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The calculated F ratio for Systolic Blood Presswe, Diastolic BloodPressure, Waist Hip Ratio and Body Composition test score are

significart (P<0.05) at 0.05 level since calculated values are morethan the table values 3.10 for F at 0.05 level of siglificant withdegrees offreedom (dD 2,87. This significant F ratio for the c terionmeasures test score shows that fhe four mean scotes, viz. the meanscore in the vadous age groups differ significantly on Systolic BloodPressule, Diastolic Blood Pressure, Waist Hip Ratio and BodyComposition. Whereas the calculated F ratio for the Body Surface

Areatestscorc is insignificant (>0.05) at 0.05 level since calculatedvalue is less than the table values 3. 1 0 for F at 0.05 ievel of signiicantwith degrees offreedom (dl) 2\87. This insignificant F ratio for thecriterion measues test score shows that the thrce mean scores, viz.the mean score in the various age groups does not differ significantlyonBody SurfaceArea.

Fufther the Partial eta' values describes that by Systolic BloodPressure, Diastolic Blood Pressure, Waist Hip Ratio and BodyComposition a large ratrortal 49 yo, 43 yo,3l%o arLd 56 %o of variarLce

associated with them and their elror were explained by themselves.Whereas in case of Body Suface Area only a negligible 3 % ofvariaflce was explained by it in respect to variance attached with italong its eror. Thus we can conciude effect sizes of the f,rst fourvariables are reasonably higher and thus better

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Table 3Pair Wise Post Hoc Comparison of Mean Using LSD Test

(D soup (J) gloup(ID

Ase fJ I-J5) APe (J6-40) -21.57+systol'cBlood Age (31-3s) Aee (414s) -20.07*

Ase (J6 40) Aee (41-45, 4.50

2.86

2.86

2.86

0.00

0.00

0.t2

Diastolic Age (31-3s) Ase (3640) 13.10*

Blood Age (31-35) Ase(4145) -7.83*Pressur€ AseQ64O\ Aee(414s\ s.2',1*

r.64 9.00

t.64 0.00

t.64 0.00

Waist HipRatio

Age(31-35) Ase (3640) -0.09*

Ase (31-35) Age (4145) -0.06*

Ase (36-40) Age (414s) 0.04*

0.02 , 0.00

o.o2 0.00

0.02 0.01

Ase (31-35) Age (3640) -10.97*

composLtuonAse (36-40) Age (4145) 7.23*

r.0'7 0.00

1.07 0.00

t.0'7 0.00

* The nean ditrerence was sigI ficaut at 0.05 level.

Slnce F value was significaDl. LSD post hoc test was applied forcomparing mean of groups for Systolic Blood Pressure, DiastolicBlood Pressure, Waist Hip Ratio and Body Composition. It can be

seen that difference between group lies where mean difference is

followed by * mark. This is so as the P values calculated were less

than 0.05 (level of significance). No diference between the groups

was prcsent where level ofsignificance crossed the theshold value of0.05.

The table discloses that sumcient differences w€re present between

all the tbree age groups in case ofDiastolic Blood Prcssule, Waist HipRatio and Body Composition. Somehow in respect to Systolic Blood

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Pressure difference was observed in between 1st age group (31,35yeaxs) to 2nd (35-40 years) and 3rd (41-45years) age goups but nodiffererce was observed in behveen 2nd 135-40 years) aod 3rd (4l-45years) age goup.

.DISCLSSION OFFINDINGS

The findings otthe presenl study revealed rhal tbere was a sjgnifcaIldifference on comparing the mean scores of Blood Prcssue, BodyComposition and Waist-Hip-Ratio among vadous age groups.Further on applying the post hoc test, the rcsult shov/ed that in Agegroup 31 years - 35 years subjects were significaatly better thaaAgeGroup 3 6 years - 40 yeam ard Age Group 41 years - 45 years in BloodPressure, Body Composition ard WaislHip-Ratio. But therc was nosignifcant dr'fference in Body Surface AJea amoDg various agegroups.

The scholars are greatly satisfied to metrtion that the findings haveaccomplished the purpose for which the study.was initiallyconceptualized. A study by Liu & Ruth reported that differences inobesity and other factors in young adults largely explain the higherbaseline blood pressure: A shrdy done by Welbom & Dhaliwa showedftal obesity assessed by Waist Hip Ra rio is betre r predi c to r ofCardioVascular Dis€ases, The recognition of central obesity is clinicallyimportant, as lifestyle intervention is likely to provide significarthealth benefits. Thus, having a desired Body Composition and WailtHip Ratio arc essenlial for maintaining Normal Blood Pressdre. Thepercentage of Fat in the body caa be considered to be one of theimportant components for individuals related to blood presswe.Body Compositioo ard Waist Hip Ratio are certaidy all iitportrantfacton conhibuting in increasing blood prcssue ofan individual.

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CONCLUSIONS

On the basis of the findings of the present study the followingconciusionswerc dmwn:. The age 35years to 40 years was the most risky age slot out ofthe

tbree age slots under study for prevalence of Blood Pressure and

Obesity related problems.. Obesity and gaining morc weight could be identified as one ofthe

impofiant components for increase in Blood Pressure. Therefore,necessary care must be taken by individuals to maintain weightand fat in order to maintain the nomal B lood Pressule.

. Healthy body composition is essential for optinizing health and

minimizing the risk of many of the most preyalent chroniccorlditions and diseases seen in owsocietytoday.

. Since obesiry is the deteminant of h),pertension, weight controlcouid be the most effective way to prevent hypefiension ilr a

population and to rcduce Blood Pressure among over-weight

hypefiensive subjects.

REFERENCES

2.

4.

3.

l Amynofion, Excess weight on the waist increases bloodpreqsure- American Journal.8rh Sepl 2006.Baungartner,Ted A. and Jackson, Andrew S., Measurcments

for Evaluation in Physical Education and Exercise Science,

USA: Wm. C. Brown Communication,1995.Bijiani, RL, Understanding Medical Physiology: ATest Bookfor Medical Students, 3rd Edition, New Delhi: Jaypee

Brotlers,2004.Bocalini DS, Lima LS,et.al. Effects ofcircuit-based exerciseprograms on the body composition of elderly obese women.

Depafamenteo de Educaqdo Fisica e, Sdo Paulo, SP, Brazil.ClinIntervAgirg,20l2.

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'7.

9.

5.

6.

11.

10.

Bray, G.A. and Gray D.S, Advanced Fitness Assessment and

Exercise Prescriptio[, Western JourDal of Medicine Cited by

Mvian H. Heyward, New Mexico: Burgess PublishingCompany.De Vriendt T, Clays E et.al Eu.opean adolescerlts' Ievel ofperceived stress and its relationship with body adiposity-theHELENA Study Depaftment of Public Health, Faculty ofMedicine and llealtl Sciences, Ghent University, Eur J PublicHealth,Aug.2012Fahey, Thomas D.,Insel, Paul M. and Roth, Walton l, FitandWell, Califonia: Mayfield Publishing Company, 1994.Gala, D.R., Gala, Dhiren, and Gala, Sanjay, Diabetes, HighBlood Pressrue Without Any Fear, Mumbai: NavneetPublicatioDLtd., 1998.Golding .D, Myers. C. and Sinning W, Y's way to Physical

Fitness (Champaign: Humao Kiretics, 1989) Cited by James

R. Morrow, Allen W Jackson, James G. Disch and Dale PMood, Measuement and Evaluation in Human Performance,

USA: VelsaPress,2000.Harries, MaIk, andWilliarn, Clyde, Oxford Textbook ofsportsMedicine, NewYork: OxfordUnivcrsityPress, 1995.Haycock GB, Schwartz GJ, Wisotsky DH, Geometic Methodfor Measuring Body Surface Arca; A I-Ieight-Weight FomulaValidated in Infants, Children andAdults, Journal ofPediatr,19'781'93:62-66 Cited Online Intenet, Wikipedia, The Free

Encyclopedia:http ://en.wikipedia.org/wikl/J3ody sud'ace_area.Mosteller, R.D. Sinplified Calculation ofBody Surface A]ea,NorthEngiand Joumal of Medicine, 22 October 1987, OniineIntemet: www.halls.r'ndlbody-surface-area!refs.html, 4

Scptember 2006.

