Welcome to

History 06

History of the Americas II

Prof. Valadez

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• Colonial Legacies

• European Settlements in the Americas

• African-Indian-European Relations – What are the characteristics of the Spanish, Portuguese,

English, French, and Dutch colonies in the Americas.

• How are they different?

• How are they similar?

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The Afroeurasian Trade World Before Columbus

Admiral Zheng He

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• Indigenous, Europeans, and Africans

• Encounter shaped by:

− Religion

−Geography

− Culture

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Chiefdoms

Tribes

Bands

States

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Aljamia

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Spain 1492

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Mataindios Altarpiece of Santiago, the Indian-slayer, Church of Santiago Tlatelolco

Santiago Matamoros, 18th c. New Orleans Museum of Art, New Orleans, USA.

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• Legacy of Reconquista • Encomienda: a system consisting of social and economic relations

• Inquisition: established to bring religious unification in Spain

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In 1492 Columbus sailed west. Why?

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Columbus’ Voyages

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The Columbian Exchange "Columbian exchange" movement of plants, food,

crops, diseases and people

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The Treaty of Tordesillas 1494

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How did the Spanish communicate?

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The Requirement 1510 Participation Assignment #3 groups of 3

1. When was this written? Who wrote it? What is the purpose of this document?

2. What does this document say about European society and hierarchy?

3. What are the Europeans demands? What are the consequences for not obeying European demands?

4. How is the conquest justified?

5. Write your own question about the document

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The Requirement “But, if you do not do this, and maliciously make delay in it, I certify to

you that, with the help of God, we shall powerfully enter into your country, and shall make war against you in all ways and manners that we can, and shall subject you to the yoke and obedience of the Church and of their Highnesses; we shall take you and your wives and your children, and shall make slaves of them, and as such shall sell and dispose of them as their Highnesses may command; and we shall take away your goods, and shall do you all the mischief and damage that we can, as to vassals who do not obey, and refuse to receive their lord, and resist and contradict him; and we protest that the deaths and losses which shall accrue from this are your fault, and not that of their Highnesses, or ours, nor of these cavaliers who come with us. And that we have said this to you and made this Requisition, we request the notary here present to give us his testimony in writing, and we ask the rest who are present that they should be witnesses of this Requisition."

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Early contacts between the Spanish and Mesoamericans

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1502-1520 9th Tlatoani

Priest

1519 Spanish arrive

Montezuma Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin

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Omens

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Cortes 1519-1535

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• On the Island of Cozumel, Cortes meets Gonzalo Guerrero & Jeronimo de Aguilar.

• After the defeat of the Mayans near Veracruz, Malintzin

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Hernan Cortes and La Malinche meet Moctezuma in Tenochtitlan, November 8, 1519.

Facsimile (c. 1890) of Lienzo de Tlaxcala.

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Encounter: November 8, 1519

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Montezuma’s palace

• Narvaez Expedition

– Sent to arrest Cortes

• Cortes leaves Pedro de Alvarado in charge

• Aztecs have a dance

festival that leads to the

massacre of nobles.

• Aztecs attack the Spanish

• Montezuma is killed by ?

• Noche Triste

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Ahuehuete or Montezuma Cypress

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Tzompantli with heads of Spaniards

and their horses

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Fall of Tenochtitlan August 13, 1521

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video

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Factors that led to the conquest of Tenochtitlan

• Interpreters

• Native allies

• Diseases

• Iron weapons & military strategy

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Cuitláhuac, died of smallpox • Indian conquistadors?

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New Spain

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Cuauhtémoc 1495-1525, the last Tlatoani

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Pic 1: The

death of

Cuauhtémoc,

Codex

Vaticanus A

"The Torture of Cuauhtémoc", a 19th-

century painting by Leandro Izaguirre.

Native Codices

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New Spain

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New Spain

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• In 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa led a band of soldiers across the jungle covered mountains of present day Panama.

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Francisco Pizarro

Pizarro, who led 160 adventurers smallpox

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• Spanish messengers invited Atahualpa to a meeting

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Capture of Atahualpa at Cajamarca 55

Conquistadors decapitate Atahualpa after strangling him, 1533. 56

video

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmnJNmorFss

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Spanish Colonies • Spanish Model: search for gold and slaves

• Colonial Government – Absolutism: monarch tight control of colony

» Power flowed from king to Council of Indies to viceroys to local officials

– Few European women, multiracial population

– Indian inhabitants always outnumbered European colonists and their descendants in Spanish America.

