Hindu & Buddha Arch Pt2

8/8/2019 Hindu & Buddha Arch Pt2

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PENGARUH HINDUISM & BUDDISHM PADA SENIBINA

NUSANTARAINFLUENCE OF BUDDHISM & HINDUISM ON THE ARCHITECTURE

OF SOUTH EAST ASIA

PART IIAti Rosemary Mohd Ariffin

Faculty of Built Environment


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4.0Influence of Hinduism & Buddhism on

Architecture of Cambodia (Khmer)


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4.0Influence of Hinduism & Buddhism on Architecture of Cambodia

The early architecture of Cambodia were heavily influenced byHinduism since the first century. As is a war torn country, many of the

new buildings are mediocre as compared to the early ancient architecture.

The early architecture of Cambodia are more outstanding and in

contrast to the modern architecture in Cambodia. The Angkor Kingdom is the earliest government in the Southern part

of Indochina including Vietnam. It was established in 8th century by

King of Khmer (790-1500)

The system of governance of Angkor had been influenced from

China rather than India due to the geographical factors and ethicbackgrounds.


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Kingdom of Angkor

At the start of year 900Jayavarman III, King of Khmerhad transfer the city ofgovernance from Harihalaya

(Rolous) to Yasodharapura The first candi, Candi Preah

Ko was constructed on the hillsof Yasodharapura

During the Angkor Kingdom,baray was contructed. Barayare irrigation systems used foragriculture. The same systemis used till today.

The first baray is BarayIndratakata.


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Angkor


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Preah K Temple

Preah Ko temple is the firsttemple meaning the sacred bull.

The temple was built under the

Khmer King Indravarman I in879 to honor members of theking's family, whom it places inrelation with the Hindu deityShiva.

Preah Ko consists of six brick

towers arranged in two rows ofthree towers each perched on asandstone platform. The towersface east, and the front centraltower is the tallest.


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Preah K TempleHariharalaya was the first capital city of

the Khmer empire located in the area of

Angkor; its ruins are in the area now

called Roluos some fifteen kilometers

southeast of the modern city of Siem

Reap. The earliest surviving temple ofHariharalaya is Preah Ko.


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Angkor Wat Angkor Wat is worlds largest

architectural religious monument inAsia. Angkor Wat means a citypagoda is apogee of classicalKhmer construction.

Located South of the Angkor Thomcomplex, built during KingSuryavarman II period (1113 -1150)to honour Lord Vishnu.

The entrance way to the temple isthrough a causeways on the eastand west of the city. It is surroundedby a broad moat (1.5 x 1.3km). The

balustrades of the causeway are inthe form of naga serpents (dragon).Naga is a symbolical bridge linkingman and God Siva (heaven).Architectural masterpiece, consideredby many to be one of the most inspiredand spectacular monument conceivedby the human mind.

The moat represents the mythicaloceans surrounding the earth. The moatat present is dried up and only sustainwater during wet season. In the old daysthe moat was used as a agricultureirrigation system to the city


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This temple took 30 years to build.

Containing 5 towers representing Mt.Meru. The central temple consist of

three storeys, each of whichencloses a square surrounded byintricately interlinked gallery rising31m above the ground. The centraltower is approximately 60m abovethe ground.

The temple combines two majorfeature of Khmer architecture: apyramid and concentric galleries.

and the succession of concentric

galleries represent the mountain ranges

surrounding Mt Meru, the home of the

Gods. The tower presents the

mountain's peak. Angkor like temples

dedicated to Vishnu faces West as

compared to the regular orientation

which faces east.


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The outer enclosures ofthe temple is bounded bylaterite wall. The wallshave extraordinary basrelief.

The temple entrancefaces west unlike theother temples which faces

east. The total size of the

complex of Angkor Wat is200 hectares. First layer ofwall is 3.3m , Second layer

wall 5.8m, third layer wall is11m

Centre tower is 55m


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Angkor Wat elevation, showing high degree of proportion and architectural rhythm a

microcosm of the Hindu universe. Angkor Wat is built during the height of the Khmer

empire.

Similar to other Hindu temples, the reliefs in Angkor Wat depicts the Hindu mythology of

Ramayana . Angkor Wat was a Theravada Buddhist pilgrimage site giving this area the

name Hall of the Thousand Buddhas. Most statues were rescued in the early 1970s

but others were destroyed by Khmer Rouge during their reign of terror.


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Angkor Wat


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Angkor Thom

Angkor Thom is the largest of all

Khmer cities 9sq km, founded

by Jayavarman VII in the 12th

century and remained the

capital until the 17th century.

This city overlaps the South

East corner with the first capital

Yasodharapura established

during the 9th century. It

incorporated some important

temples of the past Kings.

It has face-towers, enclosed by

city wall surrounded by moat

and causeways as the city gate.


