history CHAPTER : 1 the harappan civilisation
19
OSWAAL ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX | 1 ( 1 ) To know about more useful books for class-9 click here history CHAPTER : 1 the harappan civilisation • Floods and Earthquakes Increased Aridity • Deforestation • Attack • • The Harappan Civilisation in northern and western parts of India and Pakistan. The Mesopotamian Civilisation on the banks • of river Euphrates and Tigris in modern Iraq. The Chinese Civilisation in the valley of • Hwang Ho and Yangtze rivers. The Egyptian Civilisation on the banks of • Nile river in Egypt. • The Indus Valley Civilisation is best known as the Harappan Civilisation. It is called the Harappan Civilisation • because the Harappan site was the first to be discovered in 1921 at the modern site of Harappa situated in the province of West Punjab in Pakistan. Mohenjodaro was discovered in 1922 ; both • lie in the Indus Valley region. • The Great Bath is one of the largest public buildings at Mohenjodaro. It has a large rectangular tank in a courtyard surrounded by a corridor on all four sides. • The raised area of each city was called the citadel. It owed its height to the buildings constructed on mud brick platlforms. The citadel had the houses of the ruling class and important buildings. • The seals used by the Harappans show their artistic skills. Seals of Pashupati show that people believed in Shiva. The unicorn seal shows their mythical beliefs. • The stone sculpture of a man with a beard was discovered from Mohenjodaro. This sculpture is of high artistic value and points to the existence of skilled artisans in the Harappan Civilisation. • The bronze statue of a dancing girl, found at Mohenjodaro is a master piece of art and it shows a high degree of development in the art of sculpture. • A rectangular dockyard was discovered at Lothal in Gujarat. It was surrounded by a massive brick wall, probably as a protection against floods. • The Harappans used a script which is regarded as pictographic since its signs represent birds, fish and varieties of the human form. • The recent researches show that the urban Harappan culture was only an outgrowth of the extensive local village cultures and not of foreign origin. • Some scholars believe that the Harappan Civilisation was an offshoot of the Mesopotamian Civilisation. • The entire area of the Harappan Civilisation is triangular in shape and account for about 1.3 million sq-km. It extended from Sutkagendor in the west to • Alamgirpur in the east and from Manda in the north to Bhagatrav in Narmeda estuary in the south. • The two most important Harappan cities are Harappa in Montgomery district of Punjab and Mohenjodaro in Larkana district of Sindh. • The Harappans carried on considerable trade in stone, metal, shell, etc. within the Indus Civilisation Zone. The cities like Mohenjodaro, Harappa and • Lothal were important centres for metallurgy, producing tools and weapons, kitchenware and other objects for wide distribution. • All the works of Harappan art, including figurines of clay and terracotta, stone and bronze sculpture, seals and beads are products of skilled craftsmen. The Harappan Civilisation T h e C i t a d el S e al s
Transcript of history CHAPTER : 1 the harappan civilisation
OSWAAL ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX | 1
( 1 )
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histo
ryCH
APTE
R : 1 t
he h
arap
pan
civilisat
ion
•F
loo
ds
and
Ear
thq
uak
esIn
crea
sed
Ari
dit
y•
Def
ore
stat
ion
•A
ttac
k•
•T
he
Har
app
an C
ivil
isat
ion
in
no
rth
ern
an
dw
este
rn p
arts
of
Ind
ia a
nd
Pak
ista
n.
Th
e M
eso
po
tam
ian
Civ
ilis
atio
n o
n t
he
ban
ks
•o
f ri
ver
Eu
ph
rate
s an
d T
igri
s in
mo
der
n I
raq
.T
he
Ch
ines
e C
ivil
isat
ion
in
th
e v
alle
y o
f•
Hw
ang
Ho
an
d Y
ang
tze
riv
ers.
Th
e E
gy
pti
an C
ivil
isat
ion
on
th
e b
ank
s o
f•
Nil
e ri
ver
in
Eg
yp
t.
•T
he
Ind
us
Val
ley
Civ
ilis
atio
n i
s b
est
kn
ow
nas
th
e H
arap
pan
Civ
ilis
atio
n.
It i
s ca
lled
th
e H
arap
pan
Civ
ilis
atio
n•
bec
ause
th
e H
arap
pan
sit
e w
as t
he
firs
t to
be
dis
cov
ered
in
192
1 at
th
e m
od
ern
sit
eo
f H
arap
pa
situ
ated
in
th
e p
rov
ince
of
Wes
t P
un
jab
in
Pak
ista
n.
Mo
hen
jod
aro
was
dis
cov
ered
in
192
2 ;
bo
th•
lie
in t
he
Ind
us
Val
ley
reg
ion
.
•T
he
Gre
at B
ath
is
on
e o
f th
e la
rges
t p
ub
lic
bu
ild
ing
sat
Mo
hen
jod
aro
. It
has
a l
arg
e re
ctan
gu
lar
tan
k i
n a
cou
rty
ard
su
rro
un
ded
by
a c
orr
ido
r o
n a
ll f
ou
r si
des
.
•T
he
rais
ed a
rea
of
each
cit
y w
as c
alle
d t
he
cita
del
.It
ow
ed i
ts h
eig
ht
to t
he
bu
ild
ing
s co
nst
ruct
ed o
nm
ud
bri
ck p
latl
form
s. T
he
cita
del
had
th
e h
ou
ses
of
the
ruli
ng
cla
ss a
nd
im
po
rtan
t b
uil
din
gs.
•T
he
seal
s u
sed
by
th
e H
arap
pan
s sh
ow
th
eir
arti
stic
sk
ills
. Sea
ls o
f P
ash
up
ati
sho
w t
hat
peo
ple
bel
iev
ed i
n S
hiv
a. T
he
un
ico
rn s
eal
sho
ws
thei
r m
yth
ical
bel
iefs
.
•T
he
sto
ne
scu
lptu
re o
f a
man
wit
h a
bea
rd w
as d
isco
ver
edfr
om
Mo
hen
jod
aro
. Th
is s
culp
ture
is
of
hig
h a
rtis
tic
val
ue
and
po
ints
to
th
e ex
iste
nce
of
skil
led
art
isan
s in
th
eH
arap
pan
Civ
ilis
atio
n.
•T
he
bro
nze
sta
tue
of
a d
anci
ng
gir
l, f
ou
nd
at M
oh
enjo
dar
o i
s a
mas
ter
pie
ce o
f ar
tan
d i
t sh
ow
s a
hig
h d
egre
e o
f d
evel
op
men
tin
th
e ar
t o
f sc
ulp
ture
.
•A
rec
tan
gu
lar
do
cky
ard
was
dis
cov
ered
at
Lo
thal
in
Gu
jara
t. I
tw
as s
urr
ou
nd
ed b
y a
mas
siv
e b
rick
wal
l, p
rob
ably
as
a p
rote
ctio
nag
ain
st f
loo
ds.
•T
he
Har
app
ans
use
d a
scr
ipt
wh
ich
is
reg
ard
ed a
sp
icto
gra
ph
ic s
ince
its
sig
ns
rep
rese
nt
bir
ds,
fis
h a
nd
var
ieti
es o
f th
e h
um
an f
orm
.
•T
he
rece
nt
rese
arch
es s
ho
w t
hat
th
eu
rban
Har
app
an c
ult
ure
was
on
ly a
no
utg
row
th o
f th
e ex
ten
siv
e lo
cal
vil
lag
ecu
ltu
res
and
no
t o
f fo
reig
n o
rig
in.
•S
om
e sc
ho
lars
bel
iev
e th
at t
he
Har
app
anC
ivil
isat
ion
was
an
off
sho
ot
of
the
Mes
op
ota
mia
n C
ivil
isat
ion
.
•T
he
enti
re a
rea
of
the
Har
app
an C
ivil
isat
ion
is t
rian
gu
lar
in s
hap
e an
d a
cco
un
t fo
r ab
ou
t1.
3 m
illi
on
sq
-km
.It
ext
end
ed f
rom
Su
tkag
end
or
in t
he
wes
t to
•A
lam
gir
pu
r in
th
e ea
st a
nd
fro
m M
and
a in
the
no
rth
to
Bh
agat
rav
in
Nar
med
a es
tuar
yin
th
e so
uth
.
•T
he
two
mo
st i
mp
ort
ant
Har
app
an c
itie
sar
e H
arap
pa
in M
on
tgo
mer
y d
istr
ict
of
Pu
nja
b a
nd
Mo
hen
jod
aro
in
Lar
kan
ad
istr
ict
of
Sin
dh
.
•T
he
Har
app
ans
carr
ied
on
co
nsi
der
able
tra
de
in s
ton
e, m
etal
, sh
ell,
etc
. wit
hin
th
e In
du
sC
ivil
isat
ion
Zo
ne.
Th
e ci
ties
lik
e M
oh
enjo
dar
o, H
arap
pa
and
•L
oth
al w
ere
imp
ort
ant
cen
tres
fo
r m
etal
lurg
y,p
rod
uci
ng
to
ols
an
d w
eap
on
s, k
itch
enw
are
and
oth
er o
bje
cts
for
wid
e d
istr
ibu
tio
n.
•A
ll t
he
wo
rks
of
Har
app
an a
rt, i
ncl
ud
ing
fig
uri
nes
of
clay
an
d t
erra
cott
a, s
ton
e an
db
ron
ze s
culp
ture
, sea
ls a
nd
bea
ds
are
pro
du
cts
of
skil
led
cra
ftsm
en.
The
Ha
rap
pa
n
Civ
ilis
ati
on
Th
eC
itad
el
Sea
ls
2 | OSWAAL ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX
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CHAP
TER
: 2 t
he v
edic p
eriod
•A
gri
cult
ure
bec
ame
the
chie
f o
ccu
pat
ion
wh
ile
do
mes
tica
tio
n o
f an
imal
s al
so c
on
tin
ued
.•
Lan
d w
as t
he
imp
ort
ant
sou
rce
of
wea
lth
.•
Trad
ers
gu
ild
s’h
ad c
om
e u
p a
nd
tra
de
had
bec
ame
ver
y i
mp
ort
ant.
Bes
ides
th
e o
ccu
pat
ion
s o
f ea
rlie
rp
erio
d, m
any
new
occ
up
atio
ns
lik
e p
hy
sici
ans,
mu
sici
ans,
an
d m
any
oth
er p
rofe
ssio
ns
emer
ged
.
•T
he
per
iod
wh
en A
ryan
s fi
rst
sett
led
in
In
dia
is
kn
ow
n a
s th
eE
arly
Ved
ic P
erio
d (
i.e,
150
0-10
00 B
C).
•A
ryan
s, s
o f
ar t
rib
al a
nd
no
mad
ic i
n n
atu
re, g
rad
ual
ly s
ettl
edin
th
e G
ang
etic
Val
ley.
Th
is p
erio
d i
s k
no
wn
as
the
Lat
erV
edic
Ag
e (1
000-
500
BC
).•
Th
e cu
ltu
re o
f th
e p
erio
d i
s re
ferr
ed t
o a
s th
e V
edic
cu
ltu
reb
ecau
se i
t w
as b
ased
on
th
e V
edic
tex
ts.
Itis
old
estr
elig
iou
ste
xtin
the
wo
rld
.Th
eh
ym
ns
inth
isV
eda
are
ded
icat
edb
yth
eS
ages
toG
od
s.T
he
Rig
Ved
ich
ym
ns
are
the
auth
enti
cso
urc
eso
fk
no
wle
dg
eo
fth
eli
feo
fp
eop
leo
fth
eti
me.
Th
eh
ym
ns
inth
isV
eda
wer
em
ean
tto
be
sun
gat
the
tim
eo
fth
esa
crif
ice
by
the
pri
ests
.
Itd
eals
wit
hh
ym
ns
reci
ted
du
rin
gth
ep
erfo
rman
ceo
fY
ajn
as.T
he
hy
mn
sin
this
Ved
ath
row
lig
ht
on
the
soci
alan
dre
lig
iou
sli
feo
fth
eA
ryan
s.
Th
eh
ym
ns
inth
isV
eda
dea
lwit
hm
agic
and
char
m.B
esid
esth
ep
ow
ers
of
gh
ost
san
dsp
irit
s,th
eh
ym
ns
dea
lw
ith
gy
an(k
no
wle
dg
e),
kar
ma
(act
ion
)an
du
pas
ana
(in
vo
cati
on
).S
om
eh
ym
ns
also
dea
lw
ith
med
icin
esfo
rth
etr
eatm
ento
fvar
iou
sd
isea
ses.
•In
th
e b
egin
nin
g t
he
mai
n o
ccu
pat
ion
was
do
mes
tica
tio
no
f an
imal
s an
d a
gri
cult
ure
was
sec
on
dar
y.•
Cat
tle
was
th
e im
po
rtan
t so
urc
e o
f w
ealt
h.
•M
any
peo
ple
wer
e en
gag
ed i
n t
rad
e an
d c
om
mer
ce.
Dy
ein
g, e
mb
roid
ery
; ca
rpen
try,
wea
vin
g, p
ott
ery,
cra
fts
in g
old
an
d i
ron
wer
e im
po
rtan
t o
ccu
pat
ion
s.
•Jo
int
Fam
ily
Sy
stem
pre
vai
led
.•
Sig
nif
ican
t d
ecli
ne
in s
tatu
s o
f w
om
en.
•T
he
cast
le s
yst
em w
as b
eco
min
g r
igid
.•
Gu
ruk
ul
syst
em w
as f
urt
her
exp
and
ed.
•C
on
sum
pti
on
of
mea
t w
as r
edu
ced
. Ric
eb
ecam
e st
aple
cer
eal.
•R
elig
ion
bec
ame
mo
re c
om
ple
x.•
New
Go
ds
lik
e B
rah
ma,
Ram
a an
dK
rish
na
as i
nca
rnat
ion
s o
f V
ish
nu
an
dS
hiv
a ca
me
to b
e w
ors
hip
ped
.
•F
amil
y w
as t
he
bas
ic u
nit
.•
Wo
men
en
joy
ed e
qu
al r
igh
ts.
•R
igid
cas
tle
syst
em d
id n
ot
pre
vai
l.•
Gu
ruk
ul
syst
em o
f ed
uca
tio
n w
ar f
oll
ow
ed.
•F
oo
d i
ncl
ud
ed m
ilk
, bar
ley,
fru
its,
veg
etab
les
and
mea
t.•
Wo
rsh
ip o
f n
atu
re a
nd
nat
ura
l p
hen
om
ena
pre
vai
led
.•
Th
ere
wer
e 33
Ved
ic g
od
s li
ke
Ind
ra, A
gn
i, V
aru
na,
Mit
ra, S
ury
a, e
tc.
