetic field is changing

Such a voltage is also induced in the first winding and will tend to oppose the change in the applied voltage

The induced voltage is proportional to the rate of change of current

A property of the coil called inductance (L) is defined such that

If an AC current flows through an inductor the voltage across the inductor will be at maximum when the rate of change of current is greatest For a sinusoidal wave form this is at the point where the actual current is zero



Thus the voltage applied to an inductor reaches its maximum value a quarter-cycle before the current does - the voltage is said to lead the current by 90 degrees

The value of the voltage and current can be calculated from the formula

V = IXL

where XL is the inductive reactance defined by the formula

XL = 2 pi f L

where f is the frequency in Hz

Current flow in AC circuits - impedance

As we saw above for series DC circuits calculation of total resistance is simply a matter of adding the individual resistance values

For an AC circuit it is not so simple but the same basic principles apply the current though both elements must be the same and at any instant the total voltage across the circuit is the sum of the values across the elements However the maximum voltage across the resistance coincides with zero voltage across the inductor and vice versa



We can represent this graphically using a vector diagram

The impedance of the circuit is therefore given by the formula

and the phase angle between voltage and current is given by



Introduction Basic eddy current testing Typical instrumentation Applications Bibliography NEW Papers on The Eddy Current Inspection Method Eddy Current Applications





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Eddy Current Theory - Testing

Simple coil above a metal surfaceWhen an AC current flows in a coil in close proximity to a conducting surface the magnetic field of the coil will induce circulating (eddy) currents in that surface The magnitude and phase of the eddy currents will affect the loading on the coil and thus its impedance

As an example assume that there is a deep crack in the surface immediately underneath the coil

This will interrupt or reduce the eddy current flow thus decreasing the loading on the coil and increasing its effective impedance

This is the basis of eddy current testing by monitoring the voltage across the coil in such an arrangement we can detect changes in the material of interest

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Note that cracks must interrupt the surface eddy current flow to be detected Cracks lying parallel to the current path will not cause any significant interruption and may not be detected

Factors affecting eddy current responseA number of factors apart from flaws will affect the eddy current response from a probe Successful assessment of flaws or any of these factors relies on holding the others constant or somehow eliminating their effect on the results It is this elimination of undesired response that forms the basis of much of the technology of eddy current inspection The main factors are

Material conductivity The conductivity of a material has a very direct effect on the eddy current flow the greater the conductivity of a material the greater the flow of eddy currents on the



surface Conductivity is often measured by an eddy current technique and inferences can then be drawn about the different factors affecting conductivity such as material composition heat treatment work hardening etc

PermeabilityThis may be described as the ease with which a material can be magnetised For non-ferrous metals such as copper brass aluminium etc and for austenitic stainless steels the permeability is the same as that of lsquofree spacersquo ie the relative permeability (mr) is one For ferrous metals however the value of mr may be several hundred and this has a very significant influence on the eddy current response in addition it is not uncommon for the permeability to vary greatly within a metal part due to localised stresses heating effects etc

FrequencyAs we will discuss eddy current response is greatly affected by the test frequency chosen fortunately this is one property we can control

GeometryIn a real part for example one which is not flat or of infinite size geometrical features such as curvature edges grooves etc will exist and will effect the eddy current response Test techniques must recognise this for example in testing an edge for cracks the probe will normally be moved along parallel to the edge so that small changes may be easily seen Where the material thickness is less than the effective depth of penetration (see below) this will also effect the eddy current response

Proximity Lift-offThe closer a probe coil is to the surface the greater will be the effect on that coil This has two main effects

The lift-off signal as the probe is moved on and off the surface A reduction in sensitivity as the coil to product spacing increases

Depth of penetrationThe eddy current density and thus the strength of the response from a flaw is greatest on the surface of the metal being tested and declines with depth It is mathematically convenient

to define the standard depth of penetration where the eddy current is 1e (37) of its surface value



The standard depth of penetration in mm is given by the formula

where r is resistivity in mWcm and f is frequency in Hz

From this it can be seen that depth of penetration

Decreases with an increase in frequency Decreases with an increase in conductivity Decreases with an increase in permeability ndash this can be very significant ndash

penetration into ferrous materials at practical frequencies is very small



The graph above shows the effect of frequency on standard depth of penetration

It is also common to talk about the effective depth of penetration usually defined as three times the standard depth where eddy current density has fallen to around 3 of its surface value This is the depth at which there is considered to be no influence on the eddy current field

The impedance planeEddy current responses of a single coil may be conveniently described by reference to the impedance plane This is a graphical representation of the complex probe impedance where the abscissa (X value) represents the resistance and the ordinate (Y value) represents the inductive reactance



Note that while the general form of the impedance plane remains the same the details are unique for a particular probe and frequency

The display of a typical CRT eddy current instrument represents a lsquowindowrsquo into the impedance plane which can be rotated and zoomed to suit the needs of the application

For example in the above impedance plane diagram a rotated detail of the probe on aluminium area would appear as below



This shows the display when moving over a series of simulated cracks of varying depths Note that in the example shown both the amplitude and the phase of response from the different sized cracks varies

Coil configurationsAppropriate coil selection is the most important part of solving an eddy current application no instrument can achieve much if it doesnrsquot get the right signals from the probe

Coil designs can be split into three main groups

1 Surface probes used mostly with the probe axis normal to the surface in addition to the basic lsquopancakersquo coil this includes pencil probes and special-purpose surface probes such as those used inside a fastener hole

2 Encircling coils are normally used for in-line inspection of round products The product to be tested is inserted though a circular coil

3 ID probes are normally used for in-service inspection of heat exchangers The probe is inserted into the tube Normally ID probes are wound with the coil axis along the centre of the tube

These categories are not exhaustive and there are obviously overlaps for example between non-circumferential wound ID probes and internal surface probes

To this point we have only discussed eddy current probes consisting of a single coil These are commonly used in many applications and are commonly known as absolute probes because they give an lsquoabsolutersquo value of the condition at the test point

Absolute probes are very good for metal sorting and detection of cracks in many situations however they are sensitive also to material variations temperature changes etc

Another commonly used probe type is the lsquodifferentialrsquo probe this has two sensing elements looking at different areas of the material being tested The instrument responds to the difference between the eddy current conditions at the two points



Differential probes are particularly good for detection of small defects and are relatively unaffected by lift-off (although the sensitivity is reduced in just the same way) temperature changes and (assuming the instrument circuitry operates in a balanced configuration) external interference

The diagram shows a typical response from a differential probe

Note the characteristic figure of eight response as first one probe element then the other move over the defect In general the closer the element spacing the wider the loop in the signal

Lift-off should be cancelled out assuming that the probe is perfectly balanced but there will still be a wobble response as the probe is moved and tilted slightly

Reflection or driver pick-up probes have a primary winding driven from the oscillator and one or more sensor windings connected to the measurement circuit Depending on the configuration of the sensor windings reflection probes may give response equivalent to either an absolute or differential probe

Main advantages of reflection probes are

Driver and pick-up coils can be separately optimised for their intended purpose Wider frequency range than equivalent bridge connected probes The larger driver coil gives a more even field resulting in better penetration and

lift-off characteristics



Typical coil connections

Bridge

The two coils (differential or absolute plus balancing coil) form the lsquolegsrsquo of a bridge When the bridge is balanced the measured voltage will be zero Any change in the condition of either coil will result in an unbalanced bridge the degree of imbalance corresponds to the change in coil impedance

Driver pick-up

As can be seen the essential elements are the same for a driver pick-up configuration as for a bridge the necessary changes can be achieved by simple switching or probe connection changes

Practical testingAny practical Eddy current test will require the following

A suitable probe An instrument with the necessary capabilities A good idea of size location and type of the flaws it is desired to find



A suitable test standard to set up the equipment and verify correct operation A procedure or acceptreject criteria based on the above The necessary operator expertise to understand and interpret the results

Introduction Basic electrical principles Typical instrumentation Applications Bibliography NEW Papers on The Eddy Current Inspection Method Eddy Current Applications





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Eddy Current Theory - Instrumentation

There are a number of basic groups of eddy current instrumentation

Special purpose equipmentCoating thickness meters conductivity meters (eg AutoSigma 3000) Generally designed to give a digital readout without demanding interpretation of an indication

Crack detectorsFairly simple equipment generally operates at a restricted number of frequencies typically several hundred kHz meter or bar-graph display Suitable for surface crack detection and simple sorting applications only eg Locator and QuickCheck

These normally have some means of compensating for lift-off (eg phase rotation andor fine frequency adjustment) so that only crack-like indications give a reading on the meter or bargraph An alarm threshold is usually included

Portable impedance plane eddy current flaw detectorsGive a real impedance plane display on a CRT or other electronic display (LCD Electroluminescent etc) Generally have fairly extensive capabilities wide frequency ranges from around a hundred hertz to several megahertz extensive alarm facilities general purpose units may have rate filtering (see below) some instruments may be capable of multifrequency operation allowing combination of results at two or more test frequencies in order to reduce or eliminate specific interfering effects eg Phasec 2200 and Phasec D62

Systems eddy current unitsIntended for factory operation often in automatic or semi-automatic inspection machines Generally similar operation to impedance plane portables but usually have extensive input and output facilities such as relays and photocell inputs May be custom built for a specific purpose in which case features not needed for the intended application are often omitted eg Phasec D62 system

MeterCRT instrumentsTypical examples (simplified)

Hocking Locator UH

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Typical applicationSurface crack detection in aircraft parts using absolute probe

Controls

Meter display indicates lsquocrack severityrsquo - imbalance from zero pointZero - balance internal circuitryZero Offset - shift zero point useful for sortingmaterial verification applicationsTrain - zero and set lift-off compensation circuitryFrequency - choice of three operating frequencies500kHz for Aluminium and carbon steel 2 MHz for small cracks in Al + Stainless amp carbon steels 6 MHz for low conductivity Alloys Titanium etcMetal type - optimises lift-off compensation circuitry and adjusts sensitivity to match response curves from particular metalsAlarm Level - sets meter indication at which the alarm will lightsound

Phasec 2200



Typical applicationsSurface crack detection weld inspection bolthole inspection with rotating probe drive metal sorting tube inspection etc

ControlsOn Help Record Freeze Automatic Processing Clear Zoom Display Execute and Balance

Menu commands forSophisticated menu structure for adjusting all parameters relating to an inspection

Operating frequencySelection of operating frequency is the primary eddy current test parameter under operator control Frequency selection affects both the relative strength of response from different flaws and the phase relationship Thus selection of operating frequency is very important in obtaining good resolution of flaw signals in the presence of other variables which may affect the test

Introduction Basic electrical principles Basic eddy current testing Applications Bibliography Eddy Current Applications NEW Papers on The Eddy Current Inspection Method







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Eddy Current Theory - Applications

Surface crack detectionNormally carried out with pencil probes or lsquopancakersquo type probes on ferrous or non-ferrous metals Frequencies from 100kHz to a few MHz are commonly used Depending on surface condition it is usually possible to find cracks as small as 01 mm deep

Differential probes are sometimes used particularly in automated applications but care must be taken to ensure that the orientation of flaws is correct for detection Typical instruments used would be the Phasec 2200 and Phasec D62

Non-ferrous metal sortingThis is essentially conductivity testing and for dedicated applications a conductivity meter may be a better choice From the impedance plane diagram it will be seen that the indication from a conductivity change is essentially the same as from a crack and both meter and impedance plane type crack detectors can be successfully used to sort similar metals using a suitable absolute probe The Hocking AutoSigma 3000 is an instrument that gives a direct reading of conductivity for non-ferrous metals It should be remembered that widely different metals may be a similar conductivity and that the allowable values for similar alloys may overlap so conductivity measurement should only be used as an indication that a metal is of correct composition or heat-treatment

Sub-surface crackcorrosion detectionPrimarily used in airframe inspection By using a low frequency and a suitable probe eddy currents can penetrate aluminium or similar structures to a depth of 10mm or so allowing the detection of second and third layer cracking which is invisible from the surface or thinning of any of the different layers making up the structure Typical instrument used would be the Phasec 2200

Heat exchanger tube testingHeat exchangers used for petrochemical or power generation applications may have many thousands of tubes each up to 20m long Using a differential ID lsquobobbinrsquo probe these tubes can be tested at high speed (up to 1 ms with computerised data analysis) and by using phase analysis defects such as pitting can be assessed to an accuracy of about 5 of tube wall thickness This allows accurate estimation of the remaining life of the tube allowing operators to decide on appropriate action such as tube plugging tube replacement or replacement of the complete heat exchanger

The operating frequency is determined by the tube material and wall thickness ranging from a few kHz for thick-walled copper tube up to around 600kHz for thin-walled titanium Tubes up to around 50mm diameter are commonly inspected with this technique Inspection of ferrous or magnetic stainless steel tubes is not possible using standard eddy current inspection equipment

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Dual or multiple frequency inspections are commonly used for tubing inspection in particular for suppression of unwanted responses due to tube support plates By subtracting the result of a lower frequency test (which gives a proportionately greater response from the support) a mixed signal is produced showing little or no support plate indication thus allowing the assessment of small defects in this area Typical instruments used would be the Phasec D62

In-line inspection of Steel tubingAlmost all high quality steel tubing is eddy current inspected using encircling coils When the tube is made of a magnetic material there are two main problems

Because of the high permeability there is little or no penetration of the eddy current field into the tube at practical test frequenciesVariations in permeability (from many causes) cause eddy current responses which are orders of magnitude greater than those from defects

These problems may be overcome by magnetically saturating the tube using a strong DC field This reduces the effective permeability to a low value allowing effective testing

Tubes up to around 170mm diameter are commonly tested using magnetic saturation and encircling coils

When tubes are welded this is usually where the problems occur and so welded tubes are commonly tested in-line using sector coils which only test the weld zone Typical instruments used would be the Phasec D62 system or QuickCheck

Ferrous weld inspectionThe geometry and heat-induced material variations around welds in steel would normally prevent inspection with a conventional eddy current probe however a special purpose WeldScan probe has been developed which allows inspection of welded steel structures for fatigue-induced cracking The technique is particularly useful as it may be used in adverse conditions or even underwater and will operate through paint and other corrosion-prevention coatings Cracks around 1mm deep and 6mm long can be found in typical welds Typical instrument used would be the MiniPhasec

Instrument set-upWhile the precise details of setting up an instrument will vary depending on the type and application the general procedure is usually the same once the application has been tried the required values for many test parameters will be known at least approximately

1 Connect up the appropriate probe and set any instrument configuration parameters (mode of operation display type etc)

2 Set the frequency as required for the test3 Set gain to an intermediate value 4 Move the probe onover the calibration test piece and set phase rotation as

desired (eg lift-off or wobble horizontal on a phase plane display)5 Move over the defects and adjust gain (and horizontalvertical gain ratio if fitted)

to obtain the desired trace sizemeter indication It may be necessary to re-balance after changing gain



6 Further optimise phase rotation as required7 Use filters etc to further optimise signal to noise ratio8 Set alarms etc as required9 Run over the calibration test piece again and verify that all flaws are clearly

detected 10 Perform the test verifying correct operation at regular intervals using the

calibration test piece

Rate filteringMost eddy current tests involve movement Therefore the indications obtained will vary with time in a way which is fairly consistent (assuming the movement is regular) and which can be interpreted in terms of the speed of probe movement over various discontinuities

For example if an absolute probe with diameter 2mm moves over a narrow crack at a speed of 1 ms the resulting indication will last for approximately 2 milliseconds If the material composition or thickness is also varying gradually over a distance of say 50cm the indication from this will change much more slowly Therefore a high-pass filter set to a frequency around 100Hz or so will pass the rapidly changing signal from the defect but not the slower indication from the material changes The Phasec D62system has a comprehensive set of filters

Example of eddy current applications Introduction Basic electrical principles Basic eddy current testing Typical instrumentation Eddy Current Applications Bibliography NEW Papers on The Eddy Current Inspection Method






Coating thickness measurement with eddy current NDT - Hocking NDT leaders in eddy current NDT

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Coating Thickness Measurement

Coating thickness measurement is carried out for two main reasons

1 Quality Control - determining how thick a protective coating is 2 Influence on an eddy current test - different coating thicknesses can cause a

change in the sensitivity or the frequency needed for the inspection

Eddy currents are capable of determining coating thickness on non conductive coatings on a conductive base material

It is also possible to determine the coating thickness of non-magnetic metallic coatings on metallic bases providing there is a difference in material properties (conductivity and magnetic permeability)

Eddy Current ProbesMost eddy current probes can be used for coating thickness measurement however in practice it is important that the probe mechanically stable For this reason it is recommended that flat faced or sprung probes typically used in material sorting are used

Sprung probeeg 806P1

Flat faced probeeg 720P1F4

Flat faced probeeg 700P11A

Suitable InstrumentsSome Hocking instruments have non-conductive coating thickness measurement built in using a conductivity probe These are

Locator 2s Phasec 2s Phasec 2d Phasec 2200 Phasec D62 amp Phasec D62s

Other InformationEddy Current ApplicationsHocking probesHocking instrumentsHocking full probe catalogue

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Dynamic automated inspections with eddy currents - Hocking NDT leaders in eddy current NDT

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Dynamic Automated Inspection

Eddy current NDT is highly suited to high speed dynamic inspection becuase

it has high surface inspection speeds (up to 5m per sec) there is no need for a couplant (so there is minimal surface preperation) the probe can scan with a gap between itself and the test surface This is most

conveniently applied to conponents that are rotationally symmetrical such as tapered bearings gudgeon pins ball pins axels wheel hubs and so on

Eddy Current ProbesProbes for dynamic automated inspection are generally differentiated This means that the probes contain two or more coils which are electrically arranged to be in opposition to each other This arrangement minimises effects which act on both coils simultaneously (eg material variations temperature)

Other InformationEddy Current ApplicationsTube inspectionHocking probesHocking instrumentsHocking full probe catalogue



httpwwwhockingcomapplicationsdynamic_automateddynamic_automatedhtm13062005 142022

Crack Detection eddy current crack detection - Hocking NDT leaders in eddy current NDT

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Eddy Current Crack Detection

Surface InspectionEddy Current NDT is widely used for the detection of surface breaking defects in ferrous and non ferrous metals

A high-frequency probe bing scanned across a calibration block

Impedance plane analysis and display of the results of scanning block

Sub-Surface InspectionBy using low frequencies on non ferrous metals eddy currents can be used to inspect for sub-surface defects on materials such as aluminium stainless steel titanium and so on

Defects typically detected by this method include sub-surface corrosion and cracks

Surface Inspection Probes (high frequency)Due to the extremely small size of the probe core they are able to inspect aras of poor accessibility Probes can easily be designed to fit your specific application See the Special Design Checklist for more infomation

The frequency is chosen to give a good phase seperation between the lift off signal and the defect indication In practise this means that generally good results can be achieved on

Aluminium with a 2 MHz probe Titanium with a 6 MHz probe and Ferrous materials with a 100 - 200 Hz probe

Shielded surface probe Unshielded surface probe

Sub-Surface Inspection Probes (low frequency)The frequency of the test and the probe size determine the depth of the test with lower

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frequency larger diameter probes giving a deeper test

Examples of sub-surface inspection probes

Suitable InstrumentationLocator 2s Phasec 2s Phasec 2d Phasec 2200 Phasec D62 Phasec D62s QuickCheck





Fastener inspection using eddy current NDT - Hocking NDT leaders in eddy current NDT

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Fastener Inspection

Eddy Current NDT can be used to detect defects around fastener holes with the fastener still in place Inspections are applicable to all types of fasteners including screws bolts rivits and so on

Eddy Current ProbesA range of probes are available for the inspection of fasteners

Ring or Doughnut Probe - most simple form of probe available Sliding Probe (TransmitReceive Probe) - a more rapid form of inspection Hocking FastScan Probe - provides a dual frequency solution

Please see the table below for a comparison of the different types of probes

Ease of usesetup

Speed of inspection

Sensitive to defects in all directions

Sensitivity of inspection

Ring Probe Excellent Good Excellent Average

Sliding Probe Good Excellent Average Excellent

FastScan Average Average Excellent Excellent

RingDoughnut Probe Sliding Probe FastScan Probe

Suitable InstrumentsPhasec 2d

Application NotesPlease contact us to receive an application note

AN9436 - FastScan Inspection of Fasteners for Sub-Surface Flaws

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hole inspection eddy current applications - Hocking NDT leaders in eddy current NDT

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Hole Inspection

The inspection of holes in metals is often essential as the stresses around them are twice as high as in the rest of the material causing fatigue cracks to grow

Eddy Current ProbesEddy current probes provide an ideal solution as they can go into extremely small holes They can be made to measure to fit any diameter - the smallest currently has a 16mm diameter

Manual Hole Inspection Probes

Rigid - suitable for where there is no problems with access Flexible - suitable for areas of poor access as the probe shaft can bend around

problematic geometry

Rigid Manual Probe Flexible Manual Probe

Dynamic Rotary Hole Inspection ProbesThese are most suited where there are a large quantity of holes to inspect rapidly and with high levels of accuracy

Set diameter - suitable for applications where the hole diameter is known in advance These probes are extremely robust

Flexible diameter - a split tip is provided for inspections where hole sizes vary or are not known in advance

Set Diameter Rotary Probe Flexible Diameter Rotary Probe

Hocking Probe DriveThe MiniDrive has been specially designed for dynamic rotary hole inspections It makes the inspection of fastener holes even in confined spaces simple and accurate and can help test the largest number of holes in the shortest amount of time

See MiniDrive data sheet

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MiniDrive with Set Diameter Probe MiniDrive with Flexible Diameter Probe

Suitable InstrumentationPhasec 2s Phasec 2d





Material sorting amp conductivity measurement - Hocking NDT leaders in eddy current NDT

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Material Sorting Conductivity Measurement

Electrical conductivity of a material is a measure of the ease with which electrons will flow within it A material having a high conductivity eg copper will permit eddy currents to flow more than a material having a low conductivity eg lead or non-metals

Conductivity changes in materials can be caused by variations in

Heat treatment Chemical Composition Temperature

Eddy currents can be used to measure conductivity for the purpose of metal sorting or defining areas of heat damage Eddy current instruments designed for measuring conductivity are usually calibrated in Percentage International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS) This is a standard whereby pure copper is said to be 100 IACS all other conductivities being compared with it

Non Ferrous Materials Conductivity probes may be used for sorting non-ferrous materials The main advantage of using conductivity probes is that a quantitative measure of conductivity is given The probes are used for the following purposes

Alloy identification and verification Verification of heat treatment during manufacture and to detect in-service heat

damage Detection of changes in material grade Metal sorting Determine the density of powder metal parts

Ferrous MaterialsBecause of the ferrous materials magnetic permeability it is not posssible to get a quantitative measure of conductivity so a comparative method must be used to sort between good and bad samples

Suitable InstrumentationAutoSigma 3000 - dedicated conductivity measurement instrumentPhasec 2200 Phasec D62 Phasec 2s Phasec 2d - crack amp corrosion detection instruments with conductivity measurement capability

Other Areas of InterestSee conductivity of common materialsSee conductivity reference blocksSee conductivity correction for curved surfaces

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Application NotesPlease contact us if you would like to receive one of the application notes listed below

AN0112 ndash Detecting heat damage in aerospace alloysAN0109 ndash Conductivity measurement with AutoSigma 3000AN9603 ndash Conductivity correction for curved surfaces




Eddy current rail inspection - Hocking NDT leaders in eddy current NDT

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Eddy Current Rail Inspection

The Inspection ProblemThe early detection of conditions in rail that may lead to a break is now a critical activity in the maintenance of rail worldwide Understanding of these mechanisms is constantly improving and the evolution of a range of complementary NDT techniques now means that the engineer has a better choice than ever of tools for the task

In addition to the maintenance of the rail there is a growing requirement for inspection techniques on the rolling stock itself The rapid inspection of axels wheels and bogies is essential for the safe operation of the rail network

This document aims to give you a brief overview of the different NDT inspection methods currently used on railways around the world Eddy Current NDT will be introduced as a new method of complementing these inspections along with why and where this inspection method is needed to ensure rail integrity

NDT Inspection SolutionsType of Cracking amp Where it OccursInspection of Rail HeadsInspection of Switch BladesWideScan Probe - the Eddy Current SolutionInspection of Welded AreasInspection of Bolt HolesInspecting the Rail FootSummaryTypical Rail Inspection Kit



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Rail inspection type of cracking amp where it occurs - Hocking NDT Ltd leaders in eddy current NDT

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Type of Cracking amp Where it Occurs

A number of main areas have been identified where cracking occurs)

Rail Heads Switch Blades Bolt Holes Foot of the Rail Thermite Welds

Eddy Current Weld InspectionNDT Inspection SolutionsInspection of Rail HeadsInspection of Switch BladesWideScan Probe - the Eddy Current SolutionInspection of Welded AreasInspection of Bolt HolesInspecting the Rail FootSummaryTypical Rail Inspection Kit



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Inspection of rail heads - Hocking NDT leaders in eddy current NDT

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Inspection of Rail Heads

Contact StressesCracking can be found in the head of all types of track but is predominantly found on highly canted curves where stresses develop due to the extra pressure and wear of the wheel on the rail (see Figure 3)

Figure 3 ndash Contact Stresses on Tight Curved Track

Water amp LubricantsWater from rain snow or dew can become trapped in defects in the rail along with oil and diesel When a wheel runs over a track with entrapped fluid in a crack a very high localised press at the crack tip will cause the crack to grow (see Figure 4)

Figure 4 ndash Trapped Fluids Causing Cracking to Worsen

As the wheel approaches the crack the mouth opens up to draw water in Then as the wheel passes over the crack it closes up the entrance of the crack mouth trapping water inside so that the crack tip stays open allowing further growth

Tongue Lipping

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Tongue lipping develops because surface-breaking cracks are already present on the rail Stresses caused by trains passing over the rail cause the crack to develop into a tongue which will continue to grow (see Figure 5)

Figure 5 ndash Tongue Lipping Developing from Existing Cracks

Ultrasonic inspections cannot reliably detect the cracks that cause tongue lipping due to their shape size and angle However eddy currents can This means that the cracking that causes tongue lipping can be identified early enough for preventative action to be taken

Companies such as Railtrack in the UK carry out grinding on all their tracks to try and pre-empt the problem of tongue lipping However this raises a number of important questions all of which eddy current inspection can answer

i When should the grinding take placeRegular eddy current inspections will identify when grinding will need to take place Without inspecting the track first expensive and time consuming grinding could be carried out for no reason

ii How often should it take placeCurrently many tracks are ground according to a schedule However this doesnrsquot take into consideration factors that may cause more or less cracking to develop than is usual Eg environmental conditions increased traffic abnormal side loading etc

iii Has it solved the problem of crackingWithout the use of eddy currents it cannot be determine whether grinding of the rails has even solved the problem That is it cannot be guaranteed all the cracking has been successfully remove A quick post-grinding test will confirm success or highlight where extra works needs to be carried out



SquatsSquats and tongue lipping have a number of factors in common Both start as surface-breaking cracks and are bought about by similar causes The difference is that squats usually develop at a point where high contact stresses occur as a result of a local irregularity in the rail head eg at a worn weld

Advantages of eddy current inspectionbull Faster than visual inspectionbull Can identify cracking at a much earlier stage than ultrasonic testing allowing preventative measure to be carried out

Wheel BurnWheel burns are the result of frictional heating produced by a spinning wheelset The effect of very rapid heating produced by the spinning wheel and subsequent rapid cooling is to change the structure of the rail head top layer into lsquomartensitersquo The presence of the martensite layer makes the rail un-testable ultrasonically This layer is also very brittle with the result that it tends to spall off very easily Additionally the railhead surface irregularity will significantly increase dynamic impact forces and the likelihood of rail breakage will be raised

Although these areas cannot be tested ultrasonically eddy current inspections can be applied The screen shot (figure 6 below) shows a Locator 2s instrument with a WideScan probe clearly picking up cracking within an area of wheel burn

Figure 6 ndash Signal showing the detection of a crack in an area of wheel burn

Eddy Current Weld InspectionNDT Inspection SolutionsType of Cracking amp Where it OccursInspection of Switch BladesWideScan Probe - the Eddy Current SolutionInspection of Welded AreasInspection of Bolt HolesInspecting the Rail Foot



SummaryTypical Rail Inspection Kit




Inspection of switch blades - Hocking NDT leaders in eddy current NDT

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Inspection of Switch Blades

Switch blades are subject to a tremendous amount of stress due to the relatively thin section of metal carrying the weight of transport usually supported by much thicker track rail

Cracking is usually found along the top of the blade and along the sides

As with thermite welding a WideScan probe can be used for the head of the rail while a WeldScan probe is suitable for the sides The WideScan inspection trolley has a spring mechanism that lets it automatically adjust to the increasing blade width

Figure 7 ndash Inspection of switch blades using WideScan and WeldScan probes

Eddy Current Weld InspectionNDT Inspection SolutionsType of Cracking amp Where it OccursInspection of Rail HeadsWideScan Probe - the Eddy Current Solution

httpwwwhockingcomapplicationsrailswitchbladeshtm (1 of 2)13062005 142240


Inspection of Welded AreasInspection of Bolt HolesInspecting the Rail FootSummaryTypical Rail Inspection Kit




WideScan probe the eddy current rail inspection solution - Hocking NDT leaders in eddy current NDT

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WideScan Probe ndash the eddy current solution

As the stresses discussed so far are occurring on and near the surface of the material it is virtually impossible to detect cracking with ultrasonics and relatively straightforward with eddy current This capability has been enhanced with the development of the patented WideScan probe

The probe is contoured to the surface of the rail and runs along the surface transmitting results back to an eddy current instrument via a probe and cable The instruments are able to store the information which can then be downloaded onto a computer for future analysis and records (figures 8amp9)

Figure 10 ndash Phasec 2s and a WeldScan probe being used manually on a section of rail

Figure 10 shows Phasec 2s and a WideScan probe being used by hand to check a section of rail The equipment can however be attached to an inspection trolley (see figure 11) or

httpwwwhockingcomapplicationsrailrail_widescanhtm (1 of 2)13062005 142308


vehicle that runs along the track

Figure 11 ndash Trolley-mounted WideScan probe

The WideScan probe is unique due to the large surface area it covers This means that it can detect cracking over the entire rail head in just one sweep It doesnrsquot matter where on the head the cracking is as long as itrsquos surface breaking

Eddy Current Weld InspectionNDT Inspection SolutionsType of Cracking amp Where it OccursInspection of Rail HeadsInspection of Switch BladesInspection of Welded AreasInspection of Bolt HolesInspecting the Rail FootSummaryTypical Rail Inspection Kit




Rail inspection inspection of welded areas - Hocking NDT leaders in eddy current NDT

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Inspection of Welded Areas

General WeldsWelds are ground after welding which can lead to a slightly different profile around the weld than from that of the rest of the rail The resulting change in rail profile has been found to have a significant effect on the contact stresses between rail and wheel resulting in rolling contact fatigue Subsequent cracking has been found at the edges of the weld or in the body of the weld itself

Thermite WeldsThermic welding is used on sections of continuously welded rail (CWR) where two rails are welded together by means of an exothermic reaction This method introduces a weak point in to the structure of the rail As a rule they are very rough as the lsquoflashrsquo (surplus weld) has not been removed and so could damage any fragile inspection probe However lsquodressingrsquo (smoothing down) the weld can be time consuming and expensive but may also weaken the weld itself

Hockingrsquos WeldScan range of probes has been designed specifically to test for surface breaking cracks in welds

What makes the probe so special is its ability to test even very rough surfaces covered with rust or coatings such as paint and oil

Eddy Current Weld InspectionNDT Inspection SolutionsType of Cracking amp Where it OccursInspection of Rail HeadsInspection of Switch BladesWideScan Probe - the Eddy Current SolutionInspection of Bolt HolesInspecting the Rail FootSummaryTypical Rail Inspection Kit



httpwwwhockingcomapplicationsrailrail_weldshtm13062005 142321

Rail inspection inspection of bolt holes - Hocking NDT leaders in eddy current NDT

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Inspection of Bolt Holes

Bolt holes are positioned regularly along the length of the rail and are subject to cracking due to the stresses placed upon them

Rather than removing each bolt to inspect the hole underneath an eddy current WeldScan or Pencil probe can be used to inspect the area around the bolt to determine whether any cracks are radiating from the area

Itrsquos important to note that no surface preparation is needed for this eddy current inspection unlike most other NDT methods eg MPI

If cracking is detected the bolt can be removed and a special bolt-hole probe can be used to check the hole itself for confirmation of cracking and to determine the size and position of the crack (see figure 13)

httpwwwhockingcomapplicationsrailrail_boltholehtm (1 of 2)13062005 142336


Figure 13 ndash Eddy Current inspection of bolt holes

Eddy Current Weld InspectionNDT Inspection SolutionsType of Cracking amp Where it OccursInspection of Rail HeadsInspection of Switch BladesWideScan Probe - the Eddy Current SolutionInspection of Welded AreasInspecting the Rail FootSummaryTypical Rail Inspection Kit




Rail inspection inspecting the rail foot - Hocking NDT leaders in eddy current NDT

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Inspecting the Rail Foot

Fatigue cracking due to the stress of trains travelling along the track often occurs around the foot of the rail

A special WideScan probe can be contoured so that it exactly fits the foot and checks for surface-breaking fatigue cracking The probe cannot test the areas around the clips or springs that attach the rail to the track but a WeldScan can be used around these areas

The arrows in green (figure 14) show the areas of the foot where the WideScan probe can inspect The arrows in white show where WeldScan must be used

Figure 14 ndash Inspection of the foot of the rail

Eddy Current Weld InspectionNDT Inspection SolutionsType of Cracking amp Where it OccursInspection of Rail HeadsInspection of Switch BladesWideScan Probe - the Eddy Current SolutionInspection of Welded AreasInspection of Bolt HolesSummary

httpwwwhockingcomapplicationsrailrail_footinspectionhtm (1 of 2)13062005 142348


Typical Rail Inspection Kit




Rail inspection summary - Hocking NDT leaders in eddy current NDT

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Summary

Eddy current inspections form a vital part of checking rails for the cracks and faults that can lead to serious accidents Ultrasonic inspections alone do not cover all areas the rail as the technique cannot lsquoseersquo surface and near-surface defects As many of the cracks appearing in rails are fatigue induced and thus surface-breaking it is important to employ eddy current inspection methods in order to detect them

Throughout this document solutions have been suggested for a number of applications Below is a summary of which eddy current probes we believe are the most suited to those applications

Eddy Current Weld InspectionNDT Inspection SolutionsType of Cracking amp Where it OccursInspection of Rail HeadsInspection of Switch BladesWideScan Probe - the Eddy Current SolutionInspection of Welded AreasInspection of Bolt HolesInspecting the Rail FootTypical Rail Inspection Kit

httpwwwhockingcomapplicationsrailrail_summaryhtm (1 of 2)13062005 142406





Rail inspection typical rail inspection kit - Hocking NDT leaders in eddy current NDT

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Below are details of the typical eddy current equipment used in rail inspections

PRN Item3K003 Locator 2s Starter Kit comprising of 39I002 Locator 2s single frequency eddy current instrument

39DH01 Operating Manual39A030 Lithium-ion battery pack39A035 Battery ChargerEliminator39A001 Locator probe lead Lemo 7 way to Microtech 15m long39A024 RS232 Lead Lemo 0B 5 way to D Type 9 way39A038 PC Supervisor Software CD ROM DiscCountry Depentant Power Cord 2m long Plus On request Inspection Trolley39A005 WideScan Probe

39A005 Lead for WideScan800P04ND1P WeldScan Probe

801P04ND1P WeldScan Probe with Right-angled Tip105P4 Pencil Probe39A001 Lead for Pencil Probe

Please contact us for futher details

Eddy Current Weld InspectionNDT Inspection SolutionsType of Cracking amp Where it OccursInspection of Rail HeadsInspection of Switch BladesWideScan Probe - the Eddy Current SolutionInspection of Welded AreasInspection of Bolt HolesInspecting the Rail FootSummary

httpwwwhockingcomapplicationsrailrail_kithtm (1 of 2)13062005 142420





Thread inspection with eddy current NDT - Hocking NDT leaders in eddy current NDT

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Thread Inspection

Threads are commonly used to connect mechanical items together and forms a likey location for fatigue cracks

Eddy Current ProbesIn order to inspect the root of the thread specially shaped tipped probes must be used Both male and female threads may be inspected