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Angkor Thom

Angkor Thom means large city The city has five monumental

gates with four serene faces on topof each tower facing all four

directions Mempunyai pagar berbentuk 4segi

sepanjang 12km dan mempunyai 5pintu yang dibina mengikut paksiutara-selatan dan timur-barat.Pintu ke5 menuju ke istana.


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Angkor Thom

Angkor Thom is the largestBuddhist complex in theworld


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Angkor Thom- South Entrance


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BayonBayon part of Angkors Thom and is considered as the microcosm

of the universe. The temple itself is composed of two galleriedenclosures, which are almost square.


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Bayon

The Bayon is built during the

Jayavarman VII. It is used as

the State Temple by

Jayavarman VII and hisimmediate successors.

It is predicted that there are 49

54 towers. However, there

are only 37 survived till today.

Most of the towers are carvedwith faces on each cardinal

point.


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Bayon The Bayon had gone throughseveral architectural changes, many

consider the Bayon a marked

contrast to Angkor Wat in terms of

architectural order and harmony.The entrance is a broad tiered

terrace, 27m long guarded by

statues of lions.

Contains narrative bas- reliefs of

daily life and Khmer history. The bas

reliefs covering almost 1200m

panels exceeds those of Angkor Wat

however, it is less intricate and

indicate the decline in workmanship.


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5.0 INFLUENCE OF HINDUISM &

BUDDHISM ON ARCHITECTURE OF

MALAYSIA


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Langkasuka Kingdom

Langkasuka is a Kingdom establishedsince the first century.

This Kingdom is influenced byHinduism-Buddhism.

However, in the early beginning ofLangkasuka, Buddhist is moredominant and utilise writing fromSouthern India.

Most of the people of Langkasuka areChi-mo originating from Khmer.

Archeologist theory states that thisKingdom has established relationshipwith China as early as the year 513based on artifacts and writings found.


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5.0Influence of Hinduism & Buddhism on Architecture of Malaysia

Langkasuka was short with the invasion of Funan, They regained

their independence shortly before the emergence of Srivijaya

Kingdom.

The Kingdom in Kedah evolved into the Kingdom of Srivijaya in

the circa of the 7th

century. The capital of Srivijaya was in Chaiya,Southern Thailand.

In 1500, Majapahit Kingdom replaced Srivijaya. The same period

Parameswara of Palembang, Sumatra settled in Malacca.

Parameswara, Mahayanist Buddhist. A combination of Buddha,

tantric and Hindu. Malacca was a great port and grew into an important city in the

region.


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The earliest influence andtraces of Hinduism andBuddhism in Tanah Melayu isfound Bujang Valley, South ofKedah.

There are also traces and

archeological evidence inSantubong and writings aboutMalacca (Melaka).

In Bujang Valley and Santubongthere are temples made fromlatterite bricks, granite stones,river stones.

The temples are possessarchitectural features oftemples Buddhist temple in the500 SM and the Hindu temple ofthe 11th century.

The religion of Hindu &Buddhist expended in TanahMelayu thru commerce andmarriage.

The religion entered Tanah

Melayu and received by thelocals with mixed beliefs(indigenous beliefs) .

Bujang Valley


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Bujang Valley

Bujang Valley is located on the

foot of the Jerai Mountains. To its

immediate south are several small

rivers Merbok, Muda and Bujang

Rivers which flows into the Straits

of Malacca. It is predicted that it was a harbour

for ships bound for India.

Bujang in Sanskrit means naga-

hence dragon valley

The settlement 224km sq.

Archeologists discovered more

than thirty sites dating from the

period of early Indianisation

(more than 1500 years old). There are 50 ancient candi

found in the surroundings of

Bujang Valley.

The largest Candi which

survived is Candi Bukit BatuPahat.


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Candi Bukit Batu Pahat(temple on the Hill of CutStone) in Bujang Valleyadalah peninggalan yangpaling besar kerana di situterdapat kesan candi dankesan perkampungan lamaC

andi ini tidak semegahatau sebesar candi candi diIndonesia.

Pembinaannya amat ringkasdengan teknologisederhana.

Tapaknya diperbuat daribatu bata dan bahagian atas

daripada kayu. Strukturkayu telah hancur dimamahusia. Hanya tinggaltapaknya sahaja.

Terdapat banyak bahanbahan archeologi sepertimanik kaca, dan pingganmangkuk yangmemperkukuhkankenyataan ini.

Tamadun ini terus

berkembang dengan pesatpada zaman pemerintahanSri Vijaya (abad 7-13)

Selepas kemasukan agamaIslam, penempatan ini tidaklagi digunakan ataudihiraukan.


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Candi Bukit Batu Pahat


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Candi Bukit Batu Pahat


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Hindu & Buddha Arch Pt2

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Transcript of Hindu & Buddha Arch Pt2