12.

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18.

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Ogah OS, Okpechi I, et.al, Blood pressurej prevalence ofhypertension and hypertension related complications inNigedan Afi-icans: A review. Midstry of Health, NnamdiAzikiwe Secretariat, Unuahia 440233, Abia State, Nige.ia,Dec.2012.RAikkcjnen K, Hautanen A, I(eltikangas-J?irvinen L.Assocration of stress and depression with .egional fatdistribution in healthy middle-aged men. Health AnalysisDivision, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario,. J Trauma., Apr.2009.Reddy, K. Srinath, The Fifth Lecture, i11the Series of HealthLectures for the Public on High BloodPressure, Delhi Societyfor the Pronotion ofRational Use of Drugs, New Delhi: IICAuditorium, 26th July, 2004.Shalifirad G, MarjaniA, Abdolrahman C, Mostafa e, HosseiDS. Stress among Isfahan medical sL,rences s[udents.Deparl.ment of Psychology, Univercity of Helsint<i, Finland, JBehavMed., Dec. 1994.Shinichi Demura and Susumu Sato, Suprailiac andAbdominalSkinfold Thickness Measured with a Skinfold Caliper as aPredictor of Body Density in Japanese Adults, The TohokuJournal ofExperimental Medicine, Vol. 213, No. l, June 2007Wemer WK. Hoeger and Sharon A. Hoeger, Fitness andWellness, USA: Mofion Publishing Company, 1990.

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:ffiCOMPARATIVE STUDY ON EXPLOSIVE LEG

POWER AND AGILITY BETIIIEEN LIBERO ANDSETTER OF STATE LEVEL VOLLEYBALL

PLAYERSDr. Kallol Chalterjee

A.tsistant pralesso.Post Gruduate Ca .lnsthute/or Phrsicdt Ddliation,

Banipua West-Bengat

Mr. Kunal SinghP hts ic al Ed uaiion Teach er,

A kade nia In ter na I ional Sc hoo l,Kolkata

ABSTRACT

DLtring the last quarter ofa century the character ofplay Volleyballha' afiqag67 dranaric.tlly. not b?cau.e o/ rule uodifcation.< btttfiai ly due to the introductiol| of new tactical conce?ts ancl bettermatar development qualities. Today players' reqlire great speed a-ffeaction, anticipatioti, sLtpet ior coficentratian as well as exceptionalrfot e oricntation and motoradj :tlncnt.

The role of Libero and Selter are totatly different, duri g pldyingTolleyball. But the components which make them physically fit orenable them to became a eliteperJbrmer in the competilion are quitesimilar in rcspect of agility, explosive leg power reaction time,strength, endlrance, kinestheti. perception, orientation ability etc.This has made the researcher ta cotnpare the explosive legpoweranclagili,) betueen Libero and Setter

For the purpose of the study only the male state level Volleyballplayefi mainly l0 Liberc and 10 Settel.were selecte.l purposi)elyfrom dilferent Universities and ClLtbs itu West Bengal. The age ofthe

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:,, tl, . : .;::.,' ll

slate levelvoll€iball player was raagea Derween I v to z / years.To find out the results ofthis sndy, thb researbh scholar had tipplied't'ratio at O. b 5 \ewl of s:iinifaince.

Thefmdings ofthe prcsent study showed that there was no signifcantdif;ference on Etplosive Leg Powex But in case ofAgility thelefound

to be significant difference between Liberb and setter of state level

Volleypall players.

Key word.s: Explosivq Leg Powe4Agitity,Liberc and Setter

Introaluction

ln modem era- game of Volleyball has been a very popular game

around the world. During the last quaxter ofa canhr4r the character ofplay Volleyball has changed dramaticalLy. nol because of mle

modifications but inlinly due to the infoduption of new tactical

concepti and better motor development qualities required for The

temendous increase in game intensity demands grcat anticipation

fiom players, who are to perform comple-r skills efrciently and

quickly under constantly chatrging corditions. The rule charged inVolleyball were minor until 1998 when the World Volleyball

Federation (FIVB) drastically changed the scoritrg in particular sets

and the qpes ofsubstitutions. The main objective oftle change was

to oreate the game more atbactive, especially to inqease the pace ofthe game. The standing serve, prgviously a passivo element, changed

into the spike serve ard became one ofthe more.powerful offensive

tools in volleyball. The psychomotor demands are constantly

increasiog. Today players' require great speed of reaction,

aniicipation, supedor concenhation as well as exceptional space

orien lal ion and m otor adj us trnenl .

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In Volleyball, the libero is a specialist defensive player, which was

first introduced in the Indoor Volleyball in 1999. The sole purpose ofthis positionwas to fostell|ore digs andraliies, adding more thrill tothe game. A libero may replace any player in the back row. Thisreplacement is 11ot counted as a substitution. A liberc cannot seNe,

block or complete an attack hit from an).wherc if at the moment ofcontact the ball is above the net height. A tean mate may also notcomplete the attack hit on a bail coming from a libero.

Another impofiant player is Setter. The setter coordinates the

offensivc movements ofateam. He is thepiayerwho liits the ball up,

Ior lhe smasl'ler to smash, and uitimately decides which player wiliactually attack the ball, Setter decides who should get the ball and

when.It doesn't matter how good a team's hitters are ifit doesn't have

a setter that can't consistently deliver a good ball to hit. So we can say

thatwithout SetterinVolleyball 1eam, itlooklike headless horseman.The role of Libero and Setter are totally different, during playing

Volleyball. But the components which make them physically fit orenable them to become a elite performer inthe competition are quite

similar in respect of agility, explosive leg power, reaction time,strength, endurance, kinesthetic perception, odentation ability etc.

This has made the researcher to compare the explosive leg power and

agility betweer Libero and Setter

The Statement Of Problem

The purpose of the study was to detemine and compare the

Explosive Leg Power and agility between Libero and Setter ofstatelevel Volleyball players.

TheH)?othesis

On the basis ofavailable literature and scholar's own understanding

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ofthe problem It was hlpothesized that there wouldbe no signif,cantdifference on Explosive Leg Power and Agility between Libero and

Setter ofstate level Volleyball players.

The Significance OfThe Study

i. The result ofthe study may enrich the literatu.e in rclation toExplosive Leg Power andAgilit)/ of Libero and Setter

ii. The Result ofthe study may help to the coaches to plan trainingschedlle for Libero & Setter in respect of Explosive LegPowerandAgility.

iii. The study may be helpful in flrture for screening ofthe aspiringplayen and selecting aplayerc.

S€lection OfSubj€cts

i) Only the male state levol Volleyball players mainly 10 Liberoand l0 Sotter were selected purposively from differentUniversities andClubs inWestBengal.

ii) The age ofthe state levelvoileyball playerwas rangedbetweon

\9to2'7 years.

Criterion Measures

1)

iD

To measure the Explosive power of the legs in jumpingfor-ward Standing Broad Jump Test was conducted.To measure the Agility of the perfomer in mnning and

changing dircction, Shuttle Run Testwas conducted.

STATISTICALPROCEDURE

To find out the results ofthis stud, the research scholar hadapplied't'Iatio at 0. 05 level ofsigniflcance.

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Table 1

't' Ratio ofExplosive Leg PowerLITJERO SETTIR T'RATIOMEAN i\IEAN 0.26052.111 2.369

*Significance at 0.05 LevelsTab Value, (18) =2.10

From the abovetable itis clearly evident that the caiculated "t,,value(0.2605) is iess than tabulated "f'value (2.10) at 0.05 level. So wecan say that there is no signiflcant differeDce in Explosive Leg Power.

betweonLibero and Setter of State LovelVolleyballplayers.

