The Beginning of the The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis:Twentieth-Century Crisis:

War and Revolution War and Revolution

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The Road to World War IThe Road to World War I Nationalism and Internal Dissent

Rivalries over colonies Nationalism Socialist labor movements create fear nations on the eve

of revolution Militarism

Conscription• Russia an army of 1.3 million; • France and Germany, 900,000

Influence of military leaders• Complex military plans• Inflexibility of military plans

The Outbreak of War: The Outbreak of War: Summer of 1914Summer of 1914

Serbia, supported by Russia, determined to create a large, independent Slavic state in the Balkans

Assassination of Francis Ferdinand Bosnian activist working for a Serbian terrorist

organization with an aim for a pan-Slavic kingdom Austria-Hungary sought German support for fear of

Russia’s alliance with Serbia Austria declared war on Serbia July 28, 1914 Germany declared war on Russia August, 1, 1914

Impact of the Schlieffen PlanImpact of the Schlieffen Plan Because Russia and France had a military alliance

since 1894, General Alfred von Schlieffen devised a two-front military plan on both countries First, invade and defeat France, then deploy

German army to the east against Russia Germany declared war on France Britain declared war on Germany August 4 – all great powers of Europe were at war

Europe in 1914Europe in 1914

The Great WarThe Great War 1914-1915: Illusions and Stalemate Visions of the war Failure of the Schlieffen Plan

First Battle of the Marne, September 6-10, 1914 Russian failures

Battle of Tannenberg, August 30, 1914 Battle of Masurian Lakes, September 15, 1914 Driven out of Galicia and Serbia

Italy enters the war on the Allied side

The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan

World War I, 1914-1918World War I, 1914-1918

1916 – 1917: 1916 – 1917: The Great SlaughterThe Great Slaughter Trench warfare

“No man’s land” No plan for fighting a trench war Battle of Verdun, 1916, 700,000 killed Horrors of trench warfare

World War I, cont’d World War I, cont’d

Entry of the United States Sinking of the Lusitania, May 7, 1915 German return to unrestricted submarine

warfare United States enters the war, April 6,

1917 Bolshevik Revolution, 1917

The Widening of the WarThe Widening of the War Ottoman Empire took Germany’s side Russia, Great Britain, and France declared war on Ottoman

• Battle of Gallipoli, April 1915 Bulgaria entered the war, September 1915, on the side of the Central

Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman) A Global Conflict

Italy enters the war, May 1915, against Austria-Hungary In the Middle East, Lawrence of Arabia incited Arab princes against

Ottoman British mobilized forces from India, Australia, and New Zealand Allies seize German colonies in Africa -- Togoland, Cameroons, South

West Africa, and German East Africa, Pacific Allied governments used Africans as soldiers and labor Chinese and Indochinese were used to work in European factories as

laborers Japan joined Allies to seize control of German territories in Asia

• Japan took German territories in China, Marshall, Mariana, and Caroline Islands

Soldiers from Around the WorldSoldiers from Around the World

The Home Front: The Home Front: The Impact of Total WarThe Impact of Total War

Political Centralization and Economic Regimentation

With great demands for men and material, governments extended their powers

Drafted tens of millions of young men Free market systems shelved so governments

could test price, wage, and rent controls Food supplies and materials rationed Nationalized transportation systems and industries

Control of Public OpinionControl of Public Opinion

Casualties grew Patriotic enthusiasm waned Government took strenuous measures to fight

opposition Expansion of police measures to stifle dissent Use of propaganda to arouse enthusiasm

Women in the War EffortWomen in the War Effort New role for women Took over male jobs and responsibilities, even chimney

sweeps and truck drivers Wages increased but never equaled men’s Jobs not secure After war, governments removed women from jobs Wages were lowered Positive impact: women’s movement for political

emancipation Right to vote (Britain in 1918, later in Germany and

Austria) Women took jobs, had apartments, smoked in public, wore

shorter dresses, adopted radical hairstyles

Territorial Changes in Europe and Territorial Changes in Europe and Middle East After World War IMiddle East After World War I

Crisis in Russia and the End of the WarCrisis in Russia and the End of the War

The Russian Revolution Problems of Tsar Nicholas II Military problems Influence of Rasputin