Pencil-type probes are available for hand-held manual inspection but for more rapid and repeatable inspections saddle and plug-type probes must be used suitable to the thread form

Plug Probe Saddle Probe

Semi-automated bolt hole inspection is also available in the form of the Inconel Bolt Hole Tester Please contact us for more information




httpwwwhockingcomapplicationsthread_inspectionthread_inspectionhtm13062005 142438

Eddy current tube inspection - Hocking NDT Ltd leaders in eddy current NDT

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Eddy Current Tube Inspection

Heat exchanger tubing is subject to a number of problems the nature of which is usually a characteristic of the material and application Typical problems found include the following

Corrosion is the most common problem while tubing materials are generally chosen to resist attack from the fluids passing around them those fluids are seldom pure In power station condensers using sea water as a coolant the most common problem is hydrogen sulphide produced by bacteria metabolising sewage this attacks most copper alloys In petrochemical plants impurities such as hydrogen chloride or ammonia can also give problems

Stress Corrosion results when tubes containing residual stresses are exposed to a corrosive environment The grains of the metal tend to separate when weakened by corrosion exposing fresh sites for attack This can lead to rapid cracking of the material usually in a circumferential direction

Corrosion erosion or impingement attack results from the combination of corrosive agents with mechanical attack from suspended sand foreign bodies or from turbulent flow of the cooling liquid This prevents the formation of a protective film on the surface of the tubing greatly increasing the corrosion rate in the exposed areas

Mechanical damage may come from a variety of sources Foreign bodies in the coolant may cause damage Poorly designed condensers have inadequate baffling of steam leading to erosion of tubing in the steam inlet areas Improper operation of air conditioning systems may allow water to freeze in evaporators resulting in freeze bulging or cracking Many types of heat exchanger are subject to vibration resulting in rapid damage to tubes loosened by corrosion or improper assembly

Mechanical damage due to vibration is quite common where Copper Nickel Alloy tubes have been replaced with thinner less rigid titanium tubes for which the support is marginally adequate Heat exchangers designed for such tubing generally have support plates closer together In extreme cases the vibration may be so severe that adjacent tubes collide causing wear or cracking

Periodic eddy current testing of a heat exchanger assembly allows tubes with such problems to be identified before they lead to failure With knowledge of the problems experienced in the application it is possible to determine which tubes are likely to deteriorate unacceptably before the next overhaul These may then be plugged or replaced resulting in a much higher level of confidence in the reliability of the heat exchanger In addition to the detection of such defects Eddy Current testing can also be used to monitor other conditions such as the build up of external sludge and to verify the degree of expansion at tube sheets during manufacture

Suitable InstrumentationPlease contact us for advice

httpwwwhockingcomapplicationstubetube_inspectionhtm (1 of 2)13062005 142448


Suitable ProbesGalaxy range of encircling coils

Application NotesIf you would like a copy of one of the application notes shown below please contact us stating the number of the note you are interested in

Number Description9302 Eddy Current Inspection of Non-ferrous Heat Exchanger Tubing9303 Interpretation of ID Tube Testing Results9307 ID Probe Frequency Table9401 Inspection of Mildly Magnetic Heat Exchanger Tubing9402 Standard Heat Exchanger Tube Sizes9407 Coil Selection Table for ANSI Pipe Sizes9433 Inspection of Copper Tubing Using Driver-Pickup ID Probe9434 Detection of the Angular Position of Longitudinal Weld Seams in Metal

Tubing9435 ID Probe Coil Spacing to reduce Effect of External Fins9437 ID Differential Probe to Absolute with Adaptor or a Switchable Cable9501 Off-line Inspection of Steel Tube and Wire9602 The use of low frequency Absolute probes on the Phasec 22009603 Conductivity correction for curves 0005 Establishing minimum detectable defect for encircling coil inspection of

aluminium tube0006 Use of Dual Frequency testing to enhance the inspection of ERW welded

Stainless Steel Tube

Eddy Current ApplicationsEddy Current Products




Weld Inspection Eddy current weld inspection looking for cracks and corrosion - Hocking NDT leaders in eddy current NDT

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Eddy current inspection of welds for cracks amp corrosion

The Importance of Weld InspectionThe quality of welds is becoming increasingly important as customer expectations rise Products and components are expected to be of a high quality and not to fail unexpectedly

Such failures have large financial and social consequences that can often be avoided with the proper inspection techniques

Inspecting welds can also reduce costs by detecting defects in the early stages of manufacture reducing the cost of customer returns and extending the life of components by detecting and correcting any defects

Eddy Current Non Destructive Testing is a reliable quick and inexpensive way to carry out preventative maintenance and ensure safety Hockings range of eddy current equipment has a world-wide reputation for its reliability and accuracy while their service support and training ensure that you make the most of your equipment

Eddy Current Testing on WeldsIn welding inspection there is a need to detect surface breaking defects For magnetic material eg carbon steel generally magnetic particle inspection is used However eddy current inspection offers a number of advantages

No consumables used - eg ink amp contrast paint Ability to test areas with poor access No surface preparation required - eg paint doesnt need to be removed saving

time in preparation for the inspection and in any recoating of surfaces Improved sensitivity - ability to detect smaller defects using specially developed

Hocking WeldScan probes

WeldScan ProbesHocking NDT have developed the WeldScan range of probes specifically to check welds for cracks and corrosion Examples of areas where it is currently used include

Offshore platforms

httpwwwhockingcomapplicationsweldsweld_inspectionhtm (1 of 3)13062005 142557


Buildings Bridges Amusement park rides Ships boats submarines etc Cranes Traffic signals Aircrafts

WeldScan probes have been designed to be extremely hard-wearing so that they can handle the rough weld surface while still picking up any faults in the weld

Advantages of WeldScan probes include

Faster then MPI (Magnetic Particle Inspection)

Portability of equipment - light handheld and easily transported

Accepted method of use - see British and European Standard 17112000

May be used by rope access technicians

Approved for use by Lloyds Register DNV and Bureau Vertias - certifying authorities for ships and offshore structures

Waterproof WeldScan probe range is available for sub-sea weld inspection

See more information on the WeldScan range of probes and download a datasheet You can also request weld inspection application notes

InstrumentationThe most common Hocking instrument used for weld inspection is the Locator 2s although a wide range of our instruments support WeldScan probes

See more information on Locator 2s and download a datasheet You can also visit the dedicated Locator 2s web site at wwwlocator2com

Application NotesIf you are interested in receiving any of the applications notes listed below please contact us

9304 The Weld Quality Monitor - a brief guide9421 Water Resistant WeldScan Probes9422 WeldScan Probes with Long Leads9434 Detection of the Angular Position of Longitudinal Weld Seams in Metal Tubing



9502 Rotating WeldScan probes for MiniDrive9909 Assessing the thickness of NonLow conductivity surface coatings using a phase

plane instrument0004 Using WeldScan Probes0006 Use of Dual Frequency testing to enhance the inspection of ERW welded





Aircraft wheel inspection - Hocking NDT leaders in eddy current NDT

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Wheel Inspection

There are four main solutions for testing wheels depending on the volume accuracy required profile of wheel and so on

Solution 1 - Pencil ProbeStandard surface inspection with a pencil probe amp bolt hole inspection with a bolt hole probe

Solution 2 - Bead Seat ProbeBead seat probes are made to fit the bead seat area of wheel and scan a width of about 50mm which gives a more rapid inpsection than with a pencil probe A bolt hole probe is needed to inspect the bolt holes

