Higher Cortical Functions and Basis of Language
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HIGHER CORTICAL FUNCTIONS and the
BASIS OF LANGUAGE Imelda D. Rivera, RMT, MD, FPSP
Department of Anatomy
College of Medicine
UERMMMCI
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OBJECTIVES
• At the end of the study, the student should be
able to:
– Identify the lobes, gyri and sulci.
– Enumerate the subdivisions & regions of the cerebral
cortex.
– Describe the layers of the cortex.
– Differentiate the anatomical, functional and Brodmann
areas.
– Discuss the basis of language.
– Explain cerebral dominance.
– Differentiate common disorders of the cortex.
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DIENCEPHALON
HYPOTHALAMUS
OPTIC CHIASM
TUBER
CINEREUM
MAMMILARY
BODY
INFERIOR
CHOROID PLEXUS
SUPERIOR
MEDIAL
THALAMUS
STRIA
MEDULLARIS
THALAMI
INFUNDIBULUM
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Central sulcus of
Rolando
Lateral sulcus of
Sylvius
Parieto-
occipital sulcus
Calcarine
sulcus Anterior horizontal ramus
Anterior ascending ramus
Posterior ramus
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FRONTAL
Opercular
Triangular
PRECENTRAL
SUPERIOR FRONTAL
MIDDLE FRONTAL
Orbital
INFERIOR FRONTAL
gyrus sulcus
PRECENTRAL
SUPERIOR FRONTAL
INFERIOR FRONTAL
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STRAIGHT/GYRUS RECTUS
OLFACTORY SULCUS
ORBITAL GYRI
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PARIETAL
POSTCENTRAL SUPERIOR LOBULE
INFERIOR LOBULE/ANGULAR
GYRUS SULCUS
POSTCENTRAL
INTRAPARIETAL
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PRECUNEUS
PARACENTRAL LOBLE
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SUPERIOR
MIDDLE
INFERIOR
TEMPORAL
SUPRAMARGINAL
GYRUS SULCI
SUPERIOR TEMPORAL
INFