História Florestal

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Forest History: Each Tree Counts! Eder Zanetti, Forest Engineer, Phd. No tree will be known by its external appeal, but by its fruits, by use, by production. Not only by its pleasant figure, but equally by its living utility. Not only flowers but also fruits. The tree, when going through thinning, lost vast reserves and gets dilacerated, however, in short time, from its rectified branches sprout flowers and delicious fruits….The correction is always rude, unpleasant, bitter, but resulting of blessed fruits of experience, knowledge, comprehension and justice on those which accept its light. When the improved wood showed its shine at the palace, all exclaimed on high voice –Blessed be the blade which so cruelly chopped me, preparing my beautifulness. If you asked the wood about sawmilling it would inform us that it identifies in it the every moment tormentor to hack it guts; however under the framework of its supposed headsman, it is made a useful delicacy to serve in always nobler activities. …the most noble ideal, without the work that brings it to reality on the benefit of all will be a forever unproductive and pride scenery….We sustain absolute hope on development of wood log supply work, but if we do not make ourselves available to use the sawmill and smoother, for certain its material will remain undefined towards the road to disintegration. We see numerous people accusing the earth as incapable of any production but denying to the piece trusted them the blessing of a water drop and the help of fertilizer. Chico Xavier by Emmanuel Spirit. Along the passing of time all forested area in the planet has suffered modification by its interaction with men, besides the natural ones. History is a Research & Development work originated from investigating previously occurred events and process. From where we came, where are we and to where are we going – this is the field of history. From the ancient Greek στορία , the technique involves research or investigation turned to known man behavior and its adventure through time and space. There

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história florestal

Transcript of História Florestal

Forest History: Each Tree Counts!Eder Zanetti, Forest Engineer, Phd.

No tree will be known by its external appeal, but by its fruits, by use, by production. Not only by its pleasant figure, but equally by its living utility. Not only flowers but also fruits.The tree, when going through thinning, lost vast reserves and gets dilacerated, however, in short time, from its rectified branches sprout flowers and delicious fruits.The correction is always rude, unpleasant, bitter, but resulting of blessed fruits of experience, knowledge, comprehension and justice on those which accept its light.When the improved wood showed its shine at the palace, all exclaimed on high voice Blessed be the blade which so cruelly chopped me, preparing my beautifulness. If you asked the wood about sawmilling it would inform us that it identifies in it the every moment tormentor to hack it guts; however under the framework of its supposed headsman, it is made a useful delicacy to serve in always nobler activities. the most noble ideal, without the work that brings it to reality on the benefit of all will be a forever unproductive and pride scenery.We sustain absolute hope on development of wood log supply work, but if we do not make ourselves available to use the sawmill and smoother, for certain its material will remain undefined towards the road to disintegration.We see numerous people accusing the earth as incapable of any production but denying to the piece trusted them the blessing of a water drop and the help of fertilizer.

Chico Xavier by Emmanuel Spirit.