Table 2't' Ratio ofAgility

LIBBRO SETIERMOAN NIEAN 2,3921*8.903 ,..1i8

*Signifi cance at 0.05 LevelTab Value ( 1 8): 2. I 0

From the above table it is understood that the calculated ,'1,, value(2.3921) is greater than tabulated "t" value (2.10) at 0.05 level ofsiguificance. So we can say that there is significant difference inAgiliqrbetween Libero and Setterof StateLevei Volleyball Plavers.

EXPLOSIVE I,EG POWER

Figure 1r Graphicat Presentation of Mean ofLibero and Setteron Explosive Leg Power

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ACILITY

t;

Figure 2: Graphical Presentations of Mean of Libero and

Setter on Agility.

DISCUSSION OFTHE FINDINGS

Finding of the present study showed that there was no significant

differences on Explosive Leg Power. Butin case ofAgility there was

found to be significant diffe|ence between Libero aDd setter ofstatelevel Volleyball playeN. AII the obtained values ofselected test items

i.e. -Explosive Leg Power andAgility were statistically analyzed. Itwas found that the calculaled "t"value on Explosive Leg Power

(0.2605) was not higher than required tabtlated "f'value (2.10) at

0.05 level of siguiflcanco. In case of Agility calculated "t"value

(2.3921) was higher than required tabulated "t" value (2.10) at 0.05

level ofsignificance.

Explosive leg powe. may be identified as the ability to release

n1aximum force in the fastest possible tine. This component helps

the Libero while defending the ball which has been driven by

opponent's Spiker. While defending the ball Libero generally uses

somedefensive skills likediving androiling (forward, backward, and

sideward) and changes the bodyposition towards the direction oftheball where Explosive leg Power play very vital rcle. SimilarlyExplosive LegPower helps the Setter whilejump and set the ball for a

good spike, which has been passed by back zone playels. Therefole

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we can say that Explosive Leg Power has equal importance lbr bothLibelo a]ld Setter du ng playing situation and thus a non significantresult has been revealed.

Agiliq, may be defined as the physical ability which enables an

individual to rapidly change bodyposition and direction in aprecise

manner Agilif is apioneerfitness component for libero inVolleyballgame, generally Libero are smaller in size and they are more agile,

stable. Dudng games situation Libero can change his positionsimultaneously ftomposition 1 to 6 or 6 to 5 to dig the ball which has

been driven by opponent's spiker in one rally ofthe serve .Sometimes

he goes lor lift the dump or drop ball which may fall near to the Det infront zone .Therefore it is well accepted fact that Liberoplay around

dle entire cou1t.

Agiliq/ is also considered requisite for Setter in volleyball game

because they also change theirposition from 3 to 2 or 4 to 2 as well as

I to2,6 to2,5 to 2 according to theballpassing byback zone players.

But Agility is greater in Libero as compared to Settei because the

pace ofthe ball which has been driven by opponents spiker is more

than the pace ofball which has been passed by back zone players to

the Setter to set a ball for the spiker A significant rcsult as shown

signifies that Libero poses a better agility as compare to Setter.Research scholars also believed that above mention fitnesscomponents plays a vital role for both Libero and Setter duringvolleyball playing situation.

CONCLUSIONS

Onthebasis of resuit obtaiood from the study, following conclusions

weredrawn:i) Explosive Leg Power of libero and setter of state level

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volleyball players is equal.

ii) The Agiliq/ oflibero is better than the agility ofsetter ofstatelevel volleybail players.

Recommendations

In the light of conclusion drawn, the following rccommendationsmaybemade:1 The same study can also be conducted on a latge number of

sampies.

Sinilar study inay be repeated on National and Internationallevel of volleyball players.

Same other studies can be undertaken in other disciplines(games and sports) also.

It is also recommended that a similarstudy maybe canied outby involving antbl:opometrical, physiological and sociologicalvadables.

The same study can also be conducted on female Volleyballplaye6.

On the basis of the result it may be reconmended that aseparate tratning programme be formulated for Libero andSetter.

RXFERENCES

Books:

Banow, Harold M. and McGee, Roselnary. ,,A practical

Approach to measurement in Physical Education.,,Philadelphia: LeaandFebiger 1979.

Clarke. David H and Clarke. Harison H., ..Research processesin Physical Education" (Second edition).

2.

6.

1.

3.

4.

5.

2.

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INDIAN IOORNAI, OF PHYSICAL EDUCAIION, SPORIS /l/IEDICINE & EXERCISE SCIENCE

3.

4.

5.

6.

'1.

Clarke. Harison H ar]d Clarke. David, ,,Application ofMeasueme[t to Physical Education,, (Sixth edition):Jain Renu, '?lay and leam volley Ball,,Johnson. Barry L and Nelson Jack K ,,Practical Measuementsfor evaluation in Physical Education.,,p - 339 &245Singh, Hardayal. "Scinece of Sports Tnini[g,, ,New Delhi;D.VS. Publication, 1991. p. 166Vyas Dex Sharma "Introduction to physical ard HealthEducation."P 143

A.T. Slater Hammel, "Comparision of Reaction TimeMeasues to a Visual stimulus aldArm movement,,, Research

Quarterly 26 @ecemb er 1995): p. 47Archita Koley, "Relationship of coordinative abilities tosprinting perfomance in spdntem', (Jnpublished MasterDegree Thesis, L.N.I.PE. April 1999).Dr. Pulak Chakroaborty and Prof A.K. Bhattacharya"Kinesthetic Perception ofphysically challenged adolescerts in rclations to age sex anddegreeofhearingloss"UNMESJ'Vol. 5No. 1 &2 (ZOOD.

2.

4.

3.

l

Journal And Periodicals

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEENANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND

KINEMATICAL VARIABLES OF SPIKE INVOLLEYBALL

Mr. Papan MondalAssistant Professor, Depafl men I of Physical EAtcation,

Jatlaypu Un iv els iE, Ko I ka ta.E n u i I : p ap anju2 0 I 0@g nai L com

Dr. Sumanta Kumar MondalPlofessor Departnefi of Physical Education,

l/i a-BharalLSantiniketan.sunanl&b@gmai/.com

ABSTRACT

This stLtdy,,uas struclured to abseme \Nhether any relationship existbehveen a throponetrical charqcte stics and kinematical yariables

of spikinE.fbr intervarsity level male volleyball ployefi. For thepurpose afthe study eight interuarsity leyel male volleyball players

ere selected from East Zone Intervarsitry Volleyball Tburnament.

The age oJ the subj ects were ranged Ji.om 1 9 to 2 5 years. Age, height,

body weight, arm length fore arm le gth, two hand distcmce, leglenglh andfoot lengthwele taken as anthrcpometfic char.icleristics.The kinematical Nariables selected were jump height and spiked ballv e I ocity. Tb o b t a in da t a of k in em atical v ariabl es the s elec t ed s ubj ec t,s

perjormances were video recolded. For recording a ideo camera(Sony, 24Jps) was trsed. The camera was placed on a rigid tripod atlhe height of L30 meters abore the grcund. It was placed at adistance oJ I0.50 meters away.from sideJine- Asetterv)as usedta setthe ballfor the subjects to spike. Ol1ly the best of5 trials o.fspilcejunp

for high set were considered for each subject. Only the successJ l

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spike jwnp pedonnance Jbr bath sholt and high setwas analyzed tomeasure the selected kinematic parameters with the help of motionanab)sis sofrwafe (Power DVD). The correlation_coeficient wasused as toolto establish a relationship betu)een anthropometrical anclkinematical variables o.f spilce performance_ Level of signifcanceconsideredwas a.05. The statislical anab)sis reyealecl no signifcantrclationship between anthropometric characteristics and kinenaticl'ariables of spike performancefor intenarsity level male volleyballplayers.

Key vonls: volleyball, spiking, anthrcpometric charqcteristics,kinema t i c al var iab les.

INTRODUCTION

Volleybail has been played around the world for over one hundredy.-ars. It involves many pafticipants worldwide making it th€ mostpopular pafticipant spolt ir the world. The volleyball spike is one ofthe most important offensive weapons in the competition and themost fiequently used technique to obtain a point. The athlete isexpected to jump and hit a ball with maximum force and accuracy atthe approximate peak of the jump. Based on the variety ofmovements, the analysis of the volleybali spike is a complexapproach. The previous researchers (Coleman et al., 1993; Daviia etal. 1994) have investigated front spike techniques of ordinarypiaye$. Coleman et al. (1993) indicated that the volleyball jumpspike

-can be divided into the following six phuser, upprou"h; lluoi;

takeoffj flighl the hitting action; and landing and recovery Thepnmary objective ofthe spike is to di.ect the ball into the opponentscourt. Spike is an effective offensive weapon. Itprovide an eJlectiveattack because in this the ball can be hitwith a tremeldous amount offorce, whichreducesthe opposition's rcaction time aod consequently

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their ability to rctum the ball. Thus the spike is one of the mostimportart skills in volleyball. A volleyball player must acquie it, inorderto have an eflectivg attack.

Anthropometric dimensions play an importa.nt role in delerminitgrhe success ofa voLleyball player. Quj(e nahrally, rhe inlerest inanthropometdc charactedstics of sports persoDs ftom differentcompetitive spots has inqeased temendously over the.last decades.As one's muscles generate powgr into volleyball service, arm lengtllleg length and height ofthe players iniuence the argle ofprojection,height of projection alld contdbute for the proper placement of theball into opponents' court.

Biomechanical analysis of the skills and role of player'sarthropometric characteristics involved in each phase enables us togive effective ioshlction and appropriate technical cries to improvetheperformaace ofvolleyballplayers. Still, we car state thatvery fewdetailed aathropometric studies have been canied 6ut. Usually, thenumber ofanthropomerric characteristics examitred is very limired,being restricted to height, weight and body fat content. pmctically inthis stud) the aftention bas been paid lo exhemiries' length, whichcould be essential for the betterment ofperformance. Therefore thisstudy was skuctued to establish the relatioqship betweetr playe/santhropometric characteristics and kinematic variables of spiking involleyball at the ftont row. All the phases ofvolleyball spiking hasbeen sho\r11in fi$ue 1.

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Iig 1: Eftring ph!res of Spike in Voleybal

METHODS

Subjects

The s r\jects ofthe present study were eight male intervaxsity (East

?.": t":* -university Volleyball Toumament) volleyball piayers;

lllq !"tChr, weight and age as L78+0.05m, es OS*e $,;;, arl;22.5+2.0 y$ respectively from Visva-Bharati Universiti aad

Yl]"ii", * *"f-i- Alt rlre subjecrs were nghl hancled ptayers.r[ey used fo traiD lhemselves under tfie guidatrce of q*iii"acoaches. All of them represented their respective Universities andthey werc active pafiicipants during the hme ofdata collection for theprcsent study.

Tools atrd Equipmetrts

-Su1Aara.ard.+eclnc rools and equipmenrs were used ro captue atrd

atraLyze [J']e data. The experimental apparatus used in fhis researchworK

.were video camera. tripod. sradiometel measuing tape.

weighing machine, motion analysis so{tware (power OV"l J"jcomputer

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Data Collection andAnalysis of Kinemaficvariables

The action ofthe front row spike for short and high set ball ofthe eight

spiker was recorded by a digital video camera (24fps). The camera

wasplaced on adgid tripod at a height ofl.30 metres from the ground

and at a distance of 10.50 metres from the sideline (Figure 1).

Following a briefwam up and shetchiug pe od, an assistant passed

the ball to the setter, who set the ball for each subject to peform live

front row spikes for high set ball. Only the best successful spiking

action was analyzed to measure tle selected kinematic parameters

with the help of motion analysis soltware (Power DVD). Afterprojecting a palticular frame the stickman configuation was drawn

from the frame. The time information was obtained fron the basic

fiequency of the camem and that was 24fps. Tbe jump height was

defined as the height from the vertical displacement ofCM at take offto the highestpoint. The ball velocity was denned as the velocity with

which the ball travels after impact (spike) \tith tie hand. Fig 2represeDts the Filming Environment for Collecting the Data fol this

Shrdy.

Ag 2 Filhing ltnviroDnent

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Data Collection and Analysis of Anthropometric Characteristics

For acquiring data on playors anthropometric characte stics of thesubjects; a stadiometer was used to record height ofthe subjects; aportable weighjng naphine was usedto scale subjectrs bodyweight; a

steel tape was used to measure the alm length, fore arm length, twohand distance, leg lelgth and foot length ofthe subj ects.

StatisticalTreatmentsfausucal lrealmenl

In thefirstphase offata analysis descriptive statistics ofall va ableswere computed. APearcon Product Moment Corelation was used to

examine the relajionship between player's anthropometriccharacte stics ard/kinematical variables of spike in volleyball.Significance thresllold was set at 0.05 levels with 6 degree oflleeoom. (

IRIISIII,TS ]

I

Table I represenqs descriptive statistics of all variables.

I Tabtc I\{ean and St4ndard De\ iation o f Anth ropomet ric Variablerand Kinematfc Variables of Interuniver$ity Male Volteyball

I Players for Front Row Spiking

Mr 1.78 65. 13.02 t8.5t 25.60 18.55 61.19SD 0.04 1.98 1.01 4.16 2.39 0.48 298

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Pearson's producl monent corelation was usod to find out the

relationship befween player's anthropometic chdacteristics and

kinematical variables of spike in volleyball. The level of signifi cance

in order to check the relationship was set at .05. The scorc of each

exl emiry', lengrh ol'subjecl. wefc con clated \ it'r Junlp heighl and

ball velocity in fiont row spike in volleyball with the help ofPearson

Product N.4orrcnt Correlarion Merhod. The ralues ofco-effic'enl ofconelations areprcsented in Tablc No 2.

Table 2 \Correlation Coeffi cient between Anthropomeqic Variables and

Kinematic Variables of Interuniversity Male Yolleyball Players

for Front Roly Spiking (n=8, A+0.05)

Ball Velocitvlm/sl +ft p/d,. /a.brrls + JumD Heiohtf cm'

-0.177 0.356 0.3( 0.369

0.65J 0.07, 0.129

0.341 0.408 a.1t 0.428

0.102 0.r2'l wo Hand Distance(cnt 0.19i 0.336 a.4t 0.325

0.170 0.366 0.3( 0.371i

0.285 0.491 0.,11 0.30i

Tzll

fc

K:

D

F

st

cljr

rble 2 shows that there is no significant relation

lthropometric chamcte stics such as height, we

'ro arm length, two hand distance, leg length,

nematic variables such as ball velociry andjump h

ISCUSSION

:om the results of this study it may be stated tlatistically signifi cant relationship between player'r

raracte stics and selected kinematic variables (

mp height) for fiont row spiking in volleyball. H

ip exist amor

lht, arm lengf

bot length ar

ght.

there was rLthropometr

Ll velocity ,

)o we can se

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INDIAN JOURNAT Of PHYSICAT EDUCAIION, SPORIS MEDICIN E & EXERCISESCiENCF

that therc is no role of anthropometlic characteristics on kinematicvadables for spiking ofvolleyball at the ilont row.

CONCLUSION I

IIn view of the re+lt of this study it may be concluded thal theanthrcpometric cbflacteristics of a volleyball players doesn,t haveany relationship

fith kinematic variables for tont rou/ spiking involleyball. I

1 AI-Khud , H., (1990). A Study of Some of Body

REFERtrNCES

Compo

Educati

andA

Spike. J4. Dyson,

ions, 10: 222. (InArabic).2. Bunn, J. ., (1973). "Scientific principles of coaching,,. 2nd

Ed. Eng od Ciiffs, New Jersey Prentice Hall,Inc., 19733. Co S.. Benham. A.. \o(hcon. S. ttaqj). A fhree.Dim Cinematographical Analysis of the Volieyball

ts fbr the Female Students ofFaculry of physical

at the 25m Crawl Perforlrance Time. J. Theories

ofsports Sciences. Vol. 11,lssue 4.259-302..H.G., (1977). The Mechanics ofAthletes (7th ed.).