•In
In
dia
, th
e Ir
on
Ag
e b
egan
in
100
0 B
C. I
ron
was
use
din
th
e fo
llo
win
g s
ph
eres
:(i
)A
gri
cult
ure
:D
isco
ver
y o
f ir
on
gav
e th
e A
ryan
s n
ewim
ple
men
ts l
ike
axes
to
cle
ar t
he
fore
st a
nd
cu
ltiv
ate
the
lan
d.
(ii)
Occ
up
atio
n :
Th
e u
se o
f ir
on
gav
e ri
se t
o o
ccu
pat
ion
s li
ke
wea
vin
g, s
pin
nin
g, c
arp
entr
y, t
ann
ing
an
d t
oo
l-m
akin
g.
(iii
) D
efe
nce
:B
ecau
se o
f it
s d
ura
bil
ity
an
d e
asy
av
aila
bil
ity,
iro
n w
as e
xten
siv
ely
use
d i
n m
akin
g w
eap
on
s o
f w
arli
ke
swo
rds,
arm
ou
rs a
nd
sh
ield
s.
•P
ott
ery
form
san
imp
ort
ant
sou
rce
of
info
rmat
ion
.T
he
Gre
yW
are
(GW
)an
dth
eP
ain
ted
Gre
yW
are
(PG
W)
po
tter
yd
isco
ver
edat
dif
fere
nt
site
sin
Pu
nja
ban
dH
ary
ana
isb
elie
ved
tob
elo
ng
toth
eR
igV
edic
Ary
ans.
•T
he
PG
Wp
has
ew
asfo
llo
wed
by
the
No
rth
ern
Bla
ckP
oli
shed
War
e(N
BP
W)
ph
ase,
the
beg
inn
ing
of
wh
ich
dat
esb
ack
to70
0B
C.T
his
po
tter
yw
asg
loss
yan
dsh
inin
g.
Th
eR
amay
ana
was
ori
gin
ally
com
po
sed
inS
ansk
rit.
Th
eS
ansk
rit
ver
sio
nis
said
tob
eth
ew
ork
of
Mah
aris
hiV
alm
iki.
Th
est
ory
of
Ram
ayan
are
vo
lves
aro
un
dR
ama
and
the
abd
uct
ion
ofh
isw
ife
Sit
ab
ya
dem
on
kin
g,R
avan
a.
Bel
iev
edto
be
the
wo
rko
fS
age
Vy
asa,
Mah
abh
arat
ais
wri
tten
inS
ansk
ritl
ang
uag
e.It
con
tain
sth
est
ori
eso
fth
ed
esce
nd
ants
ofo
ne
of
the
earl
iest
Ved
ictr
ibes
call
edB
har
ata.
Th
eB
hag
wad
Git
a,w
hic
hfo
rms
anes
sen
tial
par
to
fth
eM
ahab
har
ata,
iso
ne
mo
stp
op
ula
rre
lig
iou
ste
xts
con
sid
ered
sacr
edb
ym
any
peo
ple
inIn
dia
.
The V
ed
ic
Perio
d
EarlyVedic
Age
Arc
hae
olo
gic
al
Sou
rces
• •
• ••
•
OSWAAL ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX | 3
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CHAP
TER
: 3 j
ainism
and
budd
hism
Rig
idC
aste
Sy
ste
m:
Th
ed
ivis
ion
of
soci
ety
into
Bra
hm
an
s,K
sha
triy
as,
Vai
shy
asan
dS
hu
dra
sh
adb
eco
me
rig
id.
It d
idn
ot
allo
wan
yso
cial
mo
bil
ity.
Dif
ficu
ltL
ang
uag
e:
Mo
sto
fth
eV
edic
lite
ratu
rew
asco
mp
ose
din
San
skri
t,w
hic
hth
eco
mm
on
peo
ple
fou
nd
dif
ficu
ltto
un
de
rsta
nd
.T
he
refo
re,
ma
ny
pe
op
leb
egan
tolo
ok
for
anal
tern
ativ
ere
lig
ion
tha
tth
ey
cou
ldu
nd
ers
tan
db
ett
er.
Po
liti
cal
Sit
uat
ion
:In
the
sixt
hce
ntu
ryB
C,
Mag
adh
aw
asru
led
by
Bim
bis
ara
and
late
rb
yA
jata
shat
ru.
Wh
enth
eo
pp
ort
un
ity
cam
e,th
eyb
oth
pat
ron
ised
Jain
ism
and
Bu
dd
his
m.
Ag
ric
ult
ura
lE
co
no
my
:F
arm
ers
nee
ded
are
lig
ion
that
wo
uld
giv
ep
rote
ctio
nto
anim
als.
Bo
thJa
inis
man
dB
ud
dh
ism
pre
ach
edn
on
-vo
ilen
ece
and
wer
eag
ain
stan
imal
sacr
ific
e.
Co
rru
pti
on
inR
eli
gio
n:
Co
rru
pti
on
crep
tin
tore
lig
iou
sp
ract
ices
.Ksh
atri
ya
rule
rsp
rote
sted
agai
nst
the
do
min
ance
of
such
pra
ctic
es.
Bo
thJa
inis
man
dB
ud
dh
ism
wer
efo
un
ded
by
two
Ksh
atri
ya
pri
nce
s.
Re
ac
tio
na
ga
ins
tR
itu
ali
sm
:R
eli
gio
us
cere
mo
nie
sh
adb
eco
me
ver
yex
pen
siv
e,b
eyo
nd
the
mea
ns
of
ord
inar
yp
eop
le.
Th
isw
asan
imp
ort
ant
cau
seth
atg
ave
rise
tofa
ith
sth
atw
ere
sim
ple
and
inex
pen
siv
e.
•Ja
tak
asre
fer
toth
eta
les
wh
ich
des
crib
eth
ep
rev
iou
sb
irth
so
fB
ud
dh
a,in
bo
thh
um
anan
dan
imal
form
.•
Th
eJa
tak
asth
row
sig
nif
ican
tlig
hto
nth
ep
oli
tica
l,ec
on
om
ican
dso
cial
con
dit
ion
so
fpeo
ple
fro
mth
efi
fth
toth
ese
con
dce
ntu
ryB
C.T
hey
also
refl
ectB
ud
dh
ist
mo
rals
,eth
ics
and
pri
nci
ple
s.
•(a
) ri
gh
t fa
ith
(b
) ri
gh
tT
rira
tnas
:
kn
ow
led
ge
(c)
rig
ht
con
du
ct.
•T
he
Jain
s b
elie
ve
that
on
e sh
ou
ld b
ere
spo
nsi
ble
fo
r o
ne’
s o
wn
kar
ma
or
acti
on
s.•
Mah
avir
a co
nsi
der
ed a
ll m
en e
qu
al,
irre
spec
tiv
e o
f th
eir
cast
le o
r cr
eed
.•
Mah
avir
a b
elie
ved
in
th
e im
mo
rtal
ity
of
the
sou
l.•
Sal
vat
ion
()
can
be
ach
iev
edm
oksha
on
ly b
y l
ead
ing
an
au
ster
e li
fe b
ased
on
no
n-v
iole
nce
an
d s
elf-
den
ial.
•Ja
ins
bel
iev
e in
pen
ance
.
Bes
ides
bei
ng
the
mo
stre
liab
leso
urc
eo
fin
form
atio
nab
ou
tB
ud
dh
ist
reli
gio
nan
dp
hil
oso
ph
y,th
eTr
ipit
akas
pro
vid
ea
gli
mp
seo
fth
eso
cial
,eco
no
mic
and
po
liti
call
ife
inth
eag
eo
fBu
dd
ha.
Trip
itik
asar
eth
em
ost
imp
ort
ant
lite
rary
wo
rks
of
the
Bu
dd
his
ts.T
hes
ew
ork
s,w
ritt
enin
Pal
ilan
gu
age,
incl
ud
eth
eV
inay
aP
itak
a,th
eS
utt
aP
itak
aan
dth
eA
bh
idh
amm
aP
itak
a.
Th
eA
ng
asar
ere
gar
ded
asth
em
ost
imp
ort
antp
arto
fth
eJa
ind
oct
rin
es.
Th
ey
dis
cuss
reli
gio
us
rite
s,st
ag
es
of
ah
ou
seh
old
er’s
life
,th
ev
ow
so
fch
asti
ty,
rule
of
con
du
ctan
do
ther
feat
ure
so
fJai
np
hil
oso
ph
y.
Itis
gen
eral
lyac
cep
ted
that
wh
atev
erL
ord
Mah
avir
ata
ug
ht
afte
rg
ain
ing
om
nis
cien
ce,w
asco
mp
iled
by
his
dis
cip
les
in12
par
tsca
lled
An
gas
.
•T
he
esse
nce
of
Bu
dd
his
m l
ies
in f
ou
r n
ob
le t
ruth
s.•
Eig
ht-
fold
Pat
h :
Rig
ht
acti
on
, rig
ht
tho
ug
ht,
rig
ht
bel
ief,
rig
ht
liv
ing
, rig
ht
spee
ch, r
igh
t ef
fort
, rig
ht
reco
llec
tio
n a
nd
rig
ht
med
itat
ion
.•
Bu
dd
ha
hel
d t
hat
th
e w
ho
le u
niv
erse
was
co
ntr
oll
ed b
y D
har
ma,
a u
niv
ersa
l la
w.
•B
ud
dh
ism
bel
iev
ed i
n t
he
theo
ry o
f k
arm
a.•
Bu
dd
his
m i
nsi
sted
on
a l
ife
bas
ed o
n g
oo
d a
ctio
ns.
•T
he
ult
imat
e g
oal
of
life
is
to a
ttai
n s
alv
atio
n.
•B
ud
dh
ism
pre
ach
ed u
niv
ersa
l b
roth
erh
oo
d o
f m
ank
ind
an
d f
oll
ow
ed t
he
pat
h o
f n
on
-vio
len
ce.
•N
o f
aith
in
rit
ual
s an
d s
acri
fice
s.
Ja
inis
m a
nd
Bu
dd
his
m
• • • •
CausesforRiseofJainism&
TeachingsofBuddhism
An
gas
Trip
itikas
Jetakas
Doc
trin
esof Jainism
Sou
rces
of
Info
rmat
ion
• • • ••
•
4 | OSWAAL ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX
( 4 )
To know about more useful books for class-9 click here
CHAP
TER
: 4 t
he m
aury
an e
mpire
Art
has
has
tra
was
wri
tten
by
Kau
tily
a,al
sok
no
wn
asC
han
aky
a.H
ew
asth
ead
vis
or
and
Pri
me
Min
iste
ro
fC
han
dra
gu
pta
.It
isa
com
pre
hen
siv
em
anu
alth
atd
eals
wit
hp
oli
tics
,ru
les
of
dip
lom
acy,
pri
nci
ple
so
fad
min
istr
atio
nan
do
ther
such
po
liti
calt
op
ics.
Meg
asth
enes
was
the
Gre
ekam
bas
sad
or
atth
eco
urt
of
Ch
and
rag
up
taM
aury
a.H
ew
rote
ab
oo
kn
am
ed
Ind
ika
wh
ich
con
tain
sh
isim
pre
ssio
ns
of
wh
ath
eh
eard
and
saw
du
rin
gh
isst
ayin
Ind
ia.
Ash
ok
aned
icts
are
the
old
est,
bes
tp
rese
rved
and
pre
cise
lyd
ated
reco
rds
of
Ind
ia.
Th
ese
ed
icts
are
insc
rib
ed
on
rock
sa
nd
pil
lars
thro
ug
ho
ut
the
cou
ntr
y.T
he
insc
rip
tio
ns
on
thes
eed
icts
pro
vid
ea
use
fuli
nsi
gh
tin
toth
eli
fean
did
eals
of
Ash
ok
aan
dab
ou
tth
eh
isto
ryo
fth
eM
aury
as.
Th
efo
un
dat
ion
of
the
San
chi
Stu
pa
was
laid
by
Ash
ok
aat
San
chi
abo
ut
45k
mfr
om
Bh
op
alin
Mad
hy
aP
rad
esh
.Th
eyh
ave
carv
edp
anel
sd
epic
tin
gev
ents
fro
mth
eli
feo
fB
ud
dh
aan
dso
me
tale
sfr
om
Jata
ka.
•A
fter
the
Kal
ing
aw
ar,A
sho
ka
bec
ame
the
Peo
ple
’sK
ing
.•
He
emb
race
dB
ud
dh
ism
.•
He
wan
ted
his
sub
ject
sto
foll
ow
such
aD
ham
ma
that
was
bas
edo
nth
eu
nif
yin
gp
rin
cip
les
ofa
llm
ajo
rre
lig
ion
so
fth
ew
orl
d.
•T
he
Dh
amm
a,as
des
crib
edin
Ash
ok
a’s
Ed
icts
,is
no
tare
lig
ion
or
reli
gio
us
syst
em,b
uta
‘Mo
ralL
aw’,
‘aC
om
mo
nC
od
eo
fC
on
du
ct’
or
an‘E
thic
alO
rder
’,w
hic
his
aco
mm
on
mee
tin
gg
rou
nd
ofa
llre
lig
ion
s.
•M
aury
anad
min
istr
atio
nh
adtw
om
ain
div
isio
ns
–C
ivil
Ad
min
stra
tio
nan
dM
ilit
ary
Ad
min
istr
atio
n.
•T
he
Civ
ilA
dm
inis
trat
ion
had
two
mai
nd
ivis
ion
s–th
eC
entr
alG
ov
ern
men
tan
dth
eP
rov
inci
alG
ov
ern
men
t.•
Th
eM
aury
ang
ov
ern
men
twas
cen
tral
ised
and
was
man
aged
by
sev
eral
off
icer
so
fdif
fere
ntr
ank
s.T
he
kin
gw
asth
esu
pre
me
auth
ori
tyan
dh
isth
ron
ew
ash
ered
itar
y.•
InA
sho
ka’
sti
me,
ther
ew
ere
fiv
eP
rov
ince
s-M
agad
ha,
Gan
dh
ara,
Av
anti
,So
uth
ern
Pro
vin
cean
dK
alin
ga.
•T
he
Pro
vin
ces
wer
ed
ivid
edin
tod
istr
icts
call
edJa
nap
adas
.T
hei
rad
min
istr
atio
nw
aslo
ok
edaf
ter
by
Pra
des
hik
a,R
aju
ka
and
Yu
kta
.•
Imp
ort
antc
itie
s,th
eca
pit
als
ofp
rov
ince
s,h
adth
eir
ow
nad
min
istr
atio
nsy
stem
.Th
eh
ead
oft
he
city
was
call
edN
agar
adh
yak
sha.
