BY BILAL KARSIFI

HIV/AIDS

H Human: This particular virus can only infect

human beings. I immunodeficiency: HIV weakens your immune system by destroying important cells that fight disease and infection. A "deficient" immune system can't protect you.

V Virus: A virus can only reproduce itself by taking over a cell in the body of its host.

A Acquired: AIDS is not something you inherit from your parents. You acquire AIDS after birth.

I immuno: Your body's immune system includes all the organs and cells that work to fight off infection or disease.

D deficiency: You get AIDS when your immune system is "deficient," or isn't working the way it should.

S Syndrome: A syndrome is a collection of symptoms and signs of disease. AIDS is a syndrome, rather than a single disease, because it is a complex illness with a wide range of complications and symptoms.Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is the final stage of HIV infection. People at this stage of HIV disease have badly damaged immune systems, which put them at risk for opportunistic infections (OIs).You will be diagnosed with AIDS if you have one or more specific OIs, certain cancers, or a very low number of CD4 cells. If you have AIDS, you will need medical intervention and treatment to prevent death.

HIV/AIDS

HIV can hide for long periods of time in the cells of your body and that it attacks a key part of your immune system – your T-cells or CD4 cells. Your body has to have these cells to fight infections and disease, but HIV invades them, uses them to make more copies of itself, and then destroys them.Over time, HIV can destroy so many of your CD4 cells that your body can't fight infections and diseases anymore. When that happens, HIV infection can lead to AIDS.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a member of the retrovirus family) that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.

What it is:

The most common way to spread HIV is through sexual contact.

Origin:HIV was discovered in the early 1980’s. A group of gay men suddenly started to develop rare infections and cancer that didn’t seem to be curing with any type of medication.

Scientist believe that HIV is the descendant of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV). SIV is a lent virus that is found in animals like monkeys.

How is it possible for a disease from

monkeys get

diagnosed to a human being

?

Origin:

Global Crisis:Over 38,000,000 people around the world are diagnosed with HIV.

This graph shows how much people would be affected with HIV in 2010.

This graph shows the percentage of the causes of HIV.

Top 5 countries:1. South Africa –

5,700,0002. Nigeria – 2,600,0003. India – 2,400,0004. Kenya – 1,900,0005. Zimbabwe – 1,800,00

HIV Transmission

HIV enters the blood stream through:

•Open Cuts

•Breaks in the Skin

•Mucus Membranes

•Direct Injection

HIV Transmission

Common fluids that are a means of transmission:

•Blood

•Semen

•Vaginal Secretions

•Breast Milk

Blood Semen Vaginal Fluid

Amniotic Fluid

Saliva

18,000

11,0007,000

4,000

1

Particles in 1ml

HIV In Body Fluids

Average number of HIV particles in1ml of these body fluids

Routes of Transmission of HIV

•Male-to-Male

•Male-to-Female or vice versa

•Female-to-female

Sexual Contact

Blood Exposure •Injecting drugs use needle/sharing

•Occupational Exposure

•Transfusion of Blood Products

•Transmission from mom to baby

•Breast Feeding

Perinatal:

HIV Replication Cycle

Entry to the cell

HIV enters macrophages and CD4+ T cells by the adsorption of glycoproteinson its surface to receptors on the target cell followed by fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane and the release of the HIV capsid into the cell.

HIV Replication Cycle

Shortly after the viral capsid enters the cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase liberates the single-stranded (+)RNA genome from the attached viral proteins and copies it into a complementary DNA (cDNA) molecule. The process of reverse transcription is extremely error-prone, and the resulting mutations may cause drug resistance or allow the virus to evade the body's immune system.

Replication and transcription

Main Symptoms of HIV

Window Period

This is the period of time after becoming infected when an HIV test is negative infected when an HIV test is negative

90 percent of cases test positive within three months of exposure three months of exposure

10 percent o fcases test positive within three to six months of exposure three to six months of exposure

Importance of Early Testing and Diagnosis

•Allows for early treatment to maintain and stabilize the immune system response stabilize the immune system response

•Decreases risk of HIV transmission from mother to newborn baby mother to new born baby

•Allows for risk reduction education to reduce or eliminate high-risk behavior

Can I be immune?'HIV requires a couple of different molecules(receptors) on the surface of cells to gain entrance and infect the cells. It has recently been found that some people have mutations in one of these receptors. This alters the molecule in such a way that HIV cannot get in or has great difficulty in getting in. This finding has created a new body of research that is finding compounds which mimic the blocking of HIV entrance into the cell. There are also other individuals who are heavily exposed, but do not have this receptor mutation.

They may have other genetic determinants (such as human leukocyte antigen,HLA differences)among others which prevent HIV infection. Lastly, some exposed, but uninfected people are able to demonstrate immune reactions to HIV in the test tube. All of these observations are the subject of intense research.

Structure of HIV virus

HIV AIDS

•Once a person is infected they are always infected

•Medications are available to prolong life but they do not cure the disease

•Those who are infected are capable of infecting others without having symptoms or knowing of the infections (as incubation period may be up to 10 years or more)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a lot like other viruses, including those that cause the "flu" or the common cold. But there is an important difference – over time, your immune system can clear most viruses out of your body. That isn't the case with HIV – the human immune system can't seem to get rid of it. Scientists are still trying to figure out why.

The End