Solution 3 - WheelScan LTWheelScan Lt provides a semi-automatic solution for the inspection of small low volume of wheels More information on WheelScan LT

Solution 4 - WheelScan 5Automatic fast and highly accurate wheel inspection solution The best solution where accuracy and therefore safety cannot be comprimised The WheelScan range is commonly used in the airline industryMore information on WheelScan 5

The table below shows the advantages and disadvantages of each of these options

Advantages DisadvantagesSolution 1 Low Cost

Suits all types of wheelsVery low volume inspection (about 2 wheels per hour)Poor surface coverage due to human factor

Solution 2 Low CostSlightly Faster

Low volume inspectionReduced sensitivity to flawsDifferent probe needed for each wheel profile

Solution 3 PortableFasterMore repeatableSuits wide range of wheel profiles

CostDoesnt cover entire wheel profile

Solution 4 Very high volume inspection (about 10 - 20 wheels per hour)Highly accurateData recording of wheel testSuits all wheel profiles

Cost

httpwwwhockingcomapplicationswheelswheels_inspectionhtm (1 of 2)13062005 142610


Aircraft Wheel Inspection

Aircraft wheels are subject to high level cyclic fatigue particularly during landing To ensure the safety of passengers and the aircraft it is important that the wheels are maintained to the highest standard

Eddy Current wheel inspection is widely accepted throughout the world as a rapid and reliable means of maintaining the integrity of aircraft wheels

Suitable InstrumentationWheelScan 5WheelScan Lt

Automotive Wheel Inspection

Scanning wheels to prevent failure isnt restricted to the aerospace industry Formula 1 racing teams have recently started utilising the same technology to ensure there isnt a failure during the middle of a race

Suitable InstrumentationWheelScan Lt




Hocking - leaders in eddy current ndt - Links

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Links to Other NDT Related Sites

AEA Centre for NDT wwwaeatcoukndtwelcomehtml

American Society for Testing amp Materials wwwastmorg

Ashtead Technology wwwashtead-technologycom

ASNT wwwasntorg

British Institute of Non Destructive Testing (BINDT)

wwwbindtorg

BSI wwwbsi-globalcom

Canadian Society for Non Destructive Testing (CSNDT)

wwwcsndtorg

Can Offshore ndash user of Hocking equipment specialising in offshore projects

wwwcanoffshoreltdukinspectionhtm

EPRI Projects wwwepricom

European Organisation for Testing and Certification

wwweotcbeindexhtm

FLS Aerospace wwwflsaerospacecom

Geophysical Institute www-gpiphysikuni-karlsruhede

German NDT Society (DGZfP) wwwdgzfpdedgzfp_ehtml

Inspection Software Ltd wwwinspectioncoukisl

International School of Aerospace wwwisandtcouk

Italian Sociaty of Non Destructive Testing (AIPnD)

wwwaipndit

Journal of Non Destructive Testing wwwndtnet

GE Inspection Technologies wwwGEInspectionTechnologiescom

Landings ndash web site for all things aviation wwwlandingscom

Lavender International NDT Training and Exam Services

wwwlavender-ndtcom

httpwwwhockingcomlinkshtm (1 of 3)13062005 142622


NDE Institute (Canada) wwwndeinstorg

NDT Net wwwndtnet

NDT Newsgroup Home PageLinks to the Usenet NDT Newsgroup at

wwwndeswriedu8080

NDTorgNDT Online Commnity

wwwndtorg

NDT Technologies ndash Canadian distributor of Hocking equipment

wwwcsndtorgndt-techhtml

NDT Worldwide (Japan)wwwricohcojpnet-messenaNDTWWNDTWWhtml

New Zealand NDT Association wwwwinzurfconz

NTIAC wwwntiaccom

Pegasus Oil amp Gas Directory wwwpegasusoil-gasdirectorycouk

Physical Sciences Information Gateway wwwpsigateacuk

Radiatronics wwwradiatronicscom

Research in Non-destructive EvaluationThe research journal of the American Society for Non-destructive Testing (ASNT)

wwwmsccornelledu~rnde

Rigg Access ndash This site caters for employers and employees of the many and varied aspects of Industrial Rope Access

wwwrigg-accesscom

South Seas Inspection ndash SSI uses Hocking Locator 2 units when carrying out Rope Access Structural Surveys

wwwsouthseas-intcom

Stroud Systems ndash Houston Texas Distributor of Hocking instruments

wwwstroudsystemscom

Westinghouse Nuclear Services Canada Inc

wwwwestinghousenscdlinkscom

Xavier Gros Homepage ndash Research into NDT on Composites

wwwriamkyushu-uacjpfracturexav01htm

If you know of any further links that could be added to this page please Email us






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Eddy Current Theory - Principles

Current flow in DC circuitsWhen a voltage is applied to a circuit containing only resistive elements current flows according to ohms law

I = VR or V = IR

If a circuit consists of more than one element the overall voltages resistance and capacitance can be calculated by simple algebra for example with two resistors in series

Current (I) must be the same for both resistors so

V1 =IR1 V2=IR2

Vtot = V1+V2 = IR1+ R2 = I (R1+R2) = IRtot

so Rtot = R1+ R2

Electromagnetic inductionIn 1824 Oersted discovered that current passing though a coil created a magnetic field capable of shifting a compass needle Seven years later Faraday and Henry discovered the opposite that a moving magnetic field would induce a voltage in an electrical conductor

The two effects can be shown in a simple transformer connected to a DC supply as below












V = IXL


XL = 2 pi f L

















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Bridge


Driver pick-up












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Hocking Locator UH




Controls


Phasec 2200














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Fastener Inspection





Ease of usesetup

Speed of inspection

















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Hole Inspection






















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Tongue Lipping

























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Summary










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Thread Inspection











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Offshore platforms


























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Wheel Inspection














Cost














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ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











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hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