NervYo NewYork: Holmes &Meier5. Endo

splke

games.

Korea.6. Hay, J.

iro et al. (2008). A biomechanical analysis ofpipetion for elite male volleyball player.s in officialBS Conference 2008, July t4-18,2008, Seout,

Bases

Reid, J.G., (1982). The Anatomical and Mechanicaluman Motion. Englewood Cliffs Nz: prentice-Hali,F., Liu, G. C., & Sheu, T. y, (1998). A three

analysis of the volleyball one-foot jump spike.ProceedingII.

7. Huang,

dimens

ISBS'9

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INDIAN IOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORISMEDICINE & EXERCISE SCIENCE

Hsieh,and. Heise., (2006). Arm swing of Volleyball spikejump peformance between advanced and reoeational female

9.

11.

12.

13.

players. IKaasal, D.K., (1996). "Test and meas\irement

Volleyball Technical J otxnal,7 Q),57 -64.11

Roy. B.. (1976). Biomechanical analysis

in physicaleducation and spons--New Delhi: DVS pLlplishers.

10. Kuhlman Class et al., (2007). Aspects of4 three dimensional

motion analysjs of the volleyball spi\e in high levelcompetition. XXV ISBS Slmposium 07, OuIo Preto-

Brazll.Mathew, P (1984). "Relationship ofMeasur€ments to Pgrformaqce on

AnthopometricBrudy Volleyball Test"

Unpublished Master's Thesis, JrwGwalior( 1984)

ji University,

Prsala, J., (1982). Improve your spiki in volleyball.Samson. J. and

the volleyball

14.

spike. In Biomechanics V-B (edited by P

Baltimore,MD. : UniveNityParkPress.\), pp.332-336.

Saunder. H. L.. (1c80). A cinematographi y study of the

rclationshiD betwgen sDeed ofmovement and ilable force.

Unpublished doctoral dissedatioD, Texas A M University,College Station.Suleimaa, H.A., (1995). 'A Study of Some

Variables for the Spike From Back Line and its

Accuracy". Faculty of Physical EducaUnive$ity, Eg$t, pp: 218.

iomechanical

tionship too\ Zagazrg

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ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCINGSPORTS CAREER OF BADMINTON PLAYERS

Mr. Satyanarayan LadiyaSagaa M.P Jndia

E - Mail : s ary al adiya@g nai l. com

ABSTRACT

The purpose ofsports careet of

is study wao^ to compare the factors infuencingt zone tnlervatsity male and female badminton

badminton players ofwest zone hltervarsit). Theed during the v)est zone futer\)arsity hadminton

's infuencing sports career being clevelopecl byT.R. Shar-ma. The data collectedwas analyzed bystatistics and't'tesl. The results oJ this study

le ce was found in luck, equipment, coaching and,fiwe toryoj'sports cal.eer betujeen male anclfemale

player In all Jactot s yiz. superiotity in galne, practice, ability,Jinancial backi equipment and coaching,luck and the influence ofhigh-ups, were idet, d a\ the noJ i,nporrctnt ;nfuencingJd,.torsin the sports ofathlete. The presellt study )as conducted on 40

data was col

i ventory oJ JiML Kamlesh

using descripl

overallfactobadminlonp oJ intet"varsity level

ere tras no signiJicant dilference;found in Ability,iority, High up. and frnan ial barl,ing between

maleandfema p layers of badminton of inte].varyity level. Hol)eversignifcant

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INDIAN]OURNATOFPHYSICATEDUCATION,SPORTSMEDICINE&EXERCISESCIENCE

INTRODUCTION

intewarsity male and female badminton players.

of west zone

e present study

was conducted o11 40 male and female playeN of west

20 male and 20

femalebadmintonplayers ofvalious universiry o t zone. The age

of all subjects ranged between 17 to 25 years. The was collected

ionship 2007during tle wesl ./one inlenarsit) badminton

being organized by S ardar Patel University, Arad ( UJRAT).

METHODOLOGY

player. It was h)?othesized that there woul

differences io factors influencing sports

zone inteNarsity. The subjects in this study

game skill, practice and ability were temed as

The purpose of this snrdy was to compare th€

spofis caroer ofwest zone intelar'arcity male

factors influencingfemale badnintonbe no sigiificant

A standard inventory offactorc iniuoncing spolts

for this study.Itwas selectedbecause it is spoft sp

used for measuring the spot career $/as lnv

influencing spods career being developed by M.L.

Shama and is the mostreliable tool. 't'tests werc

two sample group's male and female west

istered to the

badminton players. The managers of all the teams contacted

personally and requested to permit their respective members to

serve as subjects for this study. Subjocts were c personally

when they were not busy and thei sincere co-operati was solicited.

A11 the seven factors viz. supe odryingame skill, ice, abilifi,

was selected

test. The tool

of factorssh ard T.R.

e intervarsity

flnancial backing, equipment and coaching, luck and

high-ups, were considered as the most impofiant inflinfluence ofins lactols

whilein the spofis career in athlete. The fust three factor i superiodty in

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financial backing, tquipment and coaching, luck and influence ofhigh,ups wer.e reg{rded as extemal factors. A tool was, therefore,selected to find thqiduence of different facto$ on sports, careership. The tool has 2qquestions (or statements) veering round iltemaland cxremal laclors/were framcd. Rcsponce-loading u as done on theuniversally accept9d Likeft method, according to the stength offeelingasgivenbe

Strongly Disagre

StronglyAgree=4

w;-

= 0, Disagree= 1, Undecided = 2, Agree = 3,

deviation of male (N:20) and femalemtelvarsity players and the saurple (40) were

the seven factors i.e. Ability, practice Game

paired mean at 0.05 level was conducted_ The

and exlemal faclors oIspofls career ispre<ented in

RESULIS

Mean score and

Q'I=20) west

calculated in& Coaching, Luck, High Ups, and financial

Backing. 't' test was applied to find out the significanceof mean di among male (N=20) and Female (N=20) playersin each of the . Least Significance Difference Test (L.S.D) ofpost-hoc comp i.on Io detctmine lhc signjficance of diflerencebetween

significance of difference betweenmale and female badmrntonplayer on intable I

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Table 1

The Significance of Mean DilTerence be

Badminton Player on Sports CarMale and FemaleFactors

caleel as tne

found to the

- However no

't' value was

xsignificant at .05 level, t .05 (38) : i.684

The analysis of data oftable clearly revels that is sigDif,cant

differcnce betlvoen male and female players in vari es such as luck,

equipment and coaching and overall factors ofcalculated 't' value 1.88,2.03, and 3.19 was found the higher than

the tabulated value 1.684 at.05 level. With 38

further reveals that female badminton players

of fteedom. It

better equipment. and coaching [acilities lhan Ihe

in luck, and

e badminton

players as the mean value of these vadables

s:ignificantly higher than the male badminton

significant difference was found between male an players

such sporls career factors are Ability, Practice, G supedority,

High ups, and Financial Backing as the obtai

OVERALL IACTORSOF INVENTORY OP

STORTS CAREER

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'.,. .:..

slgnrtrcantty lower thanlevet.

toe uDulatecl value oI t r.e. at 0.05

DlscussroN

Tbe resuLl of tbis study indicaled rbat there was Do signifcantdifference found in Abiliry, Practice, Game Superiority, High andfinancial backing between male and female players ofbadminton ofintelvarsity level. However significant difference was fouud in hick,Equipment. coaching and overall facrors of ilventory of sports careerbe$/ee0 male and female badm itrlon players ofinrerva$iry level.

coNcLUsroNs

l. Within the limirarion oftbe srudy ir may be concluded thar Lhere isDo sigri.ficanl difference in Abiliry. Pracrice, Game superioriry, Highups, atrd finanaial backing between tue opiniol of male and femaleinlervarciry level badminton players.2. Within the limitation of tlle study it may be also concluded thatthere was sigtificant difference io luclc Equipmenr. coaching andovemll factors of inventory of sports career between tue opinion ofmale and female intervarsity level badminton players.