•T
her
ew
ere
the
Rev
enu
eS
yst
eman
dth
eS
py
Sy
stem
.•
Th
eM
aury
anA
rmy
con
sist
edo
f6,0
0,00
0in
fan
try,
30,0
00ca
val
ry,9
000
war
-ele
ph
ants
and
8,00
0ch
ario
ts.
•A
sho
ka
succ
eed
edth
eth
ron
eaf
ter
his
fath
erB
ind
usa
ra’s
dea
th.O
nas
cen
din
gth
eth
ron
e,A
sho
ka
too
kth
eli
ttle
of‘
Dev
anam
apri
ya’
and
‘Pri
yad
arsh
i’.
•A
sho
ka
fou
gh
tth
efa
mo
us
Kal
ing
aW
ar.T
his
war
had
ap
rofo
un
def
fect
on
the
per
son
alan
dp
oli
tica
llif
eo
fAsh
ok
a.•
Aft
erh
isv
icto
ryat
Kal
ing
a,A
sho
ka’
sem
pir
eex
ten
ded
fro
mH
ind
uk
ush
inth
en
ort
h-w
estt
ori
ver
Pen
nar
inth
eso
uth
.Ita
lso
incl
ud
edso
me
par
tso
fNep
alin
the
no
rth
and
Kab
ul,
Her
atan
dK
and
ahar
pro
vin
ces
ou
tsid
eth
ep
rese
nt
bo
un
dar
yo
fIn
dia
.
•A
fter
alo
ng
seri
eso
fbat
tles
wit
hC
han
dra
gu
pta
,th
eN
and
aca
pit
alat
Pat
alip
utr
afe
ll.T
his
led
toth
eem
erg
ence
ofa
new
dy
nas
ty–
the
Mau
ryan
dy
nas
tyw
ith
Ch
and
rag
up
taM
aury
aas
the
emp
ero
r.•
Ch
and
rag
up
ta’s
emp
ire
exte
nd
edfr
om
Kab
ula
nd
Kan
dh
arin
the
no
rth
-wes
tto
My
sore
inth
eso
uth
; an
dfr
om
Ben
gal
inth
eea
stto
Sau
rash
tra
inth
e w
est.
•A
fter
ruli
ng
for
24y
ears
,Ch
and
rag
up
tare
no
un
ced
the
wo
rld
.H
eh
and
ed
The M
au
ry
an
Em
pir
e
So
urc
eso
f
Info
rmat
ion
•
• •
•
OSWAAL ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX | 5
( 5 )
To know about more useful books for class-9 click here
CHAP
TER
: 5 t
he s
angam
age
Trad
e,b
oth
inte
rnal
and
fore
ign
wer
ew
ell
-o
rgan
ised
.Mo
sto
fth
etr
ade
was
carr
ied
on
by
bar
ter.
Th
ere
wer
ees
tab
lish
edm
ark
ets
call
edan
gad
iin
the
big
ger
tow
ns.
Els
ewh
ere,
haw
ker
sca
rrie
dg
oo
ds
toth
eh
ou
ses
of
the
peo
ple
.Th
eTa
mil
lan
dh
adce
rtai
nco
mm
od
itie
sw
hic
hw
ere
ing
reat
dem
and
info
reig
nm
ark
ets.
Th
ese
incl
ud
edp
epp
er,
gin
ger
,ca
rdam
om
,ci
nn
amo
n,t
urm
eric
,iv
ory
pro
du
cts,
pea
rls,
pre
cio
us
sto
nes
,etc
.
The S
anga
m
ge
A
Th
eS
ang
amag
ere
fers
toth
ep
erio
dw
hen
bu
lko
fTa
mil
lite
ratu
rew
asco
mp
ose
db
ya
bo
dy
of
Tam
ilsc
ho
lars
and
po
ets
inth
ree
succ
essi
ve
lite
rary
gat
her
ing
sca
lled
San
gam
.
Tir
uk
ku
ral
isco
nsi
der
edas
aco
mp
ou
nd
of
the
teac
hin
gs
of
Dh
arm
ash
astr
a,th
eA
rth
ash
astr
aan
dth
eK
amas
utr
a.It
com
pri
ses
ase
ries
of
bri
efm
etri
cal
pro
ver
bs
on
man
yas
pec
tso
fli
fean
dre
lig
ion
.It
isa
coll
ecti
on
of
Tam
ilco
up
lets
org
anis
edin
to13
3ch
apte
rs.
Th
ese
are
hu
ge
sto
nes
fou
nd
atm
ost
bu
rial
site
s.A
bo
x-li
ke
stru
ctu
rew
aser
ecte
dw
ith
the
sto
ne
slab
s,re
stin
go
nea
cho
ther
wit
ho
uta
ny
mo
rtar
.
Re
no
wn
ed
his
tori
an
,C
ha
mp
ak
ata
ksh
mi
ha
sid
enti
fied
the
San
gam
Ag
ew
ith
the
last
ph
ase
of
the
Meg
alit
hic
cult
ure
inth
eTa
mil
reg
ion
.S
he
has
furt
her
iden
tifi
edth
eM
egal
ith
icco
mm
un
itie
san
dth
eir
larg
eag
ricu
ltu
ral
sett
lem
ents
wit
hth
ev
elir
(ch
ieft
ain
s)an
dth
ev
ella
la(p
easa
ntr
y)
men
tio
ned
inth
eS
ang
amp
oem
s.
Nex
tto
agri
cult
ure
spin
nin
g,a
nd
wea
vin
go
fco
tto
nan
dsi
lk,
had
atta
ined
ah
igh
deg
ree
of
per
fect
ion
.S
hip
-bu
ild
ing
,m
etal
-wo
rkin
g,
carp
entr
y,ro
pe-
mak
ing
,o
rnam
ent-
mak
ing
,ta
nn
ing
and
mak
ing
ofi
vo
ryp
rod
uct
sw
ere
wid
ely
pra
ctis
ed.
Ag
ricu
ltu
rew
asth
em
ain
occ
up
atio
n.T
he
mai
ncr
op
was
rice
,w
hil
eo
ther
cro
ps
incl
ud
edco
tto
n,
rag
i,su
gar
can
e,p
epp
er,
gin
ger
,ca
rdam
om
,tu
rmer
ic,
cin
na
mo
n,
dif
fere
nt
va
rie
tie
so
ffr
uit
s,e
tc.
Co
nst
ruct
ion
of
em
ba
nk
me
nts
an
dca
na
lsfo
rir
rig
atio
nw
asu
nd
erta
ken
by
the
stat
e.
Lat
erw
ork
sli
ke
the
Tolk
app
iyam
and
the
Kal
aviy
alsa
yth
atA
ryan
sin
tro
du
ced
the
ritu
als
and
cere
mo
nie
so
fmar
riag
e(K
arar
am).
Th
est
atu
so
fwo
men
inS
ang
amso
ciet
yw
asn
ot
equ
alto
that
ofm
en.H
ow
ever
,wo
men
enjo
yed
free
do
mo
fm
ov
emen
tin
soci
ety
and
the
nu
mb
ero
fw
om
enp
oet
so
fth
eag
eis
ap
roo
fth
atth
ew
om
enw
ere
pro
vid
edw
ith
go
od
edu
cati
on
.
Clo
thin
gco
mp
rise
dtw
op
iece
so
fcl
oth
wo
men
inh
igh
soci
ety
use
dco
rset
san
dh
air
pas
te.O
rnam
ents
wer
ew
orn
by
bo
thse
xes.
Th
ech
ild
ren
wo
rea
nec
kla
cem
ade
oft
iger
teet
h.
Mu
sic
and
dan
cefi
lled
ag
oo
dp
art
of
the
spar
eti
me
of
men
and
wo
men
.C
ock
-fig
hti
ng
,g
oat
-fig
hti
ng
,g
amb
lin
gan
dw
rest
lin
gw
ere
pra
ctis
edw
idel
y.
Th
eS
ang
amli
tera
ture
spea
ks
of
man
ytr
ibes
and
trad
itio
nal
cast
es.
Th
eTo
lkap
piy
amh
asm
enti
on
edfo
ur
cast
es,
nam
ely,
Bra
ham
anas
,k
ing
s,tr
ader
san
dfa
rmer
s.
Gra
in,
mea
tan
dfi
shfo
rmed
the
chie
far
ticl
eso
ffo
od
,alo
ng
wit
hv
eget
able
s,m
ilk
and
mil
kp
rod
uct
s.
Trad
e
•• •
•
• •
••
• ••••
6 | OSWAAL ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX
( 6 )
To know about more useful books for class-9 click here
CHAP
TER
: 6 t
he a
ge
of
the
gup
tas
The
ge o
fA
The G
up
tas
Fa-
Hie
nw
asth
eea
rlie
stch
ines
ep
ilg
rim
wh
ov
isit
edIn
dia
on
are
lig
iou
sm
issi
on
du
rin
gth
ere
ign
of
Ch
and
rag
up
taII
.H
ew
ent
on
ap
ilg
rim
age
toM
ath
ura
,Kan
nau
j,K
apil
avas
tu,
Ku
shin
agar
,V
aish
ali,
Pat
alip
utr
a,K
ash
ian
dR
ajg
irm
ade
care
ful
ob
serv
atio
ns
abo
ut
the
con
dit
ion
sat
that
tim
e.
Itis
on
eo
fth
eim
po
rta
nt
ep
igra
ph
ice
vid
en
ces
of
the
Imp
eria
lG
up
tas.
Co
mp
ose
db
yH
ari
sen
a,
the
cou
rtp
oe
to
fS
amu
dra
gu
pta
,A
llah
abad
pil
lar
insc
rip
tio
n,
als
ok
no
wn
as
Pra
yag
aP
rash
asti
,is
wri
tten
inp
rais
eo
fS
am
ud
rag
up
ta.
Itd
escr
ibes
the
reig
no
fth
eG
up
tas
inan
cien
tIn
dia
.
He
was
the
son
of
Ch
and
rag
up
taI.
His
emp
ire
exte
nd
edfr
om
Bra
hm
apu
tra
inth
eea
stto
riv
ers
Yam
un
aan
dC
ham
bal
inth
ew
est
and
fro
mH
imal
ayas
inn
ort
hto
Nar
mad
ain
the
sou
th.I
tis
bec
ause
of
his
bra
ver
yan
dg
ener
alsh
ipth
ath
eis
kn
ow
nas
the
‘Nap
ole
on
of
Ind
ia’.
Th
eG
up
tain
scri
pti
on
sm
enti
on
that
Ch
and
rag
up
taII
succ
eed
edh
isfa
ther
,S
am
ud
rag
up
ta.
He
an
ne
xe
dth
ete
rrit
ori
eso
fS
akas
of
Mal
wa,
Gu
jara
tan
dS
aura
shtr
a.F
or
this
,he
was
giv
enth
eti
tle
‘Sak
ari’
or
con
qu
erer
ofS
akas
.
Du
rin
gth
eG
up
taA
ge,
edu
cati
on
was
giv
enu
tmo
stim
po
rtan
ce.
Th
etw
op
op
ula
ru
niv
ersi
ties
wer
eTa
ksh
ash
ila
(Tax
ila)
and
Nal
and
a.N
alan
da
Un
iver
sity
:It
was
the
mo
stre
no
wn
eded
uca
tio
nal
inst
itu
tio
no
fan
cien
tIn
dia
.It
was
loca
ted
atN
alan
da
inR
aj(R
ajg
ir)
inB
ihar
.T
her
ew
ere
mo
reth
an10
,000
stu
den
tsan
dte
ach
ers.
Th
eyca
me
fro
mK
ore
a,M
on
go
lia,
Jap
an,C
hin
a,T
ibet
,Cey
lon
and
var
iou
sp
arts
of
Ind
ia.T
he
sub
ject
so
fst
ud
yat
Nal
and
aU
niv
ersi
tyw
ere
allt
he
fou
rV
edas
,lo
gic
,gra
mm
ar,m
edic
ine,
san
ky
a,y
og
a,n
yay
aan
dth
eB
ud
dh
ist
wo
rks
ofd
iffe
ren
tsch
oo
ls.
Du
rin
gth
eG
up
tap
erio
dg
reat
con
trib
uti
on
was
mad
ein
man
yb
ran
ches
of
scie
nce
lik
eas
tro
no
my,
med
icin
e,m
etal
lurg
y,et
c.A
ryab
hat
ta:
He
was
ag
reat
astr
on
om
eran
dm
ath
emat
icia
n.
He
flo
uri
shed
du
rin
gth
ere
ign
of
Gu
pta
dy
nas
ty.
His
two
fam
ou
sb
oo
ks
incl
ud
eA
ryab
hat
tiy
aman
dA
rya
Sid
dh
anta
.H
ism
ain
ach
iev
emen
tsw
ere
:(i
)He
said
that
the
eart
hm
ov
esro
un
dth
esu
n.
(ii)
He
dis
cov
ered
the
rule
for
fin
din
gth
ear
eao
fa
tria
ng
le.
(iii
)H
eca
lcu
late
dth
eex
act
val
ue
of
pi
wh
ich
was
equ
alto
3.14
16(i
v)H
eex
pla
ined
the
exac
tcau
ses
ofs
ola
ran
dlu
nar
ecli
pse
s.(v
)He
was
acq
uai
nte
dw
ith
the
dec
imal
syst
eman
du
seo
f‘ze
ro’.
Th
eV
ish
nu
tem
ple
,a
lso
call
ed
the
Das
hav
atar
aTe
mp
le,
iso
ne
of
the
fin
est
exam
ple
so
fGu
pta
arch
itec
ture
.Iti
sab
ou
t12
5k
mfr
om
Jhan
siin
Utt
arP
rad
esh
.Itw
asth
efi
rst
No
rth
Ind
ian
tem
ple
wit
ha
Sh
ikh
ara
or
tow
er.
Ded
icat
edto
Lo
rdV
ish
nu
,th
eg
od
of
pre
serv
atio
n,V
ish
nu
issh
ow
nas
leep
on
the
coil
of
the
gia
nt
serp
entc
alle
dS
hes
hn
aga.
Kal
idas
ais
reg
ard
edas
the
gre
ates
tp
oet
and
pla
yw
rig
ht,
Ind
iah
ase
ve
rp
rod
uce
d.
His
fou
rp
oe
tic
wo
rks
are
:R
itu
sam
ha
ra,
Ra
gh
uv
am
sa,
Meg
ha
du
taa
nd
Ku
ma
rasa
mb
ha
va
.T
he
thre
ed
ram
ati
cw
ork
so
fK
ali
da
saa
re:
Vik
ram
orv
ash
iya
m,
Mal
avik
agn
imit
ram
and
Ab
hij
anas
hak
un
tala
m.
All
the
wo
rks
of
Kal
idas
a,sp
ecia
lly,
dra
mat
icw
ork
s,h
ave
bee
ntr
ansl
ated
into
man
ym
ajo
rla
ng
uag
eso
fth
ew
orl
d.