Along the passing of time all forested area in the planet has suffered modification by its interaction with men, besides the natural ones. History is a Research & Development work originated from investigating previously occurred events and process. From where we came, where are we and to where are we going this is the field of history. From the ancient Greek , the technique involves research or investigation turned to known man behavior and its adventure through time and space. There are thinking currents on history science which refers to God`s will Providence; to the reality created by ideas Idealist; to economy Materialist and; to society Psychology-social. Pre-history looks into past based on various types of evidence (tradition, tells, physical register etc) when there are no documentation, but elements guiding a general comprehension. History deals with documents and registers, official and extra-official. Today history is divided in terms of Ages: Ancient, Middle, Modern and Contemporary. Forests has been following men history since before its appearance and played different roles along global community evolution.Pre-history includes emergence of the first tree 245 million years ago, glaciation and inter-glaciation and natural deforestation as well as the process of integration between men and forests, with the practice of hunting & collecting and fire manipulation a half million years in the past. Silvicultural systems of selective collection and natural regeneration were adjusted to this society living with the concept of infinite forest resources, taking what it demands without any consideration regarding reposition rhythm. Selective collection and natural regeneration were used when what today is just a romantic view of global society was in place, fit for a situation of over 27,000 trees available for each citizen. Forests pre-history occurred similarly in Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania and America related to planetary climate evolution. The study of this forest behavior at different continents directed related to its evolution and historic climate change determines the main forest-society co-evolution mechanism with natural phenomena at the center. Forests also hold resemblance with human spirituality or people`s souls, by that influencing the mythical way people still consider some forested areas today. The Lord of the Rings piece with its walking and talking trees picture forests to general public is a similar way it sees witches of German Black Forest, abominable snow creatures drafting in Alaska and Siberia, dinosaurs hiding within African jungles and lost Eldorados on Brazilian Amazon. Herodotus and Thucydides were two Greeks who started to question the myth, legend and fiction attached to historical facts with their narrative of Medic and Peloponnesus wars.One lives pre-history and enter into Ancient Age, which goes from invention of writing (between 4,000 and 3,500 BC) until the fall of Occidental Roman Empire (476 AD). In America the Ancient Age is considered when the Aztecs, Mayans and Incas were flourishing. In China it ends around 200 BC, with the emergence of Chin Dynasty, while in Japan it is only after the end of Heian period, in 1185 AD. In India, a 5,000 year civilization, are the ancient forest science registers including prescription over reforestation and tree cultivation along water bodies, as described at Vedas. Religions hold registers of forest events like the Olive tree of Jesus Christ, the Budas Fig tree and date-palm from Quran. At this Ancient time men exploited forests using stone axes and afterwards metal saws, with replacement of areas for agriculture and farming advancing at the same pace as population growth, still relatively small to generated significant modifications at rural scenery where the most of world lived. During all the period forests were always seen as infinite and therefore selective cutting and natural regeneration was the usual forest management practice, adjusted to availability of circa of 27,000 trees per inhabitant. At Brazilian Amazon strong evidence suggest extensive deforestation for agriculture and farming and residential use, which were still present when the European colonization begun. The Middle Age goes from the Roman Empire fall until the fall of Constantinople Oriental Roman Empire, in 1453 AD (or another event of historical relevance on a close date Ceuta conquest, arriving to America). At Middle Age, also known as Dark Age, forests represented danger. The woods were included within areas denominated as uncultivated, because they didn`t have human land cultivation activities, being used for hunting and extraction of minerals and vegetation. Rural man worked forests as infinite, without any regard to its effective cultivation. During the High Middle Age, between V and XI centuries, wood was the society mostly used raw material present at every sector and having an important function at medieval people economic life. Forest management was executed based on selective cutting and natural regeneration and already driven forest stocks exhaustion and lower yields quantities and qualities. At the same time population growth accelerated and replacement of areas for agriculture, farming, residence, commerce and other non-forest uses increased. Wars occurring during this period also contributed to decimate large forested areas. At this time period the number of trees for inhabitant lowered to 25,000 and the replacement of wood by other materials started.Modern Age surges after Oriental Roman Empire fall and goes until the end of French Revolution, in 1789. Wood continue to be the main raw material for every economy sector. Up to the beginning of the XVIII century European forest exploitation by selective cutting and natural regeneration resulted on an average stock of 100 m3 / ha and yields of 1 m3 / ha / year at the region. Long range navigation occurred during this period and with them replacement of forestland by agriculture, farming, residence and commerce arrived at tropical countries coasts. In North America the territory was won while natural forests gave place to cultivation of various types. In Brazil we moved from colony to empire, with forests always under the crown rules and exploitation going in-land, helping to define our country limits. Brazilians coast Pau-brasil harvesting almost drive the specie to extinction. In Germany at 1713 the first forestry school of the planet was born, initiating a period of silculture systems development, focusing on selection of best individuals, seed collection, nursery production, and interest uses genetic improvements, planned reforestation, fertilization and irrigation, with enhanced productivity and larger standing stocks as a result of interventions. At this time the number of trees per inhabitant in the planet decreased to less than 4,000. Man remains rural, but growth rates generated concerns over effective forest cultivation for wood and other products harvesting to supply this increasing urban population. Contemporary Age is the period initiating at the French Revolution and which happens together with the arriving of a global industrial era. Demographic explosion was accompanied by exponential growth of the forestland replacement by other land uses rhythm. New agriculture cultivation and domestic animals farming, more residences, commerce and industrial areas and sites for waste deposition and treatment were incorporated, a planetary urbanization became reality. Today over 50% of the world inhabitants live in cities; in Brazil this number is close to 90%. Contemporary silviculture reaches productivity levels never imagined and forest products present a fantastic diversity remaining as raw material for all economy sectors. Forest products markets has favored the growth of plantations with high performance and the development of a high technologically advanced industry. Urban man thinks forestry as a financial asset and looks into the largest possible profitability of its investment while the rural man does not hold any decision power, which is centered on citys citizens. At Brazil Amazon forest silvicultural practices of selective cutting and natural regeneration remains, even when it has been abandoned by the world still at the Modern Age. Today the world holds circa of 370 trees / inhabitant, demonstrating the necessity of making each of them useful and valuable for society.Historical studies facilitate identification of social influences and their size, and the natural influences over forestry as well as their joint capacity of changing forest general characteristics. Forest history is divided in two main categories: forest science history and forest history. The first studies relationships between society and forests and technological developments occurring over time. The second focus on relationships between forests and the planet, notoriously climate and its modifications through time. Within science forest field Developed Countries put emphasis on the significant role of wood consumption as basis for forest sustainability. Social-economic-environmental patterns of Developed Countries is built over a hegemonic dominance of multi-billionaire forest products market, presenting high consumption and