REFERENCES

5.

l. Diane L Gill, "Psychological Dynamics of Sports,,(Champaign; Hunarl Kitretics Publishet 1986) p.4Rob€rts "LeamingExperietrce in Spofl s Psychology'. p.79Levi,"Psycbology Fou"odarJon of Sporrs Psycho jogy-, p.202M.L.Kamlesb ard T.R Sharma." lnventory of factorsiniuencing sports career", National Psychological Co$oratioAgIa 1986; p,3Brainy quote: www.bminyquote.cbm,etc

2.3.4.

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EFFECT OF HATHA YOGA AND AEROBICDANCD PRACTICE ON VITAL CAPACITY OF

ADOLESCENT BOYS

Dr. Sanjoy MitraA.\ Rabindra ltdyapith High School,

Santipur, Nadia, W B.

ABSTRACT

y.ga is an ancient Indian Philosophy. Thepurpose ofthe sludywas toevaluate acute physiological response, tofnd out the changes if .jnyin ntul Capaciq,, Jbllowing the yoga and aerobic dance practices.The total subjects y,ere 120 dittided into;four groups and thei/ age

langesflom I 2 I 6years. The duration oftotal praclice periodwere 6v)eelrs (3 days in a weekfor 30 minutes). Prc test and post test datawere a ab,zed by paired 't' test method. For obtaining the signifcantdilferences ANCOYA nethod was adopted. (Gaftett, 1981). The

orga ised yoga and aercbic dance program defn itely improved theirp erfom anc e in s e lect e d p hys io I o gic al p o tent i.tlitie s.

Key words: Yoga, Aerobic dance, ntul Capacity.

INTRODUCTION

Yoga has a great antiquity, long tadition and is a result ofthousand ofyears ofcareful and systematic explomtion by the long time ofsagesand Yogis on the basis ofthe meticulous observations and peisonalexpedences. Yoga is an art, ascience, a philosophy, a culture andto afew, religion all in unison. Any referonce to yoga must symbolize theintegrated whole and not any palt ofit. How this unification ofaftwith science, ofphilosophy with culture and ofboth these with theYoga way of life was achieved by Hatha Yoga deselves emphasis

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because of its significance to womal It is a science of]life whichhelps man.to attain tieir highest potential and highest state ofconsciousness. It uses various physiological techaiques involvingasanas. Pra0ayamas elc.

The origin ofhatha yoga developed in India. In Sanskit, 'Ha' means'SLrn'and'Tha' means Moon. 'flatha'means forcefuI' implyiig rhalpowerfuIwork riust be done to purify the body. Yoga meaas to yoke,or to join two things together; hence hatha yoga is meaii to jointogether sun (masculine, active) energy with tlie moon (feminine,rcceptive) energy, thus producing balance and grcatgr power itr,arindividual. lt id the branch o[Yoga which concenrrates o0 physicalhealth and mental well being. Hatha Yoga uses bodily postures(asanas) with the goal ofbringing about a sound healthy body andclear,peacefi miud.

Aerobic exercise. such as aerobic dance. is a nrn way lo gel fit.Aerobic dance is a popular erercise ir adolescent pupil. Aerobicexercise describes any tj.'pe of exercise, lpically performed atmode€te levels of illtensity for extended period of .time,thatitrcreases the heart rate. rThe typically aerobics class ustrally beginswith a waxm up phase, which generally uses movements with a low tomoderate speed and range ofmotion.

ln this anicle an attempt bas bee! made lo obsen,e lbe improvementlbatoccus in lhe pbysiologicalvariables fol1ow)ng aerobic and yogapmcticas arnong the adolescent boys.

Purpose ofthe Study

! To o6serve the impact of hatha yoga anc aerobrc dance

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ii) To ftrd out the changes if a.ny, in physiological response inVital capacity following the Yoga and aerobic dance pmctices.

METHODOLOGY

The total subjects w€re one hundred and twenty (120) selected Aomthe school ofRabindru Vidyapith High School, Santipur, Nadia, WestBengal and age ranging fiom 12 16 years.Allthe subjects possessed

sound physique. All lhe subjecrs were divided inro lour groupi i.e.HathaYoga, aercbic darce, combined and contlol goups.

A) Practice Schedule

The total period oftrcahnents was 6 weeks and each goup practicedthree days in a week and dwation was 30 minutes which supervisedexercise program for expedmental subjects and contol groupcontinued usual activity. The subjects practiced the Asanas a]1d

Pranayamas.

Yoga Group : Practiced Tadasatra, Tratoch, Tadasana, Chakrasana,Surya Namaskar, Sarbaagasana Halasaaa, Paschimotluaasana andPmnayam, Nadi Sodhana, Kapalbhati, Bhamari, Yoga-Nidra.

AerobicDance Group : Practiced aerobic dance with music.

Combitred Group : PmcticedYoga 15 mfu. / day and aercbic 15 mio./day approximately.

Control Group : The cotrtrol goup subjects contirued usual activity.B) Criteria Measured

The personal data age, height, weight were measured by schoolrccord, stadiomeler. weighilg machine respecrively. On the otherhard selected physiological parameters such as Vital Capacit], wasmeasurcd bv sDirometer.

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RESULTSAND DISCUSSION :

Table 1(a)Pre-test : (ivlean, SD) ofyoga,Aerobic Dance, Combiied and

Control Group Variables

Tabte t(b)Post-test : O{ean, SD) ofyoga, Aerobic Dance, Combined and

Control Group Variables

The age, height ard weight of the subjects had been considered aspersoDal variable.

Age : Mean scores and standard deviation of four groups ofage were13.77 + 1.25, 13.8 + 0.81, 14.6j + O.9g and 14.90 + 0.92 vearsrespecrively ir Table- I(a.;.

Height : Mean scorcs and standard deviation offour groups ofheightwere 141.70 + 6.10, 149.37 +4.43,151.3.1+9.08 and 150.30 * 8.54cm. respectively in Table-l(a).

\3,77 x \,25 13.810,81

Herght 151,37r9.08 150.30a8,543 42.23 !4.72

218 61 ! 49,A1 332.67 ! 50.24

Yoga cn

l7.lt 15.48 41.7Q !6.22 '41.33 ! 5.44

Physiologic.l Vdi.bte

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Weight : Mean scores alld stardard deviatiotr of foul groups. bfweighl in pre-test were 38.67 ! 5.96,42.23 + 4;12,42;10 +'7 .00 and

40.77 + 5.16 kg respectively'in Table-1(a) and Fig N''.', .^:

welghts mean ano 5u wer€) were 37.13 + 5.48. 40.20 + 4.24,41.10 + 6.22-:tively inTable l(a) and Fig. No. l Posl lesl

were 37.13 + 5.48, 40 .20 + 4.24- 41.10 + 6.22

and 41.33 + 5.40 kg respectively in Table No.-1(b) and Fig. 1. After

completion of the trainiog progarffdd mean scores of weight of all

er?e ni6htal goups weie decreased slightly.

Yosa Gi

Fi&1:Prct€stbdPostlslof woigl olfor8.oups

Regarditrg tlainhg programme on body weight a great variation may

be observed amorg the various researchers House et al. (1988),

Yshizawa et al. (1990) found increase of body weight following

taining, Mclntosh ( l9 83), Whatley et al. ( 1994), Ponock et al ( 1 975),

Shome (Basu) (1998) found decrease in body weight following

ta lng.

Pbysiological Variable

Vital capacity is the importart part ofphysiological variable ofthepresent study which was taken offour gloups.