Th
ep
erio
dfr
om
AD
320
to55
0is
kn
ow
nas
the
Imp
eria
lA
ge
of
the
Gu
pta
s.D
uri
ng
this
pe
rio
d,
Ind
iam
ad
esi
gn
ific
an
tp
rog
ress
inth
efi
eld
of
edu
cati
on
,sc
ien
cean
dcu
ltu
re.
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OSWAAL ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX | 7
( 7 )
To know about more useful books for class-9 click here
CHAP
TER
: 7 m
edieva
l india
(A) T
he C
hola
s
Med
ieva
l I
nd
ia–
() T
he
Chol
as
A
Th
eC
ho
las
bu
ild
an
um
ber
of
tem
ple
s.T
he
bes
tex
amp
leo
fC
ho
late
mp
leis
the
Bri
ha
de
sh
wa
ra,
als
ok
no
wn
as
Raj
araj
esh
war
ate
mp
le,
ded
icat
edto
Lo
rdS
hiv
a.It
islo
cate
dat
Th
anja
vu
ran
dw
asb
uil
tb
yth
eC
ho
lak
ing
,Raj
araj
aI
inth
e10
cen
tury
AD
.It
iso
ne
of
the
bes
tth
spe
cim
en
so
fD
rav
idia
nst
yle
of
arch
itec
ture
.T
he
mai
nst
ruct
ure
of
the
tem
ple
has
ag
reat
vim
ana
or
tow
erw
hic
hri
ses
toa
hei
gh
tof1
90fe
et.
Raj
araj
aI
was
ab
rill
ian
tg
ener
alan
dh
eca
mp
aig
ned
inm
any
dir
ecti
on
s.H
eat
tack
edth
ek
ing
do
ms
of
the
Pan
dy
asan
dth
eC
her
asas
wel
las
par
tso
fM
yso
re.
Raj
araj
aan
nex
edp
arts
of
Dec
can
and
ov
erra
nV
eng
i.H
ed
idth
isin
ord
erto
pro
ve
the
stre
ng
tho
fth
eC
ho
lap
ow
er.
He
too
kso
me
terr
ito
ries
ofM
yso
re,T
rav
anco
rean
dC
oo
rg.
Raj
end
rasu
ccee
ded
his
fath
er,R
ajar
aja
I.H
eco
nti
nu
edh
isfa
ther
’sp
oli
cies
.T
he
Ch
ola
arm
yd
efea
ted
Mah
ipal
a,th
ek
ing
of
Ben
gal
.To
com
mem
ora
teth
isv
icto
ry,h
ead
op
ted
the
titl
eo
fG
ang
aik
on
da
and
bu
ilt
an
ewca
pit
alca
lled
Gan
gai
ko
nd
a-
Ch
ola
pu
ram
.H
ism
ost
dar
ing
cam
pai
gn
was
inS
ou
th-E
astA
sia.
Th
ek
ing
was
the
mo
stim
po
rtan
tp
erso
nin
the
Ch
ola
adm
inis
trat
ion
asal
lau
tho
rity
was
ves
ted
inh
im.B
ut
he
had
Co
un
cil
of
Min
iste
rsto
adv
ice
him
.Th
eC
en
tra
lg
ov
ern
me
nt
loo
ke
da
fte
rex
tern
ald
efen
ce,
inte
rnal
pea
cean
do
rder
,p
rom
oti
on
of
gen
eral
pro
sper
ity
and
cult
ura
lpro
gre
sso
fth
eem
pir
e.
Th
eC
ho
laE
mp
ire
was
div
ided
into
Man
dal
ams
or
pro
vin
ces.
Th
ese
wer
efu
rth
erd
ivid
edin
toV
alan
adu
and
Nad
u.
Pri
nce
so
fth
ero
yal
fam
ily
wer
eap
po
inte
dth
eg
ov
ern
ors
ofp
rov
ince
s.
Ch
ola
sb
elie
ved
inlo
cals
elf-
go
ver
nm
ent.
Inm
any
vil
lag
es,
the
adm
inis
trat
ion
was
carr
ied
ou
tb
yth
ev
illa
ger
sth
emse
lves
.T
hes
ev
illa
ges
had
thre
ety
pes
of
vil
lag
eas
sem
bli
es,n
amel
y-t
he
ur,
the
Sab
ha
and
the
Nag
aram
.
Th
ere
ven
ue
oft
he
Ch
ola
kin
gd
om
cam
efr
om
-tax
eso
nla
nd
and
the
pro
du
ceo
fth
ela
nd
,an
dta
xo
ntr
ade.
Par
toft
he
rev
enu
ew
ask
eptf
or
the
kin
g.T
he
rest
was
use
do
np
ub
lic
wo
rks.
Th
ear
to
fm
akin
gst
on
ean
dm
etal
imag
esh
adm
ade
rap
idp
rog
ress
un
der
the
Ch
ola
rule
rs.
Th
eim
age
ofN
atar
aja
has
bee
nd
escr
ibed
asth
e“c
ult
ura
lep
ito
em”
ofC
ho
lap
erio
d.
Th
eso
uth
ern
par
to
fth
eIn
dia
np
enin
sula
situ
ated
sou
tho
fth
eK
rish
na
riv
erw
asin
hab
ited
by
the
Dra
vid
ian
s.T
his
reg
ion
was
ho
me
toth
ree
po
wer
ful
kin
gd
om
s-th
eC
her
as,
the
Pan
dy
asan
dth
eC
ho
las.
Th
em
ost
po
wer
ful
of
the
thre
ew
ere
the
Ch
ola
s. Raj
araj
aI
con
ceiv
edth
eid
eao
fp
refi
xin
gto
his
insc
rip
tio
ns
the
mai
nac
hie
vem
ents
of
his
reig
n.
Co
nse
qu
en
tly
,th
ere
ex
ists
afo
rmal
reco
rdo
fth
etr
ansa
ctio
ns
mad
eb
yea
chC
ho
laru
ler.
Th
ein
scri
pti
on
so
fth
eC
ho
las
are
inth
efo
rmo
fco
pp
er–p
late
gra
nts
,st
on
ein
scri
pti
on
san
din
scri
pti
on
sm
ade
on
the
wal
lsan
dp
illa
rso
fte
mp
les.
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8 | OSWAAL ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX
( 8 )
To know about more useful books for class-9 click here
CHAP
TER
: 8 m
edieva
l india
(B) T
he D
elhi
Sul
tana
te
Med
ieva
l I
nd
ia–
(B
) T
he
Del
hi
Su
lta
na
te
Du
eto
the
sho
rtag
eo
fsi
lver
,M
uh
amm
adb
inTu
gh
laq
intr
od
uce
db
ron
zeta
nk
ain
pla
ceo
fsi
lver
tan
kas
.B
ut
this
exp
erim
ent
fail
edd
ue
toth
eci
rcu
lati
on
off
ake
coin
sw
hic
hca
use
dch
aos
intr
ade
and
com
mer
ce.
Mu
ha
mm
ad
bin
Tug
hla
qw
an
ted
toco
nq
uer
terr
ito
ries
no
to
nly
inIn
dia
,b
ut
also
ince
ntr
alA
sia.
So
,in
ord
erto
get
mo
rere
ven
ue
tom
ain
tain
ala
rge
arm
y,h
ein
crea
sed
the
lan
dta
xin
the
fert
ile
reg
ion
ofG
ang
a-Y
amu
na
do
ab.
Th
ep
erio
db
etw
een
1206
and
1526
,wh
enfi
ve
dy
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ties
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essi
vel
yru
led
fro
mD
elh
i,is
kn
ow
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per
iod
of
Del
hi
Su
ltan
ate.
Th
ein
scri
pti
on
sar
efo
un
do
nco
ins,
mo
nu
men
ts,
mil
esto
nes
and
tom
bst
on
es.
So
me
of
the
insc
rip
tio
ns
are
inS
ansk
rit,
oth
erin
Ara
bic
and
som
ein
bo
thth
ela
ng
uag
es.
Itw
asst
arte
db
yQ
utu
bu
dd
inA
ibak
and
wa
sd
ed
ica
ted
toth
esu
fisa
int,
Qu
tub
ud
din
Bak
hti
yar
Kak
i,w
ho
was
gre
atly
ven
erat
edb
yth
ep
eop
leo
fD
elh
i.T
he
stru
ctu
rew
asco
mp
lete
db
yIl
tutm
ish
.
Qu
tub
ud
din
Aib
ak
:He
isre
gar
ded
asth
efo
un
der
oft
he
Sla
ve
dy
nas
ty.
Th
eea
rly
rule
rso
fth
isd
yn
asty
wer
eca
lle
dth
e‘M
am
luk
’S
ult
an
s.Q
utu
bu
dd
inA
iba
kem
bar
ked
on
ase
ries
of
con
qu
ests
and
cap
ture
dth
efo
rto
fK
alin
jar
inB
un
del
kh
and
and
An
hil
war
ain
Gu
jara
t.B
ecau
seo
fli
ber
ald
istr
ibu
tio
no
fm
on
ey,
he
earn
edth
eti
tle
of‘
Lak
hb
aksh
’.
Ala
ud
din
Kh
ilji
:H
eco
nq
uer
edal
lth
ete
rrit
ori
eso
fM
alw
a,in
clu
din
gU
jjai
n,
Dh
ar,
Ch
and
eri
and
Man
du
.B
y19
05,
he
con
qu
ered
mo
sto
fth
en
ort
her
nIn
dia
.He
had
ast
ron
gar
my
and
star
ted
pay
ing
his
sold
iers
inca
sh.
Ala
ud
din
isb
est
kn
ow
nin
his
tory
for
his
mar
ket
reg
ula
tio
ns.
He
fixe
dth
eco
sto
fal
lco
mm
od
itie
ssu
chas
foo
dg
rain
s,su
gar
and
coo
kin
go
il.
Ala
ud
din
Kh
ilji
was
the
firs
tSu
ltan
wh
ose
nt
anex
ped
itio
nto
Dec
can
un
der
Mal
ikK
afu
r.T
he
kin
gd
om
so
fD
evag
iri,
War
ang
al,
Dw
ara–
sam
ud
raa
nd
Ma
du
rai
we
reco
nq
uer
edb
utn
ota
nn
exed
.
Wh
en
Ala
ud
din
Kh
ilji
asce
nd
edth
eth
ron
e,h
eh
adto
face
ase
ries
of
reb
elli
on
sfr
om
the
no
ble
s.S
o,h
eto
ok
an
um
ber
of
mea
sure
sto
cru
shth
eir
po
wer
.
Ala
ud
din
Kh
ilji
was
the
firs
tru
ler
of
Del
hi
wh
ola
idth
efo
un
dat
ion
of
ap
erm
anen
tst
and
ing
arm
y.H
eim
po
rte
dq
ua
lity
ho
rse
sa
nd
star
ted
the
syst
emo
fb
ran
din
gh
ors
es.
He
also
intr
od
uce
dth
esy
stem
ofC
heh
ra,i
.e,g
ivin
ga
kin
do
fid
enti
tyca
rdfo
rev
ery
sold
ier.
Ala
ud
din
Kh
ilji
intr
od
uce
da
nu
mb
ero
fim
po
rtan
tm
easu
res
tog
etm
axim
um
rev
enu
e.H
ein
crea
sed
the
lan
dre
ven
ue
fro
mo
ne
-th
ird
too
ne
-ha
lfa
nd
dem
and
edit
inca
shan
dn
ot
ink
ind
.He
app
oin
ted
spec
ial
off
icer
sto
coll
ect
lan
dre
ven
ue.
Gh
iyas
-ud
-Din
’sso
nJa
un
aK
han
asce
nd
edth
eth
ron
ean
dto
ok
the
titl
eo
fM
uh
amm
adb
inTu
gh
laq
.D
uri
ng
Mu
ham
mad
bin
Tug
hla
q’s
reig
n,t
he
emp
ire
had
also
spre
adto
the
sou
th.H
esh
ifte
dh
isca
pit
alto
Dev
agir
inea
rm
od
ern
Au
ran
gab
adan
dre
nam
edit
Dau
lata
bad
.
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OSWAAL ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX | 9
( 9 )
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CHAP
TER
: 9 m
edieva
l india
(C) T
he M
ugha
l Em
pire
Au
ran
gze
bas
cen
ded
the
thro
ne
afte
ra
lon
gan
dfi
erce
stru
gg
lew
ith
his
fath
eran
dth
ree
bro
ther
s.A
tits
hei
gh
t,h
isru
leex
ten
ded
ov
eral
mo
stth
e e
nti
resu
bco
nti
nen
t-fr
om
Kas
hm
irin
the
no
rth
tori
ver
Kav
eri
inth
eso
uth
and
fro
mK
abu
lin
the
wes
tto
Ch
itta
go
ng
inth
eea
st.
Au
ran
gze
bd
ied
in17
07.
He
left
beh
ind
anem
pir
e,w
hic
hw
aso
nth
ev
erg
eo
fco
llap
se.
On
the
eve
of
Bab
ur’
sin
vas
ion
of
Ind
iain
1526
,In
dia
was
rule
db
yb
reak
away
kin
gd
om
so
fth
eD
elh
iS
ult
anat
ean
dth
ere
wa
sn
op
ow
erf
ul
Ce
ntr
al
au
tho
rity
.H
ow
ev
er,
the
reg
ion
al
kin
gd
om
s,o
ne
by
on
e,ca
me
un
der
the
con
tro
loft
he
Mu
gh
als.
Itw
asw
ritt
enb
yA
bu
lFaz
al,t
he
min
iste
ran
do
ne
of
the
nin
eje
wel
sat
Ak
bar
’sco
urt
.It
was
par
to
fa
larg
ep
roje
cto
fh
isto
ryw
riti
ng
com
mis
sio
ned
by
Ak
bar
.T
he
Ain
-i-A
kb
ari
isd
ivid
edin
tofi
ve
bo
ok
s. Itw
asb
uil
tb
yS
hah
Jah
anin
mem
ory
of
his
bel
ov
edw
ife
Mu
mta
zM
ah
al.
Itis
the
mau
sole
um
of
bo
thM
um
taz
Mah
alan
dS
hah
Jah
an.
Itis
bu
ilt
atA
gra
on
the
ban
ko
fth
eri
ver
Yam
un
a.
Itw
asb
uil
tb
yS
hah
Jah
anan
dis
the
big
ges
tm
osq
ue
inIn
dia
.It
sco
urt
yar
dh
as
the
cap
aci
tyto
acc
om
mo
da
teth
ou
san
ds
of
peo
ple
ata
tim
e.It
was
bu
iltb
yS
hah
Jah
anaf
ter
he
dec
ided
tosh
ifth
isca
pit
alto
Del
hi.