productivity, highly technological advanced industry and legislation supporting and incentivize appliance of wood as a material that strengths the fight against climate change resulting from human activities. Integration amongst environmental, social and economic dimensions is done surrounding the theme of industrial wood production and consumption, which is a result from high precision silviculture adapted to a growing society. Close to 100% of annual yields are used and social and economic contribution of forest activities is well known and recognized. At Countries In Development CID there is an apparent contradiction between the high level of contemporary industrial silvicultural and technological development which coexists with natural forests managed according with Pre-historic Age practices. Under the use of selective cutting and natural regeneration the result is that natural forests - like Brazilian Amazon, have a negligible economic contribution combined with social exclusion associated to high transaction and regulatory costs. Native forest industry competitiveness can only be sustained when employing advanced silvicultural systems. Increased tropical timber consumption will boost high productivity contemporary silvicultural treatments adoption which by they turn will make native species timber get back their societal relevance. Towards forest science history many acronyms aroused, like Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations FAO from 1945, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora - CITES from 1973, the International Tropical Timber Organization - ITTO from 1986, the Convention on Biological Diversity - CDB from 1993, the United Nations Forum on Forests UNFF from 2000, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change from 1988 and the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services - IPBES from 2012. In Brazil the Federal University of Parana UFPR (from Portuguese: Universidade Federal do Paran) with its forestry course from 1964, the National Forest Research Center from the Brazilian Enterprise for Agriculture Research CNPF/Embrapa (from Portuguese: Centro Nacional de Pesquisas Florestais da Empresa Brasileira de pesquisa Agropecuaria) from 1974 and the Brazilian Forest Service SFB (from Portuguese: Servio Florestal Brasileiro) from 2006 (recreated) are marks from public forest administration. All these institutions and organizations are just a small sample of wood role and relevance for forest history and forest science. The future holds an Eldorado for developing countries forest sector. With their natural forest productivity potential remaining latent and the science forest highly advanced it has all necessary tools to incorporate innovations to its industrial silviculture over the next years. Just as it improves the economic and social conditions, man power to build new realities from its work will also bring the positive environmental impacts of forest science to native sites. This power of changing reality should gain momentum to boost a new natural forests integrated cultivation at developing countries, capable of facing challenges attached to territorial expansion and planetary equilibrium. The increase of developing countries natural forests use will join biodiversity conservation efforts when and as much as demand for native forest products is incentivized. It is this increase on consumption levels that will generate better forest management conditions boosting developing countries natural forest silvicultural practices update to cope with contemporary climate and society situation.Native forests role on fighting global climate change, biodiversity lost and generating other ecosystem services has been increasingly valorized, a new reality that starts to be considered under legislation and regulations all over the world. Silvicultural technology allowing optimization of forest sites productivity levels can receive money from ecosystem services to supply carbon, water quality and quantity, biodiversity, pollinators, habitat, scenic beauty, education and a series of others grouped as: supply, support, regulatory and cultural. High productivity is an important function of forest ecosystems which can be allied to a number of other ecosystem services within a regional strategy (Green Infrastructure).In traditional economy the use of production factors (knowledge, capital, natural and human resources) to their optimum results on the best possible profiting. Within Green Economy sustainability integrating development of environmental, social and economic factors signalize the best investment opportunity. Forests work as GreenHouse Gases (GHG) mitigation machines and serve as pillars for global climate change adaptation. Green Economy brings competitive advantages favoring cultivation and use of forest products, with significant comparative advantages for wood from developing countries tropical forest - as Brazilian Amazon - essences, flavors, colors and qualities diversity. Integrating consumption and cultivation of native forest species will relay upon contemporary society adequate silvicultural techniques. It is easy to observe forest biological reaction to silvicultural treatments determining productivity increase on both short and long terms. Replacement of natural regeneration by forest plantation is key to improve productivity. Summed up the effects of contemporary silviculture elevate harvesting volumes. Forest extensive and intensive use towards science based sustainable forest management increase the average commercial species standing stocks volume and annual increments. In the world circa of of forest plantation are from countries native species. Nations with significant natural forests reserves, such as Canada and Russia, coordinate species occurrence micro regions actions, the Ecological Zones of Occurrence or simply Ecoregions. In North America proportion of cultivated introduced species is less than 5%, while in South America less than 5% of cultivated species is native. Only in Oceania there is a proportion of a little more than 20% of native species occurring in plantations, while in Africa this is 60%, in Asia 70% and in Europe 90% of cultivated forest species are native from the region. Cultivation of native species forests is directly related to their consumption levels, and a logistic and commercial channel to put different tropical species into global markets needs to be developed, both for local and international markets. Facing fiercely competition from highly qualified introduced species forest plantations, agriculture, farming and urbanization, native species forest management need to found optimum market conditions for their products. Forest Warehouse is a proposal for establishing a native species forest cultivation and trade support network, a mechanism for integrating natural sites to contemporary society demands, strengthen a specialized high quality tropical timbers market.History shows that forest area permanence within society is related to wood consumption.Recently biodiversity and ecosystem services values associated to forest environmental quality renovation has gain relevance and can be incorporated at forest management contemporary adaptation. Forest history chair supply technical subsidies to forestry professional for analyzing forest administration and its modification through time, giving a general idea of how adaptation was perceived, understood and worked out. Today increasing of atmosphere carbon dioxide composition is bringing a new element to incorporate at forest science debate. The understanding of how climate change affected forestlands in the past is as much relevant as learning about forest management adaptations developed and applied to cope with it. Relationships between each individual and the overall society and forests have always been, and the level of dependence seems stronger in the past. In Brazil the countrys name is related to a native tree species portraying a little of our forest history while formal documents indicate that governmental intervention marks legislative practice history. Brazilian forests pre-history start at Pangaea, Guyanas Shield formation and volcanism of fertile soils and biodiversity refugees from glaciation and inter-glaciation ages until man emergence 60,000 years ago. Brazilian Amazon holds signs of extensive and intensive agriculture activity 12,000 years back and largest biodiversity is found at previously cultivated areas. It is essential to put native forest species cultivation linked to contemporary societys wood consumption as a way to conserve biodiversity. MDF, HDF, OSB and other panels, timber, pallets, briquettes and a large variety of timber forest products and co-products can be produced from another large variety of tropical forest native essences. It is the conscious and scientific cultivation of native tree species for production and consumption of industrial wood that will make the difference to conserve tropical forest biodiversity to a 12 billion people world that should arise with the arriving of the XXII century. With the same amount we have today this would represent 215 trees / inhabitant, which need to be recognized as useful to secure their survival. Each tree counts!

Table: historical evolution of tree availability per world estimated population

Table historical evolution of tree availability per world estimated population

Histria Florestal: Cada rvore Conta!Eder Zanetti, Eng Florestal, Dr.

rvore alguma ser conhecida ou amada pelas aparncias exteriores, mas sim pelos frutos, pela utilidade, pela produo. No s aspecto agradvel, mas igualmente utilidade viva. No apenas flores, mas tambm frutos.A rvore, em regime de poda, perde vastas reservas e dilacera-se, no entanto, a breve tempo, de suas leiras retificadas brotam flores e frutos deliciosos...A corrigenda sempre rude, desagradvel, amargurosa; mas, naqueles que lhe aceitam a Luz, resulta sempre em frutos abenoados de experincia, conhecimento, compreenso e justia.Quando a madeira aprimorada passou a brilhar no palcio, exclamava sem voz: - Bendita seja a lmina que me cortou cruelmente, preparando-me a beleza.Se indagssemos da madeira, com respeito ao serrote, informaria que nele identifica o algoz de todos os momentos, a dilacerar-lhe as entranhas; todavia, sob o patrocnio do suposto verdugo, faz-se delicada e til para servir em atividades sempre mais nobres....o ideal mais nobre, sem trabalho que o materialize, em benefcio de todos, ser sempre uma soberba paisagem improdutiva....Sustentaremos absoluta esperana nas obras que a tora de madeira nos fornecer, mas se no nos dispomos a usar o serrote e a plaina, certo a matria-prima repousar, indefinidamente, a caminho da desintegrao.Vemos numerosos acusando a terra como incapaz de qualquer produo, mas negando a gleba que lhes foi confiada a beno da gota dgua e o socorro do adubo.

Chico Xavier pelo Esprito Emmanuel.