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, .Tahle2Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for Vita-l Capacify: , Four Group$ : .. i

among the

ss MS, F45383.33

300513.33 ll6 2590.635.90

119

4330.@ 3

116

1460.00

u65,57 0,59

290386.61 119.

of

Table 3Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) for Mtal Capacity among

the Groups

fo$ - 2.68. Foo, - 3.96. F is sig n.*r a.*g group ."ur-

Fm = 2.68; Im = 3,96, F is signitcant at fre-tesr sraee.

slg1ulrcanr among group meatr,

Table 4Signiffcance of Differences among Adjusted post Test Means

\4tal Capacity

Yo$ Gr. vs. Acohic Dqc. cr115

NSAebbio Dmce cr w, Cohbind Cr_

AaobicDme Gr, w Cotrrol cr.Combincd G. s Conml c!, 6.2! 115

++Sig. at 0.01 leve,. NS is notsignificaoi

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Frcm Table-l(a) & I (b) it was found that mean scores ard SD ofvitalCapacity before training of all the grcups werc 31'5 + 47 .'7 6, 313 +55.4'7 .2'/ 8.6'/ + 49 .81 and332.67 + 50 .24 and after haining were 325

+ 49 .46,340 + 51 .60,337 .33 j.46 .90 efi339 r 50.54 respectively.Participating in Yoga and aerobic dance programme all the

experimental groups increased thet Vital Capacity. Since all the

mean scorcs of vital Capacity were not equal, analysis of variance

was computed in Table 2 to find the significaflt differences among

the foupre - test means'.Itwas obselved ftomthe Table 3 thattheF

value was significant at 0.01 levels. The mean value ofaelobic dance

goup was better in Vital Capacity thar other three groups. ANCOVA

was done to find out the significant effect after participating tire

exercise progmmme among the groups. So teatment had positive

effectonthe groups.

Shome (Basu) ( 1998), Birkel (2000) showed that statistically af,ersix

weeks exercise programme Vital capacity increased in allexperimental group (excgpt) Yoga vs. Conhol group) aJ 0.01 level

significant.

CONCLLSION

On the basis of the results and discussions, the conclusions may be

dravn1. Meaas scores of lMeight of all the experimental groups of

adolescent boys were decreased in the body weight Aerobic

daace group was decreased in rclatively morc than other three

groups.

2. For Vital Capacity significantly increased result was found inall dre groups except co0kol group & yoga group.

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The organised aerobic dance programme in which the boy subjectspadicipated for about six weeks definitely improved theirperformance in selectedphysiological potentiality.

REFERENCES

8.

9.

10.

6.

'7.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1. Barrow and Mccee (1979). A Practical Approach toMeaswem€nt in Physical Education, Philadelphia : Lea &Febiger.Briar Dana Akers (2002). The Hatha Yoga pradipika. Theodginal Sanskit Svabnarama, an English Tmnslation, NewAgeBook.Burley, Mikel Frawley, David (2000). Hatha yoga in corltext.Theory & Pmctice. Motilal Banarsidass publishers private

Limited.Chatte{oe, C. C. (1986). Human Physiology, Calcutta MedicalAllied Agency.Clark, H. Hanison (1976). Application of Measurement ofHealth & Physical Education, 5th edition Englewood Cliffs.New Jersey : Prentice Hall Inc.Fox Edward L. and Mathews Donald K. (1971). physiologicalBasic of Physical Education and Athletics. New york :

Saunders College Publishing, p. 647.Gharote, M. L. Datey, K. K. (1983). yoga aDd youl Hear1.Jaico Publishing House, Bombay, Delhi, Bangalore,Hyderabad, Calcutta.Johnson, L. Bany & Nelson, K. Jack (1988). practicalMeasurements for Evaluation in Physical Education, SudeetPublication.Mathews, Donald K. (1978). Measurement in physicalEducation, Philadelphia : WB. Saunders Co.5thEd.Ronald, Hutchinson, Yoga a way of life. The HamlyrPublishing Group Limited, London.

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INDIAN ]OURNAT OF PIIYSICAL EDUCAIION, SPORIS MEDICINE & EXERCISE SCIENCE

11. Shaver, Lary, G. (1982). Essential of Exercise Physiology,Delhi : SurjeetPublication.

12. Yesudiarl, Selvarudan and Haich, Elizabeth ( 1976). Yoga and

Health. Unwind Books. London.

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EFFECT OF VITAMIN D ON INSULINRESISTANCE IN VARIOUS HEALTH

DISORDERS: A REVIEW

Dr. Sridip ChatterjeeAssi:ta4t Prokssot

D ep art ment of P hy s ic a I E du cationJadavpur U iwrsil))

Jatlarpur, Kolkata 7000j2, West Bengal, India.Enail : sri tunl,l@gmail. cam

M: 09474765756

Dr. Sudip Sundar Das1{ociatc tual"\\ar

Department af Physical EducationJadavpur Uktuersity

Jadavpur, Kalkata 700A32, West Bengal, India.das sudip 2 00 6@rcd ilfn a il. con

M:09431254723

Mrs. Ahana BhattacharyaGuest Leclurer

Departme t ofFood and NutritionNetaji Nagar College, Calcutta Untuercityl7A/136 Regent Estate, N.S.C. Bose Road,

Kolkata 700092, West Bengal, Indiaah ana b hattacharya3 @gn ai L con

ABSTRACT

Orer the past decade, numerotts non-slceletal diseases have been

reported to be associatedwith vitamin D dSciency. Different studiesproyide evidence that vitamin D ht.ty play a-functional role in glucos etolerance thrcugh its effects on insulin secretion and insulinsensitiviry. ntunin D may play an iiltportant nle in modifying therisk ofcardiometabolic outcomes, including diabetes metlitus (DM,

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hypertensian, and cardiorascular disease. Therefore, it has beenpropo:ted that ritamifi D deficie cy plays an important role in insulinrcsistance lesulting in diabetes and other associated diseases.

I4tamin D reduces insulin resistafice probably through its dect oncalcium and phosphollts metabolism and through the regul.)tiok ofthe insulin receptor ge e .The association ofritamin D statlrs a dcai diometabo lic disorders (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, andmetabolic syndrome) are discussed in this reviev, article. Thefocus afthis cross-sectional reriev study is to unfold some fundame talc at1 c ept s w hic h may b e us efu I for fu tu re res e arc h.

Keywortls: Jnsulin resistance, nfunin D

BACKGROUND

It is thought that every cell in tho body expresses the vitamin Dreceptor, and therefore vitamin D may play a vital role in health and

homeostasis ofevery oryatl system (1).VitaminD is characterized as

a regulator of homeostasis of bone and 1nineral metabolism, but it can

also provide nonskeletal actions because vitamin D receptors havebeen found in various tissues including fhe brain, prostate, breast,

colon, parcreas, and immune cells. Bone metabolism, modulation ofthe immune response, and regulation of cell proliferation anddifferentiation are all biological functions ofvitaminD. Thercfore, ithas been proposed that vitamin D deficiency plays an impoftant rolein insulin resistance resulting in diabetos (2). The potential role ofvitamin D deficiency in insulin resistance has been proposed to be

associated with inhedted gene pol)noryhisms including vitamin D-binding protein, vitamin D receptor, and vitanin D I alpha-hydroxylase gene. Other roles have been proposed to involveimmunoregulatory function by adaptive immuniq/ and cytokinerelease, activating inflaDmation by regulatioD of nuclear factor (B

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and inducing hrmour necrcsis factor o, and other molecular actions tomaintaitr glucose homeostasis and mediate insulin sensitivity by alow calcium status, obesitt or by elevating serum levels ofparathfoid honnone. These effects of vitamin D deficiency, eitheracting in concert or alone, all serve to increase insulil resistaDce.Although there is evidence to suppoft a relationship between vitamirD status aDd insulin resistance, the underlying mechanism requiresfurtherexplomtion(3).