Itis
loca
ted
on
the
ban
ko
fth
eY
amu
na.
Red
san
dst
on
ean
dm
arb
lew
ere
use
din
its
con
stru
ctio
n.
Bab
ur,
wh
ose
full
nam
ew
asZ
ahir
-ud
-din
Mu
ham
mad
Bab
ur,
was
ad
esce
nd
ant
of
Tim
ur,
the
Mo
ng
ol
Ru
ler.
Hav
ing
esta
bli
shed
him
self
atK
abu
l,B
abu
rtu
rned
his
eyes
up
on
Ind
ia.
Inth
eF
irst
Bat
tle
of
Pan
ipat
(152
6),
Bab
ur
def
eate
dIb
rah
imL
od
hi
and
occ
up
ied
Del
hi
and
Ag
ra.
Th
eB
attl
eo
fKh
anw
a(1
527)
was
fier
cely
fou
gh
tb
etw
een
Bab
ur
and
Ran
aS
ang
a’s
forc
es.
Ran
aS
ang
a’s
forc
esw
ere
def
eate
d.
In15
29,
Bab
ur
met
the
com
bin
edfo
rces
of
the
Afg
han
san
dN
usr
atS
hah
of
Ben
gal
atth
eB
attl
eo
fGh
agra
.
Ak
bar
was
the
gre
ates
tofM
ug
hal
rule
rso
fIn
dia
. He
was
on
lyth
irte
eny
ears
old
wh
enh
eas
cen
ded
the
thro
ne
and
was
gu
ided
by
his
tuto
r,B
aira
mK
han
.A
kb
arsu
ccee
ded
toa
dif
ficu
ltp
osi
tio
nan
dh
adto
vir
tual
lyre
con
qu
erh
isem
pir
e.In
the
Sec
on
dB
attl
eo
fP
anip
at,
the
Mu
gh
alfo
rces
led
by
Bai
ram
Kh
and
efea
ted
Hem
u.
Aft
erh
avin
ges
tab
lish
edh
imse
lfin
Del
hi
and
Ag
ra,
Ak
bar
cap
ture
dM
alw
aan
dG
on
dw
ana,
Ben
gal
,G
uja
rat,
Kas
hm
iran
dK
abu
l.H
ev
entu
red
bey
on
dth
eV
ind
hy
asin
Dec
can
and
def
eate
dm
any
loca
lru
lers
.F
inal
ly,
Ah
med
nag
ar,
Ber
aran
dK
han
des
hw
ere
ann
exed
toth
eM
ug
hal
emp
ire.
Th
eR
ajp
ut
po
licy
of
Ak
bar
pro
ved
tob
eo
ne
of
his
gre
ates
tac
hie
vem
ents
.H
een
tere
din
tom
arri
age
alli
ance
sw
ith
the
Raj
pu
ts.
Bh
arM
al,
the
rule
ro
fA
mb
er,
mar
ried
his
yo
un
ger
dau
gh
ter,
Har
kh
aB
aito
Ak
bar
.M
edie
val
Ind
ia(C
) T
he
Mu
gha
lE
mp
ire
• • • •
• • •
• • • •
•
•
•
•
•
10 | OSWAAL ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX
( 10 )
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CHAP
TER
: 10 m
edieva
l india
(D) C
ompo
site
Cul
ture
Th
ein
tera
ctio
no
fth
eTu
rks
wit
hth
eIn
dia
ns,
resu
lted
inth
ed
evel
op
men
tof
an
ewco
mp
osi
tecu
ltu
re,
call
edth
eIn
do
-Isl
amic
cult
ure
.
Bij
akis
the
com
pil
atio
no
fth
ev
erse
so
fK
abir
.Kab
irw
asa
dis
cip
leo
fth
eB
hak
tiS
ain
tR
aman
and
a.K
abir
was
ano
ral
po
et,w
ho
sew
ork
sw
ere
wri
tten
do
wn
by
oth
ers.
Bij
akco
mp
rise
sth
ree
mai
nse
ctio
ns
call
edS
akh
i,R
amai
ni
and
Sh
abd
aan
da
fou
rth
sect
ion
con
tain
ing
mis
cell
aneo
us
folk
son
gfo
rms.
Th
efi
fth
Sik
hG
uru
,G
uru
Arj
anD
evco
mp
iled
Gu
ruN
anak
Dev
’sh
ym
ns
alo
ng
wit
hth
ose
of
his
fou
rsu
cces
sors
inth
eA
di
Gra
nth
Sah
ibin
1604
inA
mri
tsar
,P
un
jab
.G
uru
Go
bin
dS
ing
h,
the
ten
thG
uru
,in
clu
de
dth
eco
mp
osi
tio
ns
of
the
nin
thG
uru
,G
uru
Teg
Bah
adu
ran
da
cou
ple
to
fh
iso
wn
and
this
scri
ptu
rew
asca
lled
the
Gu
ruG
ran
thS
ahib
.T
he
enti
reG
uru
Gra
nth
Sah
ibis
wri
tten
inth
eG
urm
uk
his
crip
t.
St.
Fra
nci
sX
avie
rw
asb
orn
on
Ap
ril
7,15
06in
the
cast
leo
fX
avie
rin
Sp
ain
.In
1537
,h
eb
ecam
ea
pri
est.
In15
41,
he
star
ted
his
mis
sio
nar
yjo
urn
eyto
war
ds
Ind
iaan
dla
nd
edat
Go
ain
1542
.S
t.X
avie
rw
ork
edre
len
tles
sly
for
ten
yea
rsin
Ind
ia,a
nd
pre
ach
edth
ees
sen
tial
so
fC
hri
stia
nit
y.
Haz
rat
Niz
amu
dd
in,
was
afa
mo
us
Su
fiS
ain
to
fth
eC
his
tio
rder
that
bel
iev
edin
dra
win
gcl
ose
toG
od
thro
ug
hre
nu
nci
atio
no
fth
ew
orl
dan
dse
rvic
eto
hu
man
ity.
He
left
the
wo
rld
on
Ap
ril3
,132
5.H
issh
rin
e,th
eN
izam
ud
din
Dar
gah
,is
loca
ted
inD
elh
ian
dth
ep
rese
nt
stru
ctu
rew
asb
uil
tin
1562
.Th
esh
rin
eis
vis
ited
by
peo
ple
ofa
llfa
ith
sth
rou
gh
ou
tth
ey
ear.
Jnan
esw
arw
asa
13ce
ntu
rysa
int,
po
etan
dth
ph
ilo
sop
her
fro
mM
ahar
ash
tra.
He
was
the
seco
nd
oft
he
fou
rch
ild
ren
ofV
itth
alp
anta
nd
Ru
km
abai
.Jn
anes
war
lear
nt
and
mas
tere
dth
ep
hil
oso
ph
yan
dv
ario
us
tech
niq
ues
of
Ku
nd
alin
iyo
ga.
At
the
age
of
15,h
ed
eliv
ered
nin
e-th
ou
san
dv
erse
so
fh
isco
mm
enta
ryo
nth
eB
hag
vad
Git
a,ca
lled
the
Jnan
esw
ari
also
call
edB
hav
arth
aD
ipik
a.H
eis
anin
spir
atio
nfo
rm
illi
on
so
fd
ev
ote
es,
thro
ug
hh
iste
ach
ing
san
dth
eg
reat
text
sth
ath
eh
asle
ftb
ehin
das
his
leg
acy.
Med
ieva
l I
nd
ia(D
) C
omp
osit
eC
ult
ure
Mir
abai
was
the
Raj
asth
anip
rin
cess
of
Mew
arw
ho
liv
edd
uri
ng
the
tim
eo
fMu
gh
alru
ler
Ak
bar
.Mir
abai
was
mar
ried
toB
ho
jaR
aj,
the
hei
rap
par
ent
of
Ran
aS
ang
ao
fM
ewar
.S
he
ren
ou
nce
dth
ew
orl
da
nd
bec
ame
ad
evo
tee
of
Lo
rdK
rish
na.
Her
dev
oti
on
also
ng
s(b
haj
ans)
mad
eh
erp
op
ula
r.
St.
Fra
nci
sC
hu
rch
,in
Fo
rtK
och
i,o
rig
inal
lyb
uil
tin
1503
,is
the
old
est
Eu
rop
ean
chu
rch
inIn
dia
.T
he
Po
rtu
gu
ese
ex
plo
rer,
Va
sco
da
Gam
ad
ied
inK
och
iin
1524
wh
enh
ew
aso
nh
isth
ird
vis
itto
Ind
ia.H
isb
od
yw
aso
rig
inal
lyb
uri
edin
this
chu
rch
,bu
taf
ter
fou
rtee
ny
ears
,his
rem
ain
sw
ere
mo
ved
toL
isb
on
.
Ajm
erS
har
ief
isth
eh
oly
shri
ne
of
the
Su
fiS
ain
t,K
hw
ajah
Mo
inu
dd
inC
his
ti,l
oca
ted
atA
jmer
inR
ajas
than
.Th
em
ain
attr
acti
on
of
the
shri
ne
isth
em
auso
leu
mco
nta
inin
gth
eto
mb
of
the
sain
t.T
he
dar
gah
has
man
yo
ther
attr
acti
ve
bu
ild
ing
s,to
mb
san
dco
urt
yar
ds.
Ev
ery
yea
r,th
ou
san
ds
of
peo
ple
vis
itA
jmer
Sh
arie
fto
pay
rev
eren
ceat
the
san
ctif
ied
dar
gah
.
Bija
k
•
••••
• • • •
OSWAAL ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX | 11
( 11 )
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CHAP
TER
: 8 t
he m
ode
rn a
ge
in e
urope
(A
) Ren
aiss
ance
Wil
liam
Sh
akes
pea
rew
asan
En
gli
shp
oet
,pla
yw
rig
ht
and
acto
r,w
ho
isw
idel
yre
gar
ded
asth
eg
reat
estw
rite
rin
the
En
gli
shla
ng
uag
ean
dth
ew
orl
d's
pre
-em
inen
td
ram
atis
t.H
eis
oft
enca
lled
En
gla
nd
'sn
atio
nal
po
etan
dth
e'B
ard
of
Av
on
'.H
ew
rote
38p
lay
s,15
4so
nn
ets,
two
lon
gn
arra
tiv
ep
oem
san
da
few
oth
erv
erse
s.
Nic
olo
us
Co
per
nic
us
was
am
ath
emat
icia
nan
das
tro
no
mer
,w
ho
form
ula
ted
am
od
elo
fth
eu
niv
erse
that
pla
ced
the
sun
rath
erth
anth
eea
rth
atth
ece
ntr
eo
fth
eu
niv
erse
.T
he
pu
bli
cati
on
of
this
mo
del
inh
isb
oo
kD
eR
evo
luti
on
ibu
sO
rbiu
mC
eles
tiu
mju
stb
efo
reh
isd
eath
in15
43is
reg
ard
edas
am
ajo
rev
ent
inth
eh
isto
ryo
fsc
ien
ce,t
rig
ger
ing
the
cop
ern
ican
rev
olu
tio
n.
Itm
ark
edth
ere
viv
alo
fth
efr
eed
om
toth
ink
and
act
wit
ho
ut
bei
ng
con
tro
lled
by
any
exte
rnal
agen
cy.
Itw
asal
soa
rev
ival
of
the
stu
dy
oft
he
anci
entG
reek
and
rom
ancl
assi
cs.
Co
nst
anti
no
ple
was
the
cap
ital
of
the
Eas
tern
Ro
man
Em
pir
ean
dw
asa
cen
tre
of
Gre
ekan
dR
om
ancu
ltu
res,
bu
tC
on
stan
tin
op
lefe
llin
toth
eh
and
so
fth
eTu
rks
in14
53.
Man
yG
reek
and
Ro
man
sch
ola
rsw
ere
thu
s,fo
rced
tosh
ift
toR
om
ean
do
ther
par
tso
fE
uro
pe
wit
hth
eir
man
usc
rip
ts.
Wh
erev
erth
eyw
ent,
they
rev
ived
the
inte
rest
of
the
peo
ple
inth
est
ud
yo
fG
reek
ph
ilo
sop
hy,
scie
nce
,art
and
lite
ratu
re.
Feu
dal
ism
was
syst
emac
cord
ing
tow
hic
hth
em
edie
val
Eu
rop
ean
soci
ety
was
org
anis
edo
nth
eb
asis
of
lan
dte
nu
re.I
nth
issy
stem
,all
the
peo
ple
,fro
mth
ek
ing
do
wn
toth
elo
wes
tla
nd
ow
ner
sw
ere
bo
un
dto
get
her
by
ob
lig
atio
nan
dd
efen
ce.H
ow
ever
,dec
lin
eo
ffeu
dal
ism
inth
e13
and
14ce
ntu
ries
pro
vid
edan
imp
etu
sto
free
thth
thin
kin
g.I
tle
dto
the
new
dev
elo
pm
ents
inth
esp
her
eso
fart
,lit
erat
ure
,ph
ilo
sop
hy
and
scie
nce
and
con
trib
ute
dto
the
rise
ofr
enai
ssan
ce.
Th
eE
uro
pea
ntr
ader
san
dn
avig
ato
rsfe
ltth
en
eed
for
dis
cov
erin
gn
ewse
aro
ute
s.D
ue
toth
ese
dis
cov
erie
s,co
nta
ctb
etw
een
the
Eas
tan
dth
eW
est
beg
anto
dev
elo
pan
dth
ere
was
fusi
on
of
idea
s.T
he
op
enin
go
fn
ewtr
ade
rou
tes
no
to
nly
enco
ura
ged
trad
e,b
ut
also
crea
ted
the
spir
ito
fad
ven
ture
and
bro
aden
edth
em
enta
lho
rizo
n.
Inth
eM
edie
val
Ag
e,al
lh
um
anac
tiv
itie
s,b
oth
men
tal
and
ph
ysi
cal,
wer
eco
ntr
oll
edan
dg
uid
edb
yth
eau
tho
rity
of
the
Po
pe
and
the
Ch
urc
h.B
ut
an
um
ber
of
sch
ola
rsd
isca
rded
the
idea
so
fM
edie
val
Per
iod
and
dev
elo
ped
asp
irit
of
enq
uir
yan
da
sen
seo
fcu
rio
sity
amo
ng
the
peo
ple
.T
he
fact
ors
resp
on
sib
lefo
rth
ed
evel
op
men
toft
he
spir
ito
fen
qu
iry
wer
e:
(i)
Ro
leo
fori
gin
alth
ink
ers
(ii)
Cru
sad
es(i
ii)D
evel
op
men
tofs
cien
ce.