Ao longo do tempo todas as reas florestais do planeta sofreram alteraes pela interao com o homem, alm daquelas naturais. A histria um trabalho de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento, originria da investigao de eventos e processos ocorridos anteriormente. De onde viemos, onde estamos e para onde vamos este o campo de domnio da histria. Do grego antigo , a tcnica envolve pesquisa ou investigao voltada para conhecer o comportamento do homem e sua aventura no tempo e espao. Existem correntes do pensamento na cincia histrica, com destaque para a Providencialista (de Deus), Idealista (idia gera realidade), Materialista (Econmica) e Psicolgica-Social (Sociedade). A pr-histria trata de averiguar o passado com base em evidncias de vrios tipos (tradio, contos, registros fsicos etc), quando ausentes textos comprobatrios, mas presentes elementos que possibilitam a sua compreenso geral. A proto-histria, ou histria, trata dos documentos e registros, oficiais e extra-oficiais. Hoje a histria dividida entre idades: Antiga, Mdia, Moderna e Contempornea. As florestas tm acompanhado a histria humana desde antes do seu acontecimento, e apresentado diferentes papis ao longo da evoluo da comunidade global. A pr-histria inclui o surgimento da 1. rvore h 245 milhes de anos, glaciaes e desmatamentos naturais, assim como o processo de integrao entre o homem e a floresta, com a prtica de coleta e caa e o domnio do fogo, h meio milho de anos. O sistema silvicultural de coleta seletiva e regenerao natural est ajustado a uma sociedade que concebia os recursos florestais como infinitos, retirando aquilo que necessita sem preocupao com o ritmo da reposio. A coleta seletiva e regenerao natural so utilizados quando existia o que hoje uma viso romntica da sociedade global, apropriada para uma situao de algo como 27mil rvores disponveis para cada cidado. A pr-histria das florestas ocorreu na frica, na sia, na Europa, na Oceania e nas Amricas de formas bastante similares, relacionadas com a evoluo climtica do planeta. O estudo deste comportamento das florestas nos diferentes continentes, relacionado diretamente com a evoluo e mudanas climticas histricas, determina o principal mecanismo da co-evoluo entre as florestas e a sociedade, tendo como principal motor os fenmenos naturais envolvidos. As florestas tambm tm relao com a espiritualidade, com a alma, dos seres humanos influenciando a forma mtica como as pessoas ainda consideram, nos dias de hoje, algumas reas florestais. A obra o Senhor dos Anis, com suas rvores que camiham e falam, retrata as florestas de uma forma semelhante como so vistas a magia praticada na Floresta Negra da Alemanha, as criaturas abominveis que caminham no Alaska e Sibria, os dinossauros escondidos nas Selvas Africanas e os eldorados perdidos da Amaznia Brasileira. HerdotoeTucdides foram dois gregos que comearam a questionar o mito, a lenda e a fico do fato histrico, narrando asGuerras Mdicase aGuerra do Peloponesorespectivamente. Deixa-se a pr-histria e entra-se na histria pela Idade Antiga, ouAntiguidade, quevai da inveno da escrita(de4000 a.C.a3500 a.C.) at a queda doImprio Romano do Ocidente(476 d.C.). Na Amrica, pode-se considerar como Idade Antiga apoca dosastecas,maiase incas. Na China a Idade Antiga termina por volta de 200 a. C., com o surgimento daDinastia Chin, enquanto que noJapo apenas a partir do fim do perodoHeian, em 1185 d. C.. Na ndia, uma civilizao de mais de 5 mil anos, esto os registros mais antigos da cincia florestal, que incluem prescries sobre reflorestamento e o cultivo de rvores nas margens de corpos dgua descritos nos Vedas. Nas religies esto registros de eventos florestais, como a Oliveira de Jesus Cristo, a Figueira do Buda e as Tamareiras do Alcoro. Neste tempo os homens exploravam as florestas utilizando machados de pedra e depois serrotes de metal, com a substituio de reas para uso agropecurio e residencial avanando no mesmo ritmo do crescimento populacional, ainda bastante pequenos para ter impactos significativos na modificao dos cenrios rurais, aonde vivia praticamente toda a populao mundial. Durante todo o perodo as florestas sempre foram vistas como infinitas, por isso o corte seletivo e regenerao natural era a prtica usal de manejo das reas floretais, ajustado para a disponibilidade de cerca de 27 mil rvores por habitante. Na Amaznia brasileira h fortes evidncias de extenso desmatamento para uso agropecurio e residencial, que ainda estava presente no incio da colonizao europia.A Idade Mdia vai da queda do Imprio Romano at a queda de Constantinopla Imprio Romano do Oriente, em 1453 (ou outro evento importante em data prxima conquista de Ceuta, chegada Amrica). Na Idade Mdia ou Idade das Trevas,as florestas representavam perigo. Os bosques incluam-se nas reas denominadas como incultos, por no haver atividade humana no trabalho da terra, sendo espao de caa e de