Historical Roots of the Nonprofit sector in France · 2017. 1. 28. · Historical Roots of the...

20
Historical Roots of the Nonprofit sector in France Edith Archambault To cite this version: Edith Archambault. Historical Roots of the Nonprofit sector in France. Non- profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, SAGE Publications, 2001, 130 (2), pp.204-230. <10.1177/0899764001302003>. <halshs-00118626> HAL Id: halshs-00118626 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00118626 Submitted on 5 Dec 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destin´ ee au d´ epˆ ot et ` a la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´ es ou non, ´ emanant des ´ etablissements d’enseignement et de recherche fran¸cais ou ´ etrangers, des laboratoires publics ou priv´ es.

Transcript of Historical Roots of the Nonprofit sector in France · 2017. 1. 28. · Historical Roots of the...

  • Historical Roots of the Nonprofit sector in France

    Edith Archambault

    To cite this version:

    Edith Archambault. Historical Roots of the Nonprofit sector in France. Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, SAGE Publications, 2001, 130 (2), pp.204-230..

    HAL Id: halshs-00118626

    https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00118626

    Submitted on 5 Dec 2006

    HAL is a multi-disciplinary open accessarchive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come fromteaching and research institutions in France orabroad, or from public or private research centers.

    L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, estdestinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documentsscientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,émanant des établissements d’enseignement et derecherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoirespublics ou privés.

    https://hal.archives-ouvertes.frhttps://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00118626

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    _!`ReyzDbjpo�a{jqbiq jpoegy7vrGo>m§hMrjpafhkc7iqo �JhMrjpnjloOaihMrjXc7i0afejphdamy7a{jpa.e¡jlahQjoRegipscO7fa§rdrMo7y7rLhgipyDbqOjloh7cfh6iamhMynjXy7h¡bqofrMameMamyDblj0a{j]7jlao>yfbdamynjphMy77hM"jpo�y7h�bo:rMameM�y7hMhM:bå �0yOfof>hLwamyeyOvwmo:rGe§,yfejlao>yfeM�eMyRwamyLjphgiqy7ejpamo7y7enyRhj]o>i0Dbjl`RhQ#iqhgyfrM`syRo>yzc7iqo>xla{j�bqhLrjo>i�a§b�e¤mamy7tamy·jl`Rhk}:o>feMfrMaDa§¶bo:rMamhjlv

    REFERENCES AGULHON, Maurice. 1848 ou l'apprentissage de la République. Paris. Seuil, 1973. ARCHAMBAULT Edith, The Nonprofit sector in France, Manchester, Manchester University Presse, 1997. ARCHAMBAULT Edith, "Le secteur associatif en France et dans le monde" in BLOCH-LAINE, Faire société. Les associations au c¦ur du social, Paris, Syros, 1999. BARTHELEMY Martine, Associations, un nouvel âge de la participation, Paris Presse de Sciences Po, 2000. BRAUDEL, Fernand. Civilisation matérielle, Economie et Capitalisme - XVe - XVIIIe siècle, Paris, Armand Colin, 1979. BRAUDEL, Fernand. L'identité en France, Tome I, Les hommes et les choses, Paris, Arthaud, 1986. EWALD, François. L'Etat Providence, Grasset, 1986. FOUCAULT, Michel. Histoire de la folie à l'âge classique. Paris: Gallimard, 1978. FOUCAULT, Michel. Surveiller et punir, Naissance de la prison. Paris : Gallimard, 1975.

  • � �

    FURET, François and Mona OZOUF (Ed). Dictionnaire critique de la Révolution Française. Paris: Flammarion, 1988. GIBAUD, B. De la mutualité à la sécurité sociale. Paris: Editions Ouvrières, 1986. GUERRAND, R.H. and RUPP, M.A. Brève histoire du service social en France. Paris: Editions Ouvrières, 1969. GUESLIN, André. L'invention de l'économie sociale, le XIXe siècle français. Paris: Economica, 1987. KEPEL, G. Les banlieues de l'Islam. Paris: Le Seuil, 1987. MOLLAT, Michel. Les pauvres au Moyen Age ; étude sociale. Paris: Hachette,1978. POMEY, Michel. Traité des fondations d'utilité publique. Paris: PUF, 1980. SALAMON Lester, ANHEIER Helmut et alii, Global civil society, Baltimore, Johns Hoplins University, 1999. TOCQUEVILLE, Alexis de. De la démocratie en Amérique. 1835. Paris : Gallimard, 1951. TOCQUEVILLE, Alexis de. L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution. 1856. Paris : Gallimard-Idées, 1964. ULLMAN Claire, "New social partners : nonprofit organisations and the welfare state in France. Annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, May 1993. VOVELLE, M. (Ed). L'Etat de la France pendant la Révolution. Paris: La Découverte, 1988. ZELDIN Theodor. France 1848 - 1945. Oxford University Press, Ambition, love and politics, 1973 - Intellect, taste and anxiety.

    HISTORICAL ROOTS OF THE NONPROFIT SECTOR IN FRANCE

    _______________________

    Edith Archambault, Professor at Paris-Sorbonne University

  • � �

    Maison des Sciences Economiques 106-112, Bd de l'Hôpital

    75647 Paris cedex 13, France phone : 331 44 07 81 29

    fax : 331 44 07 83 36 e-mail: [email protected]

    Submitted to Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,

    special Symposium, décember 2000

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