hockingcom


AcrC6tmp

hockingcom














V = IXL


XL = 2 pi f L

















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at































































Bridge


Driver pick-up












home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at









Hocking Locator UH




Controls


Phasec 2200














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at




































home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at




















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at






















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Fastener Inspection





Ease of usesetup

Speed of inspection

















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Hole Inspection






















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at




















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at












home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at









home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at







Tongue Lipping

























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at
















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Summary










home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Thread Inspection











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











Offshore platforms


























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

hockingcom


AcrC6tmp

hockingcom















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at































































Bridge


Driver pick-up












home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at









Hocking Locator UH




Controls


Phasec 2200














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at




































home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at




















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at






















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Fastener Inspection





Ease of usesetup

Speed of inspection

















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Hole Inspection






















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at




















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at












home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at









home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at







Tongue Lipping

























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at
















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Summary










home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Thread Inspection











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











Offshore platforms


























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

hockingcom


AcrC6tmp

hockingcom




























































Bridge


Driver pick-up












home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at









Hocking Locator UH




Controls


Phasec 2200














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at




































home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at




















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at






















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Fastener Inspection





Ease of usesetup

Speed of inspection

















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Hole Inspection






















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at




















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at












home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at









home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at







Tongue Lipping

























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at
















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Summary










home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Thread Inspection











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











Offshore platforms


























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

hockingcom


AcrC6tmp

hockingcom











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at









Hocking Locator UH




Controls


Phasec 2200














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at




































home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at




















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at






















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Fastener Inspection





Ease of usesetup

Speed of inspection

















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Hole Inspection






















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at




















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at












home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at









home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at







Tongue Lipping

























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at
















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Summary










home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Thread Inspection











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











Offshore platforms


























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

hockingcom


AcrC6tmp

hockingcom






Controls


Phasec 2200














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at




































home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at




















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at






















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Fastener Inspection





Ease of usesetup

Speed of inspection

















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Hole Inspection






















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at




















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at












home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at









home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at







Tongue Lipping

























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at
















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Summary










home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Thread Inspection











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











Offshore platforms


























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

hockingcom


AcrC6tmp

hockingcom
















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at




































home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at




















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at






















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Fastener Inspection





Ease of usesetup

Speed of inspection

















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Hole Inspection






















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at




















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at












home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at









home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at







Tongue Lipping

























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at
















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Summary










home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Thread Inspection











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











Offshore platforms


























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











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home

site map

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home

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home

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home

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links

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Fastener Inspection





Ease of usesetup

Speed of inspection

















home

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Hole Inspection






















home

site map

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home

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home

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home

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Tongue Lipping

























home

site map

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links

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home

site map

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our customers

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links

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home

site map

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links

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home

site map

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home

site map

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links

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home

site map

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distribution

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talk to us

links

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Summary










home

site map

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products

distribution

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theory

talk to us

links

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home

site map

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theory

talk to us

links

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Thread Inspection











home

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home

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our customers

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links

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Offshore platforms


























home

site map

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distribution

our customers

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talk to us

links

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Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











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Acr7Etmp

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home

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home

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home

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Fastener Inspection





Ease of usesetup

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home

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links

Visit us at

Hole Inspection






















home

site map

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our customers

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links

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home

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home

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home

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links

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Tongue Lipping

























home

site map

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links

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home

site map

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our customers

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links

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home

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home

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home

site map

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distribution

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talk to us

links

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home

site map

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distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

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Summary










home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

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home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

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Thread Inspection











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

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home

site map

applications

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our customers

theory

talk to us

links

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Offshore platforms


























home

site map

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distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

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Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

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Acr4Etmp

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Acr54tmp

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Acr5Atmp

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Acr78tmp

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Acr7Etmp

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home

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links

Visit us at






















home

site map

applications

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our customers

theory

talk to us

links

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Fastener Inspection





Ease of usesetup

Speed of inspection

















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Hole Inspection






















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at




















home

site map

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our customers

theory

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links

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home

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theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at









home

site map

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products

distribution

our customers

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talk to us

links

Visit us at







Tongue Lipping

























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

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home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

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home

site map

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distribution

our customers

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links

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home

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distribution

our customers

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links

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home

site map

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distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Summary










home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Thread Inspection











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











Offshore platforms


























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

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Acr60tmp

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Acr66tmp

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Acr72tmp

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Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

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Acr96tmp

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home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

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links

Visit us at

Fastener Inspection





Ease of usesetup

Speed of inspection

















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Hole Inspection






















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at




















home

site map

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distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at












home

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theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at









home

site map

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products

distribution

our customers

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talk to us

links

Visit us at







Tongue Lipping

























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

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distribution

our customers

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links

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home

site map

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distribution

our customers

theory

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links

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home

site map

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distribution

our customers

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links

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home

site map

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distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

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Summary










home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Thread Inspection











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











Offshore platforms


























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

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AcrA8tmp

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AcrAEtmp

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home

site map

applications

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our customers

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talk to us

links

Visit us at

Hole Inspection






















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at




















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at












home

site map

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our customers

theory

talk to us

links

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home

site map

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products

distribution

our customers

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talk to us

links

Visit us at







Tongue Lipping

























home

site map

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distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

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distribution

our customers

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talk to us

links

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home

site map

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distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

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home

site map

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distribution

our customers

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talk to us

links

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home

site map

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distribution

our customers

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talk to us

links

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home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

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Summary










home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Thread Inspection











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











Offshore platforms


























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

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AcrBAtmp

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AcrC0tmp

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AcrC6tmp

hockingcom












home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at




















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

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home

site map

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products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at









home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at







Tongue Lipping

























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at
















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











home

site map

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products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

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distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Summary










home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Thread Inspection











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











Offshore platforms


























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

hockingcom


AcrC6tmp

hockingcom











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at












home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at









home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at







Tongue Lipping

























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at
















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Summary










home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Thread Inspection











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











Offshore platforms


























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

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AcrC6tmp

hockingcom







home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at









home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at







Tongue Lipping

























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at
















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Summary










home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Thread Inspection











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











Offshore platforms


























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

hockingcom


AcrC6tmp

hockingcom





home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at







Tongue Lipping

























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at
















home

site map

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products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Summary










home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Thread Inspection











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











Offshore platforms


























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

hockingcom


AcrC6tmp

hockingcom



























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at
















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Summary










home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Thread Inspection











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











Offshore platforms


























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

hockingcom


AcrC6tmp

hockingcom










home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at
















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Summary










home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Thread Inspection











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











Offshore platforms


























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

hockingcom


AcrC6tmp

hockingcom













home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Summary










home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Thread Inspection











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











Offshore platforms


























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

hockingcom


AcrC6tmp

hockingcom





home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Summary










home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Thread Inspection











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











Offshore platforms


























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

hockingcom


AcrC6tmp

hockingcom











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Summary










home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Thread Inspection











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











Offshore platforms


























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

hockingcom


AcrC6tmp

hockingcom










home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Summary










home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Thread Inspection











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











Offshore platforms


























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

hockingcom


AcrC6tmp

hockingcom









home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Thread Inspection











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











Offshore platforms


























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

hockingcom


AcrC6tmp

hockingcom









home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Thread Inspection











home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











Offshore platforms


























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

hockingcom


AcrC6tmp

hockingcom





home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











Offshore platforms


























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

hockingcom


AcrC6tmp

hockingcom
















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at











Offshore platforms


























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

hockingcom


AcrC6tmp

hockingcom




























home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at

Wheel Inspection














Cost














home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

hockingcom


AcrC6tmp

hockingcom
















home

site map

applications

products

distribution

our customers

theory

talk to us

links

Visit us at





ASNT wwwasntorg


wwwbindtorg



wwwcsndtorg





wwweotcbeindexhtm







wwwaipndit





wwwlavender-ndtcom




NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

hockingcom


AcrC6tmp

hockingcom






NDT Net wwwndtnet


wwwndeswriedu8080


wwwndtorg





NTIAC wwwntiaccom







wwwrigg-accesscom


wwwsouthseas-intcom


wwwstroudsystemscom











hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

hockingcom


AcrC6tmp

hockingcom








hockingcom


Acr85tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Btmp

hockingcom


Acr91tmp

hockingcom


Acr97tmp

hockingcom


Acr4Etmp

hockingcom


Acr54tmp

hockingcom


Acr5Atmp

hockingcom


Acr60tmp

hockingcom


Acr66tmp

hockingcom


Acr6Ctmp

hockingcom


Acr72tmp

hockingcom


Acr78tmp

hockingcom


Acr7Etmp

hockingcom


Acr84tmp

hockingcom


Acr8Atmp

hockingcom


Acr90tmp

hockingcom


Acr96tmp

hockingcom


Acr9Ctmp

hockingcom


AcrA2tmp

hockingcom


AcrA8tmp

hockingcom


AcrAEtmp

hockingcom


AcrB4tmp

hockingcom


AcrBAtmp

hockingcom


AcrC0tmp

hockingcom


AcrC6tmp

hockingcom




Hocking - Leaders in Eddy Current Ndt

Documents

Transcript of Hocking - Leaders in Eddy Current Ndt