extrao vegetal e mineral. O homem rural trabalhava as florestas como infinitas, sem qualquer preocupao com seu cultivo efetivo. Durante a Alta Idade Mdia, entre os sculos V e XI, amadeira A madeira foi a matria-prima mais utilizada pela sociedade em todos os setores eexerceu uma importante funo naproduo materialda vida dos homens medievais. O manejo florestal era executado com base no corte seletivo e regenerao natural, e levava a exausto e baixa quantidade dos estoques florestais, ao mesmo tempo em que avanava o crescimento populacional e substituio de reas para agropecuria, residencial, comercial e outros usos no florestais da terra. As guerras do perodo contribuiam para dizimar grandes reas florestais. Nesta poca o nmero de rvores por habitante decresce para 25 mil e tem incio o uso de substituio da madeira por outros materiais.A Idade Moderna surge depois do fim do Imprio Romano do Oriente e segue at o fim da Revoluo Francesa, em 1789. A madeira continua sendo a principal matria-prima para todos os setores da economia. At o incio do sculo a explorao das florestas europias pelo sistema de corte seletivo com regenerao natural resultou em um estoque mdio de 100 m3/ha e uma produtividade de 1 m3/ha/ano na regio. As grandes navegaes ocorreram neste perodo e com elas a ocupao e substituio de usos da terra florestal por agropecuria, residencial e comercial chegou aos litorais dos pases tropicais. Na Amrica do Norte ocorreu a conquista do territrio, e as florestas nativas foram dando lugar a cultivos de todos os tipos. No Brasil fomos de colnia para Imprio, com as florestas sob o domnio da coroa e as exploraes em direo ao centro do continente ajudando a definir os limites territoriais do pas. A explorao do Pau-brasil nas costas brasileiras quase levou a espcie a extino. Em 1713 nasceu a primeira escola de florestas do mundo, na Alemanha, que iniciou o perodo de mudanas nos sistemas silviculturais, focados na seleo de indivduos, coleta de sementes, produo de mudas, melhoramento gentico de usos de interesse, plantios planejados com fertilizao e irrigao, com produtividade e estoques aumentados no final da interveno. Nesta poca o nmero de rvores por habitante decresceu para menos de 4 mil. O homem continua rural, mas o crescimento populacional fez surgir a preocupao com o cultivo efetivo das florestas para produo de madeira e outros produtos florestais para fornecer uma crescente populao urbana.A Idade Contempornea o perodo que se inicia partir da Revoluo Francesa, e coicinde com a chegada da era industrial no globo. A exploso demogrfica foi acompanhada pelo aumento exponencial do ritmo de substituio dos usos da terra florestal em todo o mundo. Novas reas de cultivo e criao de animais domsticos, novas reas residenciais, comerciais, industriais e para a deposio de resduos foram sendo incorporadas e a urbanizao planetria tornou-se uma realidade. Hoje mais de 50% da populao mundial vive nas cidades; no Brasil este nmero est prximo dos 90%. A silvicultura contempornea alcana nveis de produtividade nunca antes vistos e os produtos florestais tem uma diversidade fantstica, presentes em todos os setores. O mercado de produtos florestais tem favorecido o crescimento de reas com plantaes florestais de alta performance e o desenvolvimento de uma indstria de alto nvel tecnolgico. O homem urbano pensa a floresta como um ativo financeiro e busca a maior rentabilidade possvel do investimento, o homem rural no tem mais o poder de deciso, que est centralizado nas cidades. Na Amaznia Brasileira a prtica silvicultural do corte seletivo e regenerao natural persiste, prtica pr-histrica que foi aandonada pelo mundo ainda na idade moderna. Hoje, no mundo, h cerca de 370 rvores / habitante, o que demonstra a necessidade de fazer com que cada uma delas tenha uso e valor para a sociedade.O estudo histrico facilita identificar a influncia social - e sua magnitude, e a influencia natural, e sua capacidade de alterar em conjunto as caractersticas gerais das florestas. A histria florestal est dividida em duas partes principais: A histria da cincia florestal e a histria das florestas. No primeiro caso, estuda-se o relacionamento entre a sociedade e as florestas, e os desenvolvimentos tecnolgicos ocorrendo ao longo do tempo. No segundo caso estuda-se o relacionamento das florestas com o planeta, notadamente o clima e suas modificaes.No campo da Cincia Florestal, os pases desenvolvidos destacam o papel do consumo da madeira como fundamental para a sustentabilidade das florestas. O padro de desenvolvimento scio-economico-ambiental dos Pases Desenvolvidos PD est alicerado na hegemonia do bilionrio mercado global de produtos florestais madeireiros, com um elevado consumo e produtividade, uma indstria de alta tecnologia e legislao que incentiva e fomenta o emprego da madeira como fundamental para reduzir os impactos ambientais da atividade humana. A