Th
eP
rin
tin
gP
ress
en
ab
led
Eu
rop
eto
mu
ltip
lyb
oo
ks
and
pu
tth
emw
ith
inth
ere
ach
of
peo
ple
.Pri
nti
ng
and
dis
trib
uti
on
of
bo
ok
sin
flu
ence
dp
eop
le's
atti
tud
eto
life
and
bro
ug
hta
bo
uta
new
awak
enin
gin
Eu
rop
e.
Leo
nar
do
Da
Vin
ciw
asa
gre
atp
ain
ter,
scu
lpto
r,m
usi
cian
and
asc
ien
tist
.His
pai
nti
ng
so
fth
e'V
irg
ino
fth
eR
ock
s',
'Th
ela
stsu
pp
er'a
nd
'Mo
na
Lis
a'ar
eg
reat
mas
terp
iece
so
far
t.N
ewte
chn
iqu
esw
ere
ado
pte
din
his
pai
nti
ng
sto
giv
ea
fin
efe
elin
go
fre
alit
y.
The M
od
ern
ge
Ain
Eu
rop
e–
() R
ena
issa
nce
A
Science(Nico
lousC
oper
nic
us)
Ren
aiss
ance
Cap
ture
of
Co
nst
anti
no
ple
Causes of
Art
(Leo
nard
oDa Vinci)
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12 | OSWAAL ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX
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he m
ode
rn a
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in e
urope
(B
) Ref
orm
ation Th
eR
efo
rmat
ion
Mo
vem
ent
was
agai
nst
the
Ro
man
Cat
ho
lic
Ch
urc
han
dit
bro
ug
ht
abo
ut
the
bir
tho
fth
eP
rote
stan
tC
hu
rch
.In
ord
erto
rest
ore
the
cred
ibil
ity
of
the
Cat
ho
lic
Ch
urc
h,
ala
rge
nu
mb
ero
fd
edic
ated
Ch
rist
ian
sin
clu
din
gso
me
Po
pes
intr
od
uce
dce
rtai
nre
form
sw
ith
inth
eC
hu
rch
.T
his
mo
vem
enti
sk
no
wn
asth
eC
ou
nte
rR
efo
rmat
ion
.
Ref
orm
atio
nis
the
nam
eg
iven
toa
gro
up
of
reli
gio
us
mo
ve
me
nts
of
the
six
tee
nth
cen
tury
lau
nch
edb
yth
eC
hri
stia
ns
agai
nst
the
var
iou
sd
raw
bac
ks
oft
he
Ch
ruch
and
the
ob
ject
ion
able
pra
ctic
eso
fth
ecl
erg
ym
en.
On
e-te
nth
of
the
inco
me
of
ap
erso
nw
asg
iven
toth
eC
hu
rch
.T
his
was
call
edth
eT
ith
e.T
he
cler
gy
also
coll
ecte
dan
oth
ersu
mca
lled
the
'Pet
er's
Pen
ce'
form
the
peo
ple
.P
op
eL
eoX
issu
edp
ard
on
cert
ific
ates
call
ed'In
du
lgen
ces'
toth
ose
wh
og
ave
mo
ney
tob
uil
dth
eC
hu
rch
.A
llth
ese
pra
ctic
esv
iola
ted
the
rule
san
dan
no
yed
the
com
mo
np
eop
le.
So
me
oft
he
cler
gy
men
lack
edp
rop
ered
uca
tio
nan
dso
me
liv
edin
luxu
ryan
dn
egle
cted
thei
rre
lig
iou
sd
uti
es.T
he
Pri
ests
pro
mis
edsa
lvat
ion
inex
chan
ge
for
fees
.T
hes
ep
ract
ices
wer
ese
ver
ely
crit
icis
edan
do
pp
ose
db
yth
ep
eop
le.
•In
the
16ce
ntu
ry,M
arti
nL
uth
er,a
Ger
man
Cle
rgy
men
and
Pro
fess
or
of
th
Th
eolo
gy
atth
eU
niv
ersi
tyo
fW
itte
nb
urg
,o
pen
lycr
itic
ised
pap
acy.
He
occ
use
dth
eC
hu
rch
for
the
sale
ofi
nd
ulg
ence
s.
•In
1517
,L
uth
erw
rote
nin
ety
-fiv
eth
eses
or
stat
emen
tsd
eali
ng
wit
hth
ed
iffe
ren
ceb
etw
een
the
bel
iefs
and
pra
ctic
eso
fth
eC
hu
rch
and
nai
led
them
on
the
Ch
urc
hd
oo
rat
Wit
ten
bu
rg.
•L
uth
erd
evo
ted
his
tim
etr
ansl
atin
gth
eB
ible
into
Ger
man
and
set
up
anin
dep
end
entC
hu
rch
.
•L
uth
ertr
avel
led
exte
nsi
vel
yto
dif
fere
nt
par
tso
fE
uro
pe,
Ger
man
y,N
orw
ay,
Sw
eden
and
Den
mar
k.
Th
eP
rote
stan
tM
ov
emen
tg
ain
edw
ide
acce
pta
nce
.
The M
od
ern A
ge
in E
urop
e (
B)
–
Reform
ati
on
Th
eR
enai
ssan
ceen
cou
rag
edsp
irit
of
enq
uir
y,d
evel
op
edcr
itic
alat
titu
de
and
bro
aden
edth
em
enta
lo
utl
oo
ko
fm
an.
Peo
ple
then
beg
anto
qu
esti
on
ever
yth
ing
incl
ud
ing
the
auth
ori
tyo
fth
eP
op
e.T
hey
crit
icis
edth
eC
hu
rch
pra
ctic
es,
ritu
als
and
life
sty
les
ofc
lerg
ym
en.
AG
erm
anP
ries
t,M
arti
nL
uth
er,
rais
eda
stro
ng
vo
ice
of
pro
test
agai
nst
the
po
wer
of
the
Po
pe,
and
lau
nch
eda
Mo
vem
ent
agai
nst
the
abu
ses
inth
eC
hu
rch
and
the
auth
ori
tyo
fth
eP
op
e.T
his
pro
ved
tob
eth
eim
med
iate
cau
seo
fth
ere
form
atio
n.
An
ti-C
hu
rch
Mo
vem
ents
beg
anin
Eu
rop
ein
the
mid
dle
ages
.T
hes
em
ov
emen
tsd
isec
ted
thei
rat
tack
so
nth
ew
ron
gd
oin
gs
of
the
Ch
urc
h.
Joh
nW
ycl
iffe
,an
En
gli
shP
ries
tan
dO
xfo
rdP
rofe
sso
r,cr
itic
ised
the
wo
rld
lin
ess
of
the
Ch
urc
han
dso
me
ofi
tsp
ract
ices
.
Po
pe’
sin
terf
eren
cein
the
po
liti
cala
ffai
rsw
asn
atu
rall
yo
pp
ose
db
yth
ek
ing
s.T
hey
stro
ng
lysu
pp
ort
edth
eR
efo
rmat
ion
Mo
vem
enti
no
rder
tow
eak
enth
eC
hu
rch
.As
earl
yas
inth
e13
th
Cen
tury
,th
eru
lers
ofE
uro
pe
had
qu
arre
led
wit
hth
eP
op
eso
ver
the
roy
alri
gh
tto
tax
the
Ch
urc
hp
rop
erty
.
OSWAAL ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX | 13
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CHAP
TER
: 8 t
he m
ode
rn a
ge
in e
urope
(C
) Ind
ustr
ial R
evol
ution
The
Mod
ern
ge
Ain
Eu
rop
e–
(C
) I
nd
ust
ria
lR
evol
uti
on
�C
apit
alis
mb
elie
ves
infr
eem
ark
etan
dis
op
po
sed
tog
ov
ern
men
tin
terv
enti
on
inth
eec
on
om
yb
ecau
seit
bel
iev
esth
at,
go
ver
nm
ent
inte
rven
tio
ng
iven
rise
toin
effi
cien
cies
.
�It
bel
iev
esth
atal
lin
div
idu
als
sho
uld
hav
eac
cess
tob
asic
arti
cles
of
con
sum
pti
on
and
pu
bli
cg
oo
ds
toal
low
for
self
-act
ual
isat
ion
.
�C
apit
alis
mre
fers
toth
eec
on
om
icsy
stem
inw
hic
hth
em
ean
so
fp
rod
uct
ion
lik
ela
bo
ur,
raw
-mat
eria
ls,
too
lsan
dm
ach
ines
are
ow
ned
by
pri
vat
ein
div
idu
als
or
gro
up
s,o
ften
for
pro
fit.
�S
oci
alis
mre
fers
toth
eec
on
om
icsy
stem
inw
hic
hth
eg
ov
ern
men
to
wn
san
dco
ntr
ols
the
mea
ns
of
pro
du
ctio
nsu
ch(a
sfa
cto
ries
)an
dd
istr
ibu
tio
no
fg
oo
ds.
�A
sa
reac
tio
nto
the
Ev
ils
ofC
apit
alis
m
�Tr
ade
Un
ion
Mo
vem
ent
�T
he
Ch
arti
stM
ov
emen
t
�L
oss
ofT
rad
itio
nal
Job
s
�E
xplo
itat
ion
�S
tres
san
dst
rain
�O
ver
cro
wd
ing
�In
crea
sein
Po
pu
lati
on
�L
egal
Req
uir
emen
t
�G
row
tho
fTo
wn
s
�M
ass
Pro
du
ctio
n•
Dis
app
eara
nce
ofS
mal
lFar
mer
s
�C
on
gen
ialA
tmo
sph
ere
�C
olo
nia
lEm
pir
e
�A
vai
lab
ilit
yo
fNat
ura
lRes
ou
rces
�In
crea
sein
the
Dem
and
for
Go
od
s
�A
vai
lab
ilit
yo
fLab
ou
r
�E
ffec
tiv
eTr
ansp
ort
Sy
stem
�U
seo
fSte
am
Ind
ust
rial
Rev
olu
tio
nis
the
nam
eg
iven
toa
seri
eso
fch
ang
esth
atb
rou
gh
tab
ou
ta
tran
siti
on
fro
mp
rod
uct
ion
by
han
dto
pr
od
uc
tio
nb
ym
ac
hin
e,
fro
msm
all–
scal
ep
rod
uct
ion
tola
rge–
scal
ep
rod
uct
ion
,fr
om
han
d–m
ade
go
od
sto
mac
hin
e–m
ade
go
od
s.
�E
xam
ple
so
fco
un
trie
sw
her
eca
pit
alis
mis
pre
val
ent
are–
US
A,
UK
,C
anad
a,A
ust
rali
a.
�E
xam
ple
so
fco
un
trie
sw
her
eS
oci
alis
mis
pre
va
len
ta
re–
Ch
ina
,D
en
ma
rk,
Fin
lan
d,S
wed
en,N
orw
ay.
�K
eyP
rop
on
ents
of
Cap
ital
ism
incl
ud
eR
ich
ard
Can
till
on
,A
dam
Sm
ith
,D
avid
Ric
har
do
,F
red
rich
A.
Hay
ek,
Ay
nR
and
,Mil
ton
Fri
edm
an.
�K
eyp
rop
on
ents
of
So
cial
ism
incl
ud
eR
ob
ert
Ow
en,
Pie
rre
Ler
ou
x,K
arl
Mar
x,F
red
rick
En
gel
s,Jo
hn
Stu
art
Mil
l,A
lber
tEin
stei
n,G
eorg
eB
ern
ard
Sh
aw.
�In
Cap
ital
ism
,p
rod
uct
ion
isfo
rp
rofi
t:
use
ful
go
od
san
dse
rvic
esar
ea
by
-pro
du
cto
fpu
rsu
ing
pro
fit.
�In
So
cial
ism
,p
rod
uct
ion
isfo
ru
se:
use
ful
go
od
san
dse
rvic
esar
ep
rod
uce
dsp
ecif
ical
lyfo
rth
eir
uti
lity
.
�
14 | OSWAAL ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX
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CHAP
TER
: 1 o
ur c
ons
titu
tion
Ou
r
Consti
tuti
on
•C
on
stit
uti
on
isa
com
pre
he
nsi
ve
do
cum
ent
con
tain
ing
the
set
of
rule
sac
cord
ing
tow
hic
hth
eg
ov
ern
men
to
fa
cou
ntr
yru
ns.
•It
reg
ula
tes
the
po
siti
on
and
po
wer
so
fth
eth
ree
org
ans
of
the
go
ver
nm
ent–
the
Leg
isla
tiv
e,th
eE
xecu
tiv
ean
dth
eJu
dic
iary
;an
dst
ates
ho
wth
eyar
ein
ter–
rela
ted
.
•T
he
Ind
ian
Ind
epen
den
ceA
ct,
1947
,b
yw
hic
htw
oin
dep
end
ent
stat
eso
fIn
dia
and
Pak
ista
nw
ere
crea
ted
,re
cog
nis
edth
eex
iste
nce
of
the
Co
nst
itu
ent
Ass
emb
lyo
fIn
dia
.
•To
con
du
cto
nit
sw
ork
,it
app
oin
ted
eig
ht
com
mit
tees
.T
he
Dra
ftin
gC
om
mit
tee,
un
der
the
chai
rman
ship
of
Dr.
B.R
.A
mb
edk
arw
asse
tu
po
nA
ug
ust
29,
1947
and
wa
se
ntr
ust
ed
wit
hth
eta
sko
fd
raft
ing
the
Co
nst
itu
tio
n.
Dr.
Bh
imra
oA
mb
edk
arin
corp
ora
ted
the
foll
ow
ing
Pri
nci
ple
sin
the
Co
nst
itu
tio
no
fIn
dia
:
•M
akin
gth
eIn
dia
nC
on
stit
uti
on
wo
rkab
le,
flex
ible
and
stro
ng
eno
ug
hto
ho
ldth
eco
un
try
tog
eth
er,b
oth
inp
eace
and
inw
ar.
•P
rov
idin
gsp
ecia
lsa
feg
uar
ds
toth
em
ino
riti
esan
dce
rtai
ncl
asse
sw
ho
are
soci
ally
and
edu
cati
on
ally
bac
kw
ard
.
•In
corp
ora
tin
gri
gh
tso
fth
eC
on
stit
uti
on
alR
emed
ies
toen
sure
that
the
Fu
nd
amen
tal
Rig
hts
of
the
ind
ivid
ual
sar
en
ot
infr
ing
edb
yth
eC
entr
eo
rth
eS
tate
Go
ver
nm
ents
.
•S
ing
leci
tize
nsh
ip,s
ing
leju
dic
iary
and
un
ifo
rmit
yin
fun
dam
enta
llaw
sto
inte
gra
teIn
dia
nso
ciet
y.
•In
corp
ora
tin
gD
irec
tiv
eP
rin
cip
les
toen
sure
soci
alan
dec
on
om
icd
emo
crac
yan
dw
elfa
reo
fth
ep
eop
leo
fIn
dia
.