The March Revolution Strikes led by women with soldiers in Petrograd, March, 1917 Provisional government, Alexander Kerensky, continued war Government faced soviets, or councils of workers’ and soldiers’

deputies, who sprang up in army units, factory towns, and rural areas Soviets were from the lower classes with radical interests and largely

groups of socialists, including Bolsheviks

Lenin and the Bolshevik RevolutionLenin and the Bolshevik Revolution Vladimir Ulianov Lenin (1870-1824) Bolsheviks a party dedicated to revolution which can destroy the

capitalist system Exiled in Switzerland, German shipped Lenin to Russia to create

disorder Bolsheviks promised masses: redistribution of land to peasants,

transfer of factories and industries from capitalists to workers, relegation of government power from Provisional Government to soviets

Bolshevik program’s three slogans: “Peace, Land, Bread” “Worker Control of Production “All Power to the Soviets”

Collapse of Provisional Government, November 6-7, 1917 Bolsheviks were renamed the Communists Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918 giving up Poland, Ukraine,

Finland, and Baltic Provinces Promised peace, but country sank into civil war

Civil WarCivil War Opposition to Communist regime from groups loyal to tsar,

bourgeois and aristocratic liberals, and anti-Leninst socialists Allied Troops sent to Russia to fight Communist (Red) Army White army from Siberia defeated Urkraine retaken, along with Caucasus: Georgia, Russian

Armenia, and Azerbaijan How the Bolsheviks won? Leon Trotsky “war communism”, “revolutionary terror”, Red secret police

unleashed Red Terror, chekka Allied intervention Communist regime transformed Russia into a bureaucratically

centralized state with a single party

The Last Year of the WarThe Last Year of the War Last German offensive, March - July, 1918 Allied counterattack, Second Battle of the Marne, July

18, 1918 William II abdicated, November 9, 1918 Armistice, November 11, 1918

The Casualties of War Devastated European civilization 8-9 million soldiers dead, 22 million wounded Birthrate declined Lost generation of war veterans Civilians died from war injuries and starvation 600,000 Armenians killed, 500,000 deported with

400,000 dying on their way to safe haven

The Peace SettlementThe Peace Settlement Palace of Versailles, January 1919, 27 Allied

nations Woodrow Wilson, Fourteen Points Georges Clemenceau of France concerned with his

nation’s security Clemenceau and Lloyd George determined to

punish Germany Agreement to create the League of Nations

The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of Versailles Five separate treaties (Germany, Austria, Hungary,

Bulgaria, and Turkey), the most important being the Treaty of Versailles with Germany Treaty with Germany signed June 28, 1919

Article 231, War Guilt Clause Army reduced to 100,000 men, reduce navy,

eliminate the air force Return to France Alsace and Lorraine and sections

of Prussia given to Poland Demilitarized zone on the Rhine

The Other Peace TreatiesThe Other Peace Treaties Territorial changes in Europe

Austro-Hungarian Empire disappears Germany and Russia lose territory

• Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary

As a result of compromises, virtually every eastern European state was left with a minorities problem

Dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire Mandates

• France given control of Lebanon and Syria while Britain received Iraq and Palestine

The Search for StabilityThe Search for Stability Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security Weaknesses of the League of Nations Allied Reparations Commission, April 1921 Consequences of French occupation of the Ruhr

valley Dawes Plan, August 1924 Treaty of Locarno, 1925 Kellogg-Briand pact, 1926 Disarmament

The Great DepressionThe Great Depression Two events set the stage for the depression

Problems in domestic economies International financial crisis

Problems of the 1920’s Crash of the American stock market, October 1929 World wide problems

High unemployment Bank failures

Governments relied on: Balanced budgets, lowering of wages, and raising

tariffs Increased involvement of the government into economics

Renewed interest in Marxist principles

The Great Depression: The Great Depression: Bread Lines in ParisBread Lines in Paris

The Democratic StatesThe Democratic States Britain

John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) Keynes argued for putting people to work Called for deficit spending

France Governmental problems Popular Front

Germany Weimar Republic Runaway inflation, 1922-1923 Prosperity from 1924-1929

United States New Deal Works Progress Administration (WPA) Social reforms

Socialism in Soviet RussiaSocialism in Soviet Russia Problems facing Russia after the Civil War New Economic Policy (NEP)

Modified capitalism The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Alexandra Kollontai (1872-1952)

Women’s rights and social welfare Death of Lenin, 1924 and struggle for power The Politburo Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)

Eliminated Leon Trotsky as a rival By 1929 had eliminated the Old Bolsheviks and seized

power