integrao das dimenses ambientais, sociais e econmicas da atividade florestal em torno do consumo e produo de madeira industrial resultado de uma silvicultura de alta preciso e adaptada as demandas de uma sociedade que cresce. Perto de 100% da produtividade anual utilizada, e a contribuio social e econmica da atividade florestal notria. Nos Pases Em Desenvolvimento PED h uma contradio aparente entre o elevado nvel de desenvolvimento silvicultural e tecnolgico de um aparato industrial contemporneo que convive com reas de florestas naturais. Sob o uso de tratamento silvicultural de corte seletivo e regenerao natural, o resultado que a contribuio econmica da atividade florestal nativa irrisria, com alta excluso social associada aos elevados custos de transao e regulamentao. A indstria florestal nativa competitiva sustentvel com emprego de silvicultura avanada. O consumo elevado de madeira tropical vai impulsionar a adoo de tratamentos silviculturais de alta produtividade, que podem fazer com que as madeiras de espcies nativas voltem a demonstrar vigor na sociedade.Ao longo da histria da cincia florestal surgiram diversas siglas, como a Organizao das Naes Unidas para Agricultura e Alimentao (Food and Agriculture Organization) FAO de 1945, a Conveno Internacional sobre o Comrcio das Espcies Ameaadas da Fauna e da Flora (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) CITES de 1973, a Organizao Internacional da Madeira Tropical (International Tropical Timber Organization) ITTO de 1986,a Conveno da Diversidade Biolgica (Convention on Biological Diversity) CDB de 1993, O Forum das Naes Unidas para as Florestas (United Nations Forum on Forests) UNFF de 2000, a Conveno Quadro das Naes Unidas para as Mudanas Climticas (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) de 1988 e a Plataforma Intergovernamental da Biodiversidade e Servios Ecossistmicos (Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services) IPBES em 2012. No Brasil a Universidade Federal do Paran UFPR com o curso de florestas de 1964, a Embrapa Florestas de 1974 e o Servio Florestal Brasileiro de 2006 so marcos da administrao pblica florestal no Brasil. Todas estas instituies e organizaes so apenas um exemplo para destacar o papel e importncia da madeira na histria florestal e da cincia florestal. O futuro reserva um eldorado para o setor florestal nativo dos pases em desenvolvimento. Com potencial latente, as florestas naturais e a cincia florestal nestas regies devem avanar consideravelmente nos prximos anos. Assim como melhora a condio econmica e social, o poder transformador do trabalho do homem tambm realiza impactos positivos no ambiente. Este poder transformador deve ganhar fora como propulsor de uma nova realidade para as florestas naturais e a cincia florestal nos pases em desenvolvimento, capaz de fazer frente aos desafios apresentados para a conquista de seus territrios e de uma maior equilbrio planetrio. O aumento do uso das florestas nos pases em desenvolvimento vai de encontro ao objetivo de convervar sua biodiversidade, na medida em que a demanda por produtos florestais nativos for incentivada. este aumento do consumo vai gerar melhores condies para a gesto das florestas, impulsionando a atualizao das florestas naturais dos pases em desenvolvimento para as condies do clima e sociedade contemporneos. A valorizao das reas de florestas nativas pelo seu papel no combate s mudanas climticas globais, biodiversidade e servios ecossistmicos uma realidade que comea a ser regulamentada em todo o planeta. A tecnologia silvicultural que permite otimizar a produtividade dos stios florestais pode receber aportes financeiros do fornecimento de servios ecossistmicos que incluem o sequestro e estoque de carbono, a produo e qualidade de gua, a biodiversidade, os polinizadores, os habitat, a beleza cnica, a cultura e uma srie de servios distribudos em grupos classificados como de: suprimento, suporte, regulatrio e cultural. A alta produtividade uma importante funo do ecossistema florestal, que pode estar aliada a uma srie de outros servios ecossistmicos dentro de uma estratgia regional (Infraestrutura Verde). Na economia tradiconal o uso dos fatores de produo (conhecimento, capital, recursos naturais e humantos) da maneira tima resultava no maior ganho possvel. Na Economia Verde a sustentabilidade do desenvolvimento integrado dos fatores ambientais, sociais e econmicos sinaliza a melhor oportunidade de investimento. As florestas funcionam como mquinas de mitigao dos Gases de Efeito Estufa GEE e como pilares para adaptao s mudanas climticas globais. A Economia Verde traz condies de competividade que favorecem o cultivo e uso de produtos florestais, com vantagens comparativas significativas para a diversidade de essncias, sabores, cores e qualidades das madeiras das florestas dos pases em desenvolvimento, como as tropicais brasileiras.

