Welcome to

History 06

History of the Americas II

Prof. Valadez

• Wars of Independence in the Americas

– How were Americas’ wars of independence similar and

different in their struggles and achievements?

• SLO: Formulate a chronology that compares and contrasts the

independence movements in Latin America and the U.S. and their

implications for constitutional government.

Plot the year when the war of independence for each country began

on the timeline and write a summary for each country’s

movement.

• U.S.

• Haiti

• Mexico

• Argentina

• Gran Colombia (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador)

• Brazil

3

XM 2.2

XM 2.1

6

European Settlements and Indians,

1754

7

8

9

Map 4.4 Eastern North America after the Peace of

Paris, 1763 10

Problems

• Debt

• Smuggling

• Colonial legislatures

• Taxation

11

• Stamp Act 1765

– Internal tax on all legal documents.

– Argument over virtual representation versus direct representation

– British Govt. had not taxed colonies on internal products in the past.

– Parliament did not have the right to tax the colonies

12

• Thomas Paine’s Common Sense

– anti-British propaganda

–Calls for independence

– Links independence with a sense of religious mission

13

July 4, 1776

Declaration of Independencehttp://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_transcript.html

List of grievances against the

King of England

“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created

equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”

15

16

Lord Dunmore, governor of Virginia, promised slaves freedom to those who enlisted in the British forces.

17

George Washington after 1775

• 5000 blacks enlist as patriots

• Rhode Island Regiment all-black unit

• South, except SC &GA

18

British surrender at Yorktown (Virginia) in October 1781.

Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.20

• End of War

–Cornwallis’ surrender forces British to negotiate peace

–Treaty of Paris 1783 ends the war:

• U.S. boundary Mississippi River East & West Florida goes to Spain

21

Loyalist migration to Canada1867 Dominion of Canada, self-governing entity within the U.K.

1982 Canada Act, constitution could be amended without the U.K.

22

The Constitutional ConventionThis painting of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 by an unknown artist shows George Washington presiding. Because the convention met in secrecy, the artist used his imagination to paint the scene.

Independence National Historical Park23

– Philadelphia Convention Summer of 1787• Constitution is finished on September 17, 1787, written mostly by James

Madison• Electoral College: a group of people chosen by states

24

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• U.S. Constitution 1787

• Argentina Constitution 1853, 1860, 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957

• Australia 1900

• Brazil, seven constitutions, 1988

• Canada 1982

• China, 1954, 1975, 1978, 1982

• France 1791, 1958

• Germany 1949

• Japan ,1947

• Mexico 1824, 1835, 1917

• Spain 1978

“We the People”

• National Identity

– Indians

– “Other persons,”

– “People,” who were the only ones entitled to American freedom

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War of Independence in New Spain

• Influence

– Ideas of Enlightenment

• social contract (Rousseau)– The state rules by the "consent of the governed"

– American Revolution 1776-1783

– French Revolution 1787-1799

– Haitian Revolution 1790-1804

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Toussaint L’Ouverture (1743-1803)

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

• 1804 Massacre• http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/13/hollande-haiti-visit-france-

former-colony

• http://www.pbs.org/wnet/black-in-latin-america/featured/haiti-the-dominican-republic-an-island-divided-watch-full-episode/165/

• 25 mins

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• External Factors

– 1808 Spain invaded by French troops

– Napoleon’s sets his brother Joseph on Spanish throne

– Spanish King is in Cadiz

Goya’s May 3, 1808

• Internal Factors

– Criollo discontent

Padre Miguel Hidalgo

Schaalkwijk/Art Resource, NY

Insurgents Spanish loyalist

• La virgen de los remedios

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September 16, 1810El Grito de Dolores

My children: a new dispensation comes to us today. Will you receive it? Will you free yourselves? Will you recover the lands stolen three hundred years ago from your forefathers by the hated Spaniards? We must act at once… Will not you defend your religion and your rights as true patriots? Long live our Lady of Guadalupe! Death to bad government! Death to the gachupines!

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 1753-1811

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Jose Maria Morelos

1813 Sentimientos de la Nación ("Feelings of the Nation“)

• America is free and independent of Spain and all other nations, governments, or monarchies.

• The Catholic faith is the sole religion, and no others will be tolerated.

• Division of powers into appropriate executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

• Jobs to be reserved for Americans only.

• An end to slavery and discrimination based on castes.

• December 12 to be dedicated to the Virgin of Guadalupe , and celebrated.

December 22, 1815

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Spanish Loyalist

• Agustin de Iturbide

Insurgents

• Vicente Guerrero Acapulco

• Felix Fernandez Oaxaca

44

1815-1821

Abrazo de Acatempa Feb.10 1821

45

Treaty of Córdoba• August 24, 1821

• Augstín de Iturbide

• the last royal viceroy Juan de O’ Donojú

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1st Emperor Agustín de Iturbide

• Becomes emperor July 21, 1822

• U.S. minister Joel Poinsett

• Caudillo

Argentina

• In 1807—Britain invasions creoles defeat the British.

• In May 1810 launches independence movement.– Struggles between Porteños & people from interior

Hippolyte Bouchard

• 2 vessels Santa Rosa & Argentina

• 1818 attacks Monterrey & San Juan Capistrano

• California remains loyal to Spain

Bolivia Peru

• Conservative, mostly indigenous

• Buenos Aires invasions

• Loyalty to Peru

Uruguay

• Argentina-Brazil conflict

• Jose Gervasio Artigas

Paraguay

• Smooth transition to independence

• Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia , dictator

Chile

• Peru-Argentina

• Bernardo O’Higgins

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ws0xmkOYYVk

Brazil

• 1822 – “Grito de Ipiranga” by King Pedro I

Age of Caudillos Latin America 1820s-1850s

• Caudillos= Dictators

• Politically: left or right

• Creoles, mestizos

• “Personalism”

• Hacienda patrons

• Replaced the viceroy

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– Monroe Doctrine 1823

• John Quincy Adams

• U.S. pledged to stay out of European affairs.

• European nations will not interfere with independent nations in the western hemisphere.

• New European colonization in the western hemisphere prohibited

• Foundation of U.S. Foreign policy

– Washington Presidency 1789-1797

61

Alexander Hamilton by John Trumbull, 1792

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, 1805

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Election of 1800

Jacksonian Democracy

• “Old Hickory” man of the people

• End of property qualifications for voting

• Believed that the people should elect leaders at the nation level, senators, president

• Use of written ballot

• Democratization does not extend to women and African-Americans

Election of 1824

Election of 1824

• First time the popular vote is used.

• John Quincy Adams

• Andrew Jackson

• Jackson wins the popular vote

• John Quincy Adams becomes president

Election of 1828

The Election of 1828

.