•T
he
Co
nst
itu
tio
nw
asad
op
ted
and
pas
sed
by
the
Co
nst
itu
entA
ssem
bly
on
No
vem
ber
26,1
949.
•T
he
Co
nst
itu
tio
nas
aw
ho
leca
me
into
forc
ew
ith
effe
ctfr
om
Jan
uar
y26
,195
0.
•W
ith
the
com
ing
into
forc
eo
fth
eC
on
stit
uti
on
,C
.R
ajag
op
lach
arib
ecam
eth
eG
ov
ern
or-
Gen
eral
.
•D
r.R
ajen
dra
Pra
sad
wh
ow
asth
ep
resi
den
to
fth
eC
on
stit
uen
tA
ssem
bly
too
ko
ver
asth
eP
resi
den
to
fth
eIn
dia
nU
nio
n.
Th
ed
ate
Jan
uar
y26
,19
50fo
rco
mm
ence
men
to
fth
eC
on
stit
uti
on
was
spec
iall
yse
lect
edb
ecau
seo
fit
sh
isto
rica
lim
po
rtan
ce.
Itw
aso
nth
isd
ate,
Jan
uar
y26
,in
1929
that
the
Lah
ore
Ses
sio
no
fth
eIn
dia
nN
atio
nal
Co
ng
ress
had
,fo
rth
efi
rst
tim
e,g
iven
the
call
of
Pu
rna
Sw
araj
or
Co
mp
lete
Ind
epen
den
ce.S
ince
then
,th
ed
ayw
asce
leb
rate
das
Ind
epen
den
ceD
ayu
pto
19
47
.O
na
chie
vin
gIn
de
pe
nd
en
ce,
15
thA
ug
ust
19
47
be
cam
eth
eIn
dep
end
ence
Day
.Jan
uar
y26
was
des
ign
ated
asth
eR
epu
bli
cD
ay.
•
OSWAAL ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX | 15
( 15 )
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CHA
PTER
: 1 our
cons
titu
tion
(Top
ic : 1
Sal
ient
Fea
ture
s of t
he C
onsti
tutio
n)
Sa
lien
t F
eatu
res
of T
he
Con
stit
uti
on-I
•T
he
Ind
ian
Co
nst
itu
tio
np
rov
ides
for
aS
ing
leC
itiz
ensh
ip.T
his
mea
ns
that
all
Ind
ian
s,ir
resp
ecti
ve
of
the
stat
eo
fth
eir
do
mic
ile,
are
the
citi
zen
so
fIn
dia
.
•T
his
has
bee
nd
on
eto
war
do
ffse
par
atis
tte
nd
enci
esan
dp
rom
ote
frat
ern
ity
and
un
ity
amo
ng
the
peo
ple
.
•T
his
mea
ns
that
allp
erso
no
f18
yea
rso
fag
ean
dab
ov
eh
ave
the
rig
ht
tov
ote
,irr
esp
ecti
ve
of
thei
rca
ste,
colo
ur,
reli
gio
net
c.
•A
cco
rdin
gto
this
syst
em
,re
sid
en
to
fa
con
stit
uen
cyv
ote
for
aca
nd
idat
eir
resp
ecti
ve
of
his
cast
eo
rcr
eed
.
•To
abid
eb
yth
eC
on
stit
uti
on
and
tore
spec
tN
atio
nal
Fla
gan
dN
atio
nal
An
them
.
•To
foll
ow
the
no
ble
idea
ls.
•To
up
ho
ldan
dp
rote
ctth
eso
ver
eig
nty
,u
nit
yan
din
teg
rity
of
Ind
ia.
•To
def
end
the
cou
ntr
yan
dto
ren
der
nat
ion
alse
rvic
e.
•To
pro
mo
teh
arm
on
yan
db
roth
erh
oo
d.
•To
pre
serv
eri
chcu
ltu
ralh
erit
age.
•To
pro
tect
the
nat
ura
len
vir
on
men
t.
•To
dev
elo
psc
ien
tifi
cte
mp
er,h
um
anis
man
dsp
irit
ofe
nq
uir
y.
•To
safe
gu
ard
pu
bli
cp
rop
erty
and
abju
rev
iole
nce
.
•To
stri
ve
for
exce
llen
ce.
•D
uty
of
the
par
ents
top
rov
ide
edu
cati
on
toth
eir
chil
do
fag
e6
to14
yea
rs.
•A
rtic
le 1
4 :
Eq
ual
ity
bef
ore
law
an
deq
ual
pro
tect
ion
of
law
.
•A
rtic
le 1
5 :
Pro
hib
itio
n o
f d
iscr
imin
atio
n.
•A
rtic
le 1
6 :
Eq
ual
ity
of
op
po
rtu
nit
y i
nre
spec
t o
f em
plo
ym
ent.
•A
rtic
le 1
7 :
Ab
oli
tio
n o
f u
nto
uch
abil
ity.
•A
rtic
le18
:Ab
oli
tio
no
ftit
les.
•A
rtic
le1
9:
Fre
ed
om
of
spe
ech
,e
xp
ress
ion
,a
sse
mb
ly,
mo
ve
me
nt,
sett
lem
enta
nd
pro
fess
ion
.
•A
rtic
le20
:Pro
tect
ion
agai
nst
con
vic
tio
nfo
ro
ffen
ces.
•A
rtic
le21
:Pro
tect
ion
ofl
ife
and
lib
erty
.
•A
rtic
le22
:Pro
tect
ion
agai
nst
arre
stan
dd
eten
tio
nin
cert
ain
case
s.
•A
rtic
le23
:P
roh
ibit
ion
of
hu
man
traf
fick
ing
and
forc
edla
bo
ur.
•A
rtic
le24
:P
roh
ibit
ion
of
emp
loy
men
to
fch
ild
ren
un
der
the
age
of
14in
fact
ori
es,m
ines
,et
c.
•A
rtic
le25
:F
reed
om
of
con
scie
nce
,pro
fess
ion
pre
ach
ing
and
pro
pag
atio
n
•A
rtic
le26
:Fre
edo
mto
man
age
reli
gio
us
affa
irs
•A
rtic
le27
:F
reed
om
fro
mp
aym
ent
of
taxe
sfo
rp
rom
oti
ng
par
ticu
lar
reli
gio
n
•A
rtic
le28
:Fre
edo
mfr
om
atte
nd
ance
atre
lig
iou
sin
stru
ctio
ns
ince
rtai
ned
uca
tio
nal
inst
itu
tio
ns
•A
rtic
le29
:Pro
tect
ion
ofl
ang
uag
e,sc
rip
t,cu
ltu
reo
fmin
ori
ties
.
•A
rtic
le30
:R
igh
tto
esta
bli
shan
dad
min
iste
rm
ino
rity
edu
cati
on
al,
soci
alan
dcu
ltu
rali
nst
itu
tio
ns.
•A
rtic
le31
:R
emed
ies
for
the
enfo
rcem
ent
of
the
Fu
nd
amen
tal
Rig
hts
.R
igh
tto
Pro
per
tyd
elet
edb
y44
Co
nst
itu
tio
nA
men
dm
ent
th
Act
1978
.
•A
rtic
le32
:Is
sue
of
wri
ts(H
abea
s,C
orp
us,
Man
dam
us,
Pro
hib
itio
n,
Cer
tio
rari
,Qu
o-w
arra
nto
).
•A
rtic
le21
A:
Fre
ean
dco
mp
uls
ory
edu
cati
on
toal
lth
ech
ild
ren
of
the
age
of6
to14
yea
rs.
16 | OSWAAL ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX
( 16 )
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CHAP
TER
: 1 o
ur c
ons
titu
tion
(Top
ic :
2 Sa
lient
Fea
ture
s of t
he C
onsti
tutio
n-II)
Sa
lien
t F
eatu
res
of T
he
Con
stit
uti
on-I
I
•T
he
Rig
ht
toE
du
cati
on
Act
has
mad
eit
man
dat
ory
for
ever
ych
ild
bet
wee
nth
eag
eso
f6-
14to
be
pro
vid
edfr
eeed
uca
tio
nin
all
go
ver
nm
enta
nd
go
ver
nm
enta
ided
sch
oo
ls.
•T
her
eis
asy
stem
of
rese
rvat
ion
of
seat
sin
job
san
din
edu
cati
on
alin
stit
uti
on
sfo
rS
ched
ule
dC
aste
san
dS
ched
ule
dTr
ibes
.
•O
ne
of
the
maj
or
ob
ject
ives
of
Fiv
eY
ears
pla
ns
isto
focu
so
nth
ew
elfa
rean
dp
rog
ress
oft
he
wea
ker
sect
ion
so
fth
eso
ciet
y
•U
nto
uch
abil
ity
has
bee
nm
ade
ano
ffen
ce,p
un
ish
able
by
law
.
•T
he
go
ver
nm
ent
has
abo
lish
edth
eza
min
dar
isy
stem
and
intr
od
uce
dth
ela
nd
refo
rmp
rog
ram
me
tod
oaw
ayw
ith
the
old
feu
dal
soci
o-e
con
om
icst
ruct
ure
of
rura
lIn
dia
.
•R
igh
tto
Fai
rC
om
pen
sati
on
and
Tran
spar
ency
inL
an
dA
cqu
isit
ion
,R
eh
ab
ilit
ati
on
an
dR
sett
lem
en
tB
ill,
20
13
wa
sp
ass
ed
by
the
Pa
rlia
me
nt
inS
epte
mb
er,2
013.
•N
ati
on
ali
smo
fb
an
ks,
insu
ran
ceco
mp
an
ies
an
dso
me
key
ind
ust
ries
hav
eb
een
do
ne.
•In
ord
erto
ensu
reju
stp
aym
ent
tow
ork
ers
and
equ
alp
ayfo
req
ual
wo
rk,
the
pay
men
to
fw
ages
isg
ov
ern
ed
by
the
go
ve
rnm
en
ta
cco
rdin
gto
the
min
imu
mw
ages
act
1948
,as
amen
ded
fro
mti
me
toti
me.
•T
he
Dir
ecti
ve
Pri
nci
ple
sar
eth
eg
uid
elin
esto
be
foll
ow
edb
yth
eg
ov
ern
men
tin
the
go
ver
nan
ceo
fth
eco
un
try.
Par
tIV
of
the
Co
nst
itu
tio
nc
on
tain
sth
eD
ire
cti
ve
Pri
nci
ple
so
fS
tate
Po
licy
un
der
Art
icle
s36
to51
.
•T
he
ya
reca
lle
d'D
ire
ctiv
eP
rin
cip
les'
bec
ause
the
Go
ver
nm
ent
has
tota
ke
them
into
con
sid
erat
ion
wh
ile
mak
ing
law
s.T
hes
ep
rin
cip
les
con
tain
loft
yid
eas,
dee
ph
um
anth
ou
gh
t,b
elie
fan
dk
no
wle
dg
e.
•D
irec
tiv
eP
rin
cip
les
pro
vid
ea
fram
ewo
rk,p
oli
tica
l,so
cial
and
eco
no
mic
pro
gra
mm
efo
ra
mo
der
nd
emo
crat
icS
tate
.
•T
hey
pro
vid
ea
mea
sure
toju
dg
ea
go
ver
nm
ent's
per
form
ance
.
•T
he
Dir
ecti
ve
Pri
nci
ple
sd
irec
tth
eg
ov
ern
men
tto
mo
ve
tow
ard
sth
eg
oo
do
faW
elfa
reS
tate
.Th
eyre
flec
tth
eid
eas
of
just
ice,
lib
erty
,eq
ual
ity
and
frat
ern
ity
men
tio
ned
inth
eP
ream
ble
.
•T
hey
pro
vid
ea
dir
ecti
on
toco
urt
sin
resp
ecto
fsaf
egu
ard
ing
the
rig
hts
oft
he
citi
zen
s.
•T
he
42A
men
dm
entA
ct,1
976
pro
vid
esth
atif
ala
wis
mad
eto
giv
eef
fect
toan
yo
fth
eD
irec
tiv
eP
rin
cip
les,
itw
ill
nd
no
tbe
dec
lare
du
nco
nst
itu
tio
nal
even
ifit
tak
esaw
ayan
yo
fth
eri
gh
tsu
nd
erA
rtic
les
14,1
9an
d31
.
•A
Wel
fare
Sta
teis
aS
tate
wh
ich
seek
sto
ensu
reth
em
ax
imu
mh
ap
pin
ess
of
ma
xim
um
nu
mb
ero
fp
eop
leli
vin
gw
ith
init
ste
rrit
ory
.T
he
Co
nst
itu
tio
no
fIn
dia
seek
sto
esta
bli
shIn
dia
asa
Wel
fare
Sta
te.
•B
oth
the
Un
ion
and
the
Sta
teG
ov
ern
men
ts,
hav
eo
ver
the
pas
tsi
xd
ecad
esta
ken
step
sto
imp
lem
ent
Dir
ecti
ve
Pri
nci
ple
s,w
hic
hai
mat
esta
bli
shin
gso
cial
and
eco
no
mic
dem
ocr
acy,
the
bas
icg
oal
ofa
Wel
fare
Sta
te.
OSWAAL ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX | 17
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CHAP
TER
: 2 e
lect
ions
Ele
ctio
ns
•A
rtic
le32
4,C
lau
ses
1to
6d
ealw
ith
the
com
po
siti
on
of
the
Ele
ctio
nC
om
mis
sio
nan
do
ther
rela
ted
issu
es,
Th
eC
hie
fE
lect
ion
Co
mm
issi
on
er(C
EC
)st
and
sat
the
top
inth
eh
iera
rch
yo
fth
eE
lect
ion
Co
mm
issi
on
.T
he
Ele
ctio
nC
om
mis
sio
nco
nsi
sts
of
aC
hie
fE
lect
ion
Co
mm
issi
on
eran
do
ther
Ele
ctio
nC
om
mis
sio
ner
s.
•T
he
Ch
ief
Ele
ctio
nC
om
mis
sio
ner
(CE
C)
and
the
oth
erC
om
mis
sio
ner
sar
eap
po
inte
db
yth
eP
resi
den
to
fIn
dia
.T
his
isd
on
eat
the
adv
ice
of
the
Pri
me
Min
iste
ras
per
Art
icle
74.
•P
rep
arat
ion
of
Ele
cto
ral
Ro
lls
and
Ph
oto
Iden
tity
Car
ds.
•R
egis
trat
ion
and
Rec
og
nit
ion
of
Po
liti
calP
arti
es.
•A
llo
tmen
tofS
ym
bo
ls.
•F
ixin
gD
ate
sa
nd
con
du
ctin
gE
lect
ion
s.
•E
nsu
rin
gfr
eean
dfa
irE
lect
ion
s.
•A
pp
oin
tmen
tofP
oll
ing
Off
icer
s.
•S
cru
tin
yo
fNo
min
atio
nP
aper
s.
•S
cru
tin
yo
fEle
ctio
nE
xpen
ses.
•A
dv
iso
ryF
un
ctio
ns.
•E
lect
ion
isa
pro
ced
ure
,w
her
eby
per
son
sar
ech
ose
n,
by
vo
tin
g,
tore
pre
sen
tth
ev
ote
rsfo
rru
nn
ing
the
go
ver
nm
ent.
•In
mo
der
nso
ciet
ies,
elec
tio
ns
are
fou
gh
to
np
arty
lin
es.A
po
liti
cal
par
tyis
ag
rou
po
fp
eop
leh
old
ing
sim
ilar
vie
ws
or
bel
iefs
.A
ny
po
liti
cal
par
tyo
ra
com
bin
atio
no
fp
arti
esg
etti
ng
the
hig
hes
tn
um
ber
of
vo
tes,
form
the
go
ver
nm
ent.
•P
eop
le v
ote
dir
ectl
y f
or
thei
r re
pre
sen
tati
ves
.
•E
ver
y I
nd
ian
cit
izen
ab
ov
e th
e ag
e o
f 18
Yea
rsh
old
s th
e ri
gh
t to
vo
te.
•M
emb
ers
of
Leg
isla
tiv
e A
ssem
bli
es a
nd
Mem
ber
s o
f L
ok
Sab
ha
are
elec
ted
dir
ectl
y.
•P
eop
leel
ect
thei
rre
pre
sen
tati
ves
ind
irec
tly
thro
ug
hth
eir
elec
ted
rep
rese
nta
tiv
es.
Fo
rex
amp
le,
mem
ber
so
fRaj
ya
Sab
ha
are
elec
ted
by
the
elec
ted
mem
ber
so
fSta
teL
egis
lati
ve
Ass
emb
lies
.
•E
ver
yel
ecte
dre
pre
sen
tati
ve
ho
lds
the
rig
htt
ov
ote
.
•T
he
Mem
ber
so
fS
tate
Leg
isla
tiv
eC
ou
nci
ls,M
emb
ers
of
Raj
ya
Sab
ha,
the
Pre
sid
ent
of
Ind
iaan
dth
eV
ice-
Pre
sid
enta
reel
ecte
din
dir
ectl
y.
•W
hen
ase
ath
eld
by
any
mem
ber
of
the
Leg
isla
tiv
eA
ssem
bly
inth
eC
entr
eo
nS
tate
fall
sv
acan
to
rac
cou
nt
of
dea
th,
resi
gn
atio
no
fth
em
emb
erb
efo
reco
mp
leti
on
of
his
/her
term
,to
fill
up
this
vac
ancy
,th
eel
ecti
on
wh
ich
ish
eld
call
edB
y-E
lect
ion
.
•T
his
typ
eo
fel
ecti
on
ish
eld
wh
ena
Sta
teL
egis
lati
ve
Ass
emb
lyo
rth
eL
ok
Sab
ha
isd
isso
lved
bef
ore
the
com
ple
tio
no
fit
sfu
llte
rm(5
yea
rs).
Th
en
ewh
ou
sew
illn
orm
ally
hav
ea
full
fiv
ey
ear
term
.Th
isel
ecti
on
isca
lled
Mid
-te
rmE
lect
ion
.
•T
he
elec
tio
ns
hel
dto
elec
tth
em
emb
ers
of
the
Lo
kS
abh
aaf
ter
exp
iry
of
the
no
rmal
term
of
fiv
ey
ears
are
call
edth
eG
ener
alE
lect
ion
s.E
lect
ion
sto
som
eS
tate
Leg
isla
tiv
eA
ssem
bli
esm
ayb
eh
eld
alo
ng
wit
hth
eP
arli
amen
tary
Ele
ctio
ns.
18 | OSWAAL ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX
( 18 )
To know about more useful books for class-9 click here
CHAP
TER
: 3 l
oca
l sel
f-gove
rnme
nt
(i) R
ural
Loc
al
Sel
f-G
over
nm
ent-
Ru
ral
•D
ep
uty
Co
mm
issi
on
er,
He
ad
so
fG
ov
ern
me
nt
dep
artm
ents
.B
DO
san
dC
hai
rmen
of
all
Pan
chay
atS
amit
ies,
MP
san
dM
LA
sb
elo
ng
ing
toth
atd
istr
ict.
•C
oo
rdin
atio
no
fth
ew
ork
ing
of
Pan
chay
atS
amit
isu
nd
erit
.
•R
eco
mm
end
atio
nfo
rg
ran
t-in
-aid
sfo
rlo
calb
od
ies.
•H
elp
inth
efo
rmu
lati
on
ofv
ario
us
pla
ns.
•U
nd
erta
kes
var
iou
sd
evel
op
men
tw
ork
ssp
ecia
lly
min
or
irri
gat
ion
wo
rks,
vo
cati
on
alan
din
du
stri
alsc
ho
ols
,v
illa
ge
ind
ust
rie
s,sa
nit
ati
on
an
dp
ub
lic
hea
lth
.
•A
cts
asa
lin
kb
etw
een
the
go
ver
nm
ent
and
the
loca
lb
od
ies.
•L
oca
lse
lf-g
ov
ern
men
tis
anin
stit
uti
on
com
pri
sin
glo
call
yel
ecte
dre
pre
sen
t-a
tiv
es
ma
na
gin
gth
ea
ffa
irs
of
the
loca
lity
and
pro
vid
ing
them
wit
hb
asic
amen
itie
s.
•In
aru
ral
area
,su
chan
inst
itu
tio
nis
call
edP
anch
ayat
and
inan
urb
ana
re
a,
itis
kn
ow
nas
Mu
nic
ipal
Co
rpo
rati
on
or
Mu
nic
ipal
ity.
•T
he
thre
e-ti
er s
yst
em c
om
pri
ses
the
foll
ow
ing
:G
ram
Pan
chay
ats
at v
illa
ge
lev
el.
(i)
Pan
chay
at S
amit
at
blo
ck l
evel
.(i
i)
Zil
a P
aris
had
at
Dis
tric
t le
vel
.(i
ii)
In a
dd
itio
n, a
Ny
aya
Pan
chay
at h
as b
een
pro
vid
edfo
r ev
ery
th
ree
or
fou
r V
illa
ge
Pan
chay
ats.
•C
on
sist
s o
f a
min
imu
m 5
an
d m
axim
um
31
mem
ber
s d
irec
tly
ele
cted
by
Gra
m S
abh
a.
•A
llp
ub
lic
wel
fare
fun
ctio
ns
lik
eco
nst
ruct
ion
,rep
air
and
mai
nte
nan
ceo
fv
illa
ge
road
s,C
art
trac
ks,
bri
dg
es,d
rain
s,ta
nk
san
dw
ells
.
•U
pk
eep
ofc
rem
atio
nan
db
uri
alg
rou
nd
s
•S
anit
atio
n,
hea
lth
,se
ttin
gu
po
fh
ealt
hce
ntr
esan
dd
isp
ensa
ries
.
•P
rov
idin
gp
rim
ary
edu
cati
on
.
•A
rran
gin
gir
rig
atio
nfa
cili
ties
,see
ds,
fert
ilis
ers.
•R
egis
trat
ion
ofb
irth
san
dd
eath
s.
•M
ain
tain
ing
reco
rds
of
com
mo
nv
illa
ge
pro
per
ty,
thei
rsa
lean
dp
urc
has
ean
dla
nd
gra
nts
.
•C
on
stru
ctio
no
fg
ues
th
ou
ses,
lib
rari
es,
mar
riag
eh
alls
,etc
.
•O
rga
nis
ing
reg
ula
rv
illa
ge
me
las,
fair
sa
nd
exh
ibit
ion
.
•P
lan
tin
go
ftre
es,p
ark
s,g
ard
ens
and
pla
yg
rou
nd
s.
•E
stab
lish
ing
fair
pri
cesh
op
s,C
oo
per
ativ
eC
red
itS
oci
etie
s.
•To
sup
erv
ise
and
coo
rdin
ate
the
wo
rkin
go
fG
ram
Pan
chan
yat
s.
•M
anag
emen
tofs
cho
ols
and
coll
eges
atb
lock
lev
el.
•To
pro
vid
eh
osp
ital
san
dh
ealt
hse
rvic
esal
on
gw
ith
var
iou
sfa
cili
ties
atco
mm
un
ity
blo
ckle
vel
.
•H
elp
inth
ed
evel
op
men
tofa
gri
cult
ure
.
•T
oa
pp
rov
eb
uil
din
gp
lan
s,u
nd
ert
ak
eo
the
rd
evel
op
men
tw
ork
sin
clu
din
gro
ads
and
bri
dg
esw
ith
inth
eci
rcle
Pan
chay
ats.
•To
pro
vid
ed
rin
kin
gw
ate
ra
nd
exe
cute
oth
er
com
mu
nit
yd
evel
op
men
tpro
gra
mm
es.
•To
act
asa
lin
kb
etw
een
the
Gra
mP
anch
ayat
and
Zil
aP
aris
had
.
•S
arp
anch
so
fV
illa
ge
Pan
chay
ats,
ML
As
and
MP
sb
elo
ng
ing
toth
atar
ea,
mem
ber
so
fth
eZ
ila
Par
ish
adan
dB
lock
Dev
elo
pm
entO
ffic
er.
Mea
nin
go
fL
oca
l Sel
f-G
ovt
Functio
ns
OSWAAL ICSE Mind Maps, HISTORY & CIVICS, Class-IX | 19
( 19 )
To know about more useful books for class-9 click here
CHAP
TER
3 : l
oca
l sel
f-gove
rnme
nt
(ii) U
rban
Loc
al
Sel
f-G
over
nm
ent-
Urb
an
•C
oll
ecti
on
ofR
even
ue.
•M
ain
ten
ance
and
Up
dat
ing
ofl
and
reco
rd.
•L
awan
dO
rder
.
•S
up
erv
isio
nan
dex
ecu
tio
no
fal
lpla
ns
of
the
Un
ion
and
Sta
teG
ov
ern
men
ts.
•P
rov
isio
no
fciv
icam
enit
ies
and
exec
uti
on
ofp
ub
lic
wo
rks.
•Im
ple
men
tati
on
of
po
lici
esan
dp
rog
ram
mes
inre
spec
to
fP
anch
ayat
iRaj
inst
itu
tio
ns.
•S
up
erse
ssio
n,d
isso
luti
on
,ho
ldin
go
fel
ecti
on
etc.
inre
spec
tto
Pan
chay
atiR
ajin
stit
uti
on
s.
•M
un
icip
alC
orp
ora
tio
nis
alo
cals
elf-
go
ver
nem
entu
nit
inb
igci
ties
.
•T
he
Mu
nic
ipal
Co
rpo
rati
on
carr
ies
ou
tit
sfu
nct
ion
sth
rou
gh
we
llo
rgan
ised
div
isio
ns
or
dep
artm
ents
.
•F
or
exam
ple
,w
ater
sup
ply
and
sew
ag
ed
isp
osa
lu
nd
ert
ak
ing
,h
ou
sin
gB
oa
rd
,e
du
ca
tio
nd
ep
ar
tm
en
ta
nd
ele
ct
ric
ity
dep
artm
ent.
•A
Mu
nic
ipal
Co
rpo
rati
on
com
pri
ses
the
foll
ow
ing
:(a
)Gen
eral
Co
un
cil
(b)T
he
May
or
(c)T
he
Sta
nd
ing
Co
mm
itte
e(d
)AM
un
icip
alC
om
mis
sio
ner
.
•P
ub
lic
ho
usi
ng
thro
ug
hh
ou
sin
gb
oar
ds.
•C
on
stru
ctio
nan
dm
ain
ten
ance
of
pu
bli
cp
ark
s,li
bra
ries
,m
use
um
s,th
eatr
e,ak
har
as,p
icn
icre
sort
set
c.
•E
sta
bli
shin
ga
nd
ma
inta
inin
gch
ild
ren
'sh
om
es,
orp
han
ages
,o
ld-a
ge
ho
mes
,n
igh
tsh
elte
rsan
dre
sth
ou
ses.
•U
nd
ert
ak
ing
we
lfa
resc
he
me
s,o
rga
nis
ing
fare
s,fu
nct
ion
s,fa
irs.
•B
eau
tifi
cati
on
ofc
ity.
•P
rov
isio
no
fele
ctri
city
,wat
er,s
ewag
ed
isp
osa
l.
•P
rov
isio
no
fp
ub
lic
hea
lth
serv
ices
lik
ep
rov
isio
no
fh
osp
ital
s,d
isp
ensa
ries
,fam
ily
wel
fare
cen
tres
.
•R
emo
val
and
dis
po
salo
fg
arb
age,
dea
lin
gw
ith
city
was
tes
are
pri
ori
tyfu
nct
ion
s.
•P
rov
isio
no
fp
ub
lic
con
ven
ien
ces
and
uti
liti
esli
ke
road
s,b
uil
din
gs,
bu
s-sh
elt
ers
,d
em
oli
tio
no
fd
an
ge
rou
sst
ruct
ure
s,p
lan
tati
on
of
tree
s,p
rov
isio
no
fp
ub
lic
uri
nal
san
dto
ilet
s.
•P
rov
isio
no
fed
uca
tio
nal
inst
itu
tio
ns
lik
ep
rim
ary
and
seco
nd
ary
sch
oo
ls.
•M
ain
ten
an
ceo
fre
cord
so
fb
irth
sa
nd
dea
ths
an
dm
ain
ten
an
cea
nd
up
kee
po
fcr
ema
tio
na
nd
bu
ria
lg
rou
nd
s.
•U
nd
ert
ak
ing
of
pu
bli
csa
fety
an
dse
curi
tyli
ke
mai
nte
nan
ceo
ffir
ed
epar
tmen
tto
get
her
wit
hfi
reen
gin
es,
dis
aste
rli
ke
flo
od
san
dea
rth
qu
ake
man
agem
ent
gro
up
s,et
c.
•A
Mu
nic
ipal
Co
mm
itte
eis
setu
pfo
rsm
alle
rto
wn
sw
ith
ap
op
ula
tio
nb
etw
een
20,0
00to
3la
kh
s.S
uch
bo
die
sar
eal
soca
lled
Mu
nic
ipal
Bo
ard
so
rM
un
icip
alit
ies.
•D
ue
toth
eir
smal
ler
size
,th
ese
hav
eg
ener
ally
thre
ew
ing
s—G
ener
alB
od
y,C
hai
rman
/Pre
sid
ent,
Ch
eief
Exe
cuti
ve
Off
icer
or
the
Sec
reta
ry.