– Gold and silver mining was the primary economy in Spanish America.

– Encomienda: Spanish institution, which forced natives to work for the Spanish in mines or on plantations

» Indians have a place in society

– The Catholic Church played a significant role: Mission

» The conquest of the Incas

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Las Castas

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PA#4

1. Who wrote the article? When was this documents written? Is this a primary source or a secondary source? How do you know?

2. What is mestizaje? What kind of society is created in colonial Mexico? What are castas?

3. Do the casta paintings celebrate Mexico’s diversity? What do the paintings represent?

4. What is one legacy of the colonial Mexican society?

5. Write your own question. 61

Telenovelas

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Miss Mexico

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Depiction of Racial Mixtures by Miguel Cabrera

Private Collection 64

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Colonial Society

• Europeans – Peninsulares

– Criollos

• Indigenous

• Africans

• Castas – Derogatory

– 60 labels

• Cedula de Gracias al Sacar

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Yanga, Veracruz

Gaspar Yanga • Establish first free town in 1609.

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Caste Society

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Family History

• www.familysearch.org

• Black Mexicans

• 11 mins-25 mins • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIzHIRCBtdE

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Colonial Mexican Sayings

• no te confíes de indio barbón, ni de gachupín lampiño (Do not confide in a hairy native nor a bald Spaniard)

• gachupín con criollo, gavilán con pollo (Spaniard with criollo, sparrow hawk with chicken)

• al mestizo, el diablo lo hizo; al indito, el Dios bendito (The mestizo created by the devil and the native by God)

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Portuguese Global Empire

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Portuguese Colony • African & Asian colonies are more important than Brazil.

» Feitorio = Trading posts

• Similar to Spanish Model: search for gold and slaves » Donatarios = feudal land grants, King owns land, captains administer

» Enfiteuse http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2015/08/25/434360144/for-brazils-1-percenters-the-land-stays-in-the-family-forever

• Colonial government » Absolutism: monarch tight control of colony

» Portugal & Brazil under Spanish rule 1580-1640

» Power flowed from king to Council of Indies to viceroys to local officials

» Few European women, multiracial population

» Less urban than the Spanish

» Encomienda unsuccessful Tupis

» Sugar production & slaves main sectors of the economy

» Fazenda: plantations

» Indians & Africans have a place in society

» The Catholic Church played a significant role: Jesuits Missions

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Brazil’s Racial Democracy

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• French Colonization: New France • Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec in 1608.

• French settlements smaller than Spanish: population in 1700 was only 19,000.

»Métis

• Govt. : The Company of 100 Associates, 1627-1663. – Absolutism: colony under control of the King, who appoints governor

• The French prided themselves on adopting a more humane policy toward the Indians than Spain.

–French carry on lucrative fur trading with Indians

–understand the native custom of reciprocity

–Many French went “native”

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Map 1.6 The New World-New France and

New Netherland, ca. 1650 85

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English Settlements

• In 1607 Virginia Company of London receives charter from King James I and establish Jamestown

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Jamestown 1607

• In 1607 Virginia Company of London establish Jamestown

• John Smith leader of colony – Popularizes the term New England

• Pocahontas marries John Rolfe – Tobacco cultivation

» Indentured servants

• 1619 – 20 African slaves arrive in Jamestown

– House of Burgesses: local assembly

• 1622 Massacre – Jamestown policy of extermination

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Protestant Reformation • In 1517 Martin Luther denounces indulgences and initiates

Protestant Reformation, 95 Theses

• John Calvin and his followers emphasize doctrine of predestination

• European countries divide into rival Protestant and Catholic camps

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Protestant Reformation

• King Henry VIII proclaims himself head of separate Church of England (Anglican Church) – English Calvinists (Puritans)

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Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I

Queen Elizabeth I used her charm and intelligence to turn England into a major world

power. This portrait, painted around 1588 when Elizabeth was 55 years old, shows the

queen at the (By kind permission of the Marquess of Tavistock and Trustees of the

Bedford Estate)

Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 94

New England • Puritans: dissenters from the Church of

England. They wanted to purify the church.

• Calvin’s Predestination: salvation by the grace of God

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Plymouth Plantation

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Eastern North

America, 1650

Numerous European towns and settlements dotted the Atlantic coastline by mid-century, while Indian populations disappeared or dispersed toward the interior of the continent.

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• New Amsterdam 1624-1664

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