Insulin rcsistance (IR) is a physiological condition where the insulinhomone becomes less effective or rcsistant at lowering blood suganwhich directly incrcase the blood glucose levels outside the romalraage and cause adverse health effects. In hsulin rcsistance, muscle,fat. and liver cells do nol respond properly to insulin and thus cannoteasily absorb glucose ftom the bloodsfteam. As a result, the bodyneeds higher levels ofinsulin to help glucose to enter ir the cells. Thebeta calls in the panqeas try to keep up with this hcreased demandfor insulin by producing more. As long as the beta cells are able toproduce enough insulin to overcome the insulin resistance, bloodglucose levels stay in the healthy range. Over time, insulin rcsistancecan lead to prediabetes stage because the beta cells fail to keep upwith the body's incrcased need for insulin. Without enough insulin!excess glucose builds up in the bloodstream, leading to prediabetes,diabetes ard other serious health disorders (3 O.

INSULIN RESISTANCE MECHANISM

There are several hl4rotheses. Each hypothesis is based on diferentpremises. Two importart mecha.nisms axe discussed in the followins.Resistin-mediated lnsulin Resistance, This idea was put for.lh byDr Mitchell Lazar, an endocrinologist at the University ofPennsylvania, in the j oumal Nature in Ja.nuary of Z0Ol . Dr.Lazar and.

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his team discovered a hormone they callr'esistinwhichisproducedbythe fat cells that make up inta-abdominal fat (not the fat cells ofsubcutaneous fat). Like insulin, resistin is probably necessary for the

body's well-being in small amounts organisms usually have a

constmctive use for everything they make. But too much intra-abdominal fat means too much resistin. The excess rcsistin seems toprevent insulin from binding to cell membranes (the "skin" around

each cell). Itmay do this by aftachingto the same receptor molecules

onthe cell membrane that insulin is supposedto attach. Since the cellcan'tbind enough insulin to its nembrane, glucose can't enter the cellin sufficient anounts and the excluded glucose accumulates in the

blood. This causes blood sugar to start creeping up aod develop the

conditionthat doctors call "impaired glucose tolerance'" or- a more

populartermnow "prediabetes."

Another hypothesis is called Free fatty acid (FFA)-mediatedInsulin Resistance, and this one is under investigation in manyIaboratories right now. This hypothesis states that insulin rosistance is

the direct result oftoo many free fatty acids (FFAs) that have been

released into tho bioodstream by masses of excessive intra-abdominal fat. It appeaN that, in our muscles, FFAS interferc withinsulin metabolism by putling an extra phosphorous molecule on a

substance called insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRSl). When IRSI isphosphorylated it can't biDd insulin to a muscle cell's membrane and

the cell is then insulin rcsistant and it can't get enough glucose to

supply the energy it needs. High blood sugar leveis are due, for the

mostpaft, to the inability ofmuscle cells to take in giucose. We can

see that IRSI is very impotant. FFAS also go to the liver and, byinterfering with insulin metabolism there, cause that organ to spew

too much glucose into the blood, again raising biood glucose levels.

In thepancreas, FFAS causethe B-cells (the ones that secrcte insulin)

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to over-secrete. So, all togethet, a person's blood sugar and insulinlevels will climb. In people who have type 2 diabetes, high serurnlevels ofFFAs seem to account for 50% of their insulin resistance.

The hormone rcsistin, also produced by intra-abdominal fat, mayaccount for much ofthc other half.

Mf'Fod''cgin$|inbyFBfom'ho|A

Fig 1: Schematic Presentation oflnsulin Re$istance (IR)

. Mechanism

OBSERVATION

Is IRCurable by Supplementation ofVitamin D3?

Several studies support tlat vitamin D supplementation may affectglucose homeostasis or improve insulin resistance [12-14]Restomtion of vitamin D levels was shown to ameliomte glucosetolerance in a study on one hypocalcemic woman with vitamin Ddeficiency [15]. Asignificant increase in serum calcium levels and areduction in semm free fatlr acid levels have been found after takilgvitamin D supplementations 1161. Recently, a New Zealand studyfound that south Asian women with insulin fesistance improved

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markedly after taking vitamin D supplements [17]. The optimalvitamin D concentrations fol reducing insulin resistance ltave beenshown to be 80 to 1l9nmol,rl, providing furlher evidence for anincroase in the recommended adequate levels [18]. In view of theabove studies we in this review study try to investigato the effect ofvitaminD on insulinresistance in different health disordeN.

METHODS

The researcher conducted a thorough online search on the publishedmate als. The online search was rest cted to original research workavailable on Pubmed, Google, Jstorc, Science daily, science dircctetc. The schola.r identified very fe1/ studies which directly focus onrole ofvitamin D on insulinresistance in differenthealth disorders.

FINDINGS

rype2 Diabetes(T2DM)

Studies showed significatt imp.ovements in serum FPG, insulin andin HOMA-IR after heahnent with vitamin D, suggested that vitaminD supplementation could reduce insulin rcsistance in T2DM.Different studies provide evidence that vitamin D may play a

f,rnctional role iD glucose tolerance tbrough its effects on insulinsecretion and insulin sensitivity. Effects of vitamin Dsupplementation on glucose homeostasis have been shown innumerous studies. Findings ofthis study ar.e consistent with rcsults ofmany olherpublished studies, in which the insulin rosistance appeanto be decreased in T2DM patients who had received vitamin D12,4 ,5 ,12,13 ,14,r6,r81.

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Overweight and Obese

Insufficient vitamin D status has been linked to autoimmrme diseases,canper and metabolic disorders, like obesity and insulin resistance.Vitamin D may reduce adiposify, thereby improving insulinsensitivity indiectly though improving muscle mass and thereduction in vitamiq D status with increased a diposity [.7 , 31 , 32,33 ,14.35.t61.

Peritotreal Dialysis patients

One study aimed to explore the effects of cholecalciferolsupplementation on vitamin D levels, insulin rcsistarice, lepfln, andadiponectin levels in vitamin D-defcient,peritoneal dialysis (pD)patients. Cholecalcifercl rcplacement therapy signifi cantly iecreasesPTH levels and insulin resistance [g, 1 0, 1 l, 22].

The effect of different doses of vitamin D supplementation oninsulinresistance duringpregnancy

Low 5srum vjtamin D levels are corelated wjth insulin resistatceduring pregnancy. Study has shown that supplementation ofpregnantwomen with 50000ru vitamin D every 2 weeks improved insulinresistance signifi caDtly [3].

Vitamin D,Insulin Resistance, and CardiovascularDisease

In recenr years. vitamin D bas been sho\)v,n nor oDly to be importaDtfor bone and calcium metabolism but also forhomeostasis ofcrilicalhssues involved in vascular disease in patients with diabetes.Epidemiological shrdies indicated the high prevalence of vitamin Ddeflciency among T)?e 2 DM patients and suggest an increased dsk ofcardiovasculardisease [9;1 l].

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DISCUSSION

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects ofvitamin D on insulin resistance in different cardiometabolic ailments:

The rcsults showed that vitamin D supplementation significattlydecreasedserumFPG;insulinandHOMA-IRinpatientswithT2DM.A rcduction in adiposify in obesity and decrease IR in peritoneal

dialysis patients ard so on took place. Protective effects ofvitamin Don diabetes may be due to well known effects ofvitamin D such as its

anti-inianrmatory prcperties, its effects on calcium and phosphorus

metabolism and regulation of the insulin receptor gene. Vitamin Ddeficiency is associated with increase in inflammation. Vitamin Dattenuates the expression ofproliniammatory q'tokines involved ininsulin resistance. It would be useful, though to undertake firtherstudi€s to discover more about the mechanism and the eff€ct ofvitamin D on both alpha and islet beta-cell fiutction and also on the

mecbanisms delermining insulir resisrance.

CONCLUSION

Vilamin D is no{ only a regulator ofbone and mineral metabolism. but

also a potent immrmomodulatoi linked to many major human diseases

including glucose homeostasis and insulh resistance. Vitamin Ddeficiency has be€n shown to affect insulin secretiotl in humans and

supplementations of vitamin.D may provide a suitable management

and act to ameliorate insulin resistance.

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