A integrao entre o consumo e o cultivo de espcies florestais nativas vai depender de tcnicas silviculturais adequadas para a sociedade contempornea. O que se observa uma reao biolgica das florestas aos tratamentos silviculturais, que determinam aumento da produtividade a curto e longo termo. A substituio da regenerao natural pela plantao de florestas, aumenta a produtividade. Somados, os efeitos da prtica silvicultural moderna elevam o volume da colheita. A utilizao intensiva e extensiva das florestas, atravs de manejo florestal sustentvel com base cientfica, aumenta o volume mdio de espcies comerciais estocadas por unidade de rea, e tambm aumenta os incrementos anuais. No mundo, cerca de das plantaes florestais so com espcies nativas dos pases. Pases com importantes reservas florestais naturais, como o Canad e a Rssia, coordenam aes em microrregies de ocorrncia de espcies, as Zonas Ecolgicas de Ocorrncia, ou Ecoregies. Na Amrica do Norte a proporo de espcies introduzidas de menos de 5%, enquanto na Amrica do Sul menos de 5% so de espcies locais. Somente na Oceania vamos ter uma proporo de pouco mais de 20% de espcies nativas plantadas, na frica (60%), na sia (70%) e na Europa (90%). O cultivo das espcies florestais nativas est diretamente relacionado com o seu consumo, e uma estrutura logstica e comercial para colocar as diferentes madeiras tropicais nos mercados precisa estar disponvel. Enfrentando uma competio altamente qualificada das plantaes florestais de espcies introduzidas, da agropecuria e da urbanizao, o manejo de florestas de espcies nativas precisa ter condies timas de mercado para seus produtos. O Armazm Florestal uma proposta de estabelecimento de uma rede de suporte ao desenvolvimento do cultivo e comrcio de espcies madeireiras nativas, um mecanismo para integrar o cultivo de espcies florestais nativas realidade da sociedade contempornea, fortalecendo o mercado especializado em madeiras tropicais de alta qualidade.A histria mostra que o sucesso da presena das reas com floresta na sociedade est relacionado com o consumo da madeira. Recentemente o valor da biodiversidade e dos servios ecossistmicos associados ao papel revonador da qualidade ambiental das florestas tem ganhado destaque, e pode ser incorporado como forma de adaptar a gesto florestal a contemporaniedade. A cadeira de Histria Florestal fornece subsdios tcnicos para o profissional florestal analisar a administrao florestal e sua modificao ao longo do tempo, demonstrando como esta adaptao foi percebida, entendida e trabalhada pela histria. E hoje o fenmeno do aumento da composio de carbono atmosfrico est trazendo um novo elemento de modificao para a cincia florestal incorporar nos debates. Se de um lado necessrio entender como as modificaes no clima causaram impactos nas florestas no passado, do outro preciso compreender as solues que os manejadores, ou gestores, florestais desenvolveram e aplicaram naquelas situaes. O relacionamento entre o homem, e a sociedade com as florestas sempre existiu, e o nvel de dependncia parece mais significativo no passado.No Brasil o nome do pas est relacionado com uma espcie florestal, retratando um pouco da nossa histria, enquanto a prtica da interveno estatal marca a prtica legislativa. A pr-histria das nossa florestas inicia-se com o Pangea, a formao do Escudo das Guianas, o vulcanismo das frteis terras roxas e os refgios de biodiversidade das glaciaes e inter-glaciaes, at o surgimento do homem h 60 mil anos atrs. A Amaznia brasileira tem sinais de uma intensa atividade agrcola h 12 mil anos. Estudos j demonstraram que as reas com maior cultivo de biodiversidade na Amaznia so aquelas associadas a presena humana, indicando o papel fundamental do cultivo de espcies florestais nativas, voltadas para atender as demandas de consumo de madeira da sociedade contempornea como um meio importante para a conservao da biodiversidade de espcies florestais nativas. Plantas de MDF, OSB e outros painis, pallets, briquets e outros produtos florestais madeireiros podem ser produzidos partir de uma outra grande variedade de essncias florestais tropicais nativas. o cultivo consciente e cientfico de espcies florestais nativas para a produo e consumo de madeira industrial que vai fazer a diferena na conservao da biodiversidade tropical para um mundo de 12 bilhes de habitantes, esperado para o sculo XXII. Com a quantidade de rvores de hoje isto representaria 215 rvores / habitante, que precisam ser teis para garantir sua sobrevivncia. Cada rvore conta!

Tabela da evoluo histrica da disponibilidade de rvores por habitante no planeta Terra

Tabela da evoluo histrica da disponibilidade de rvores por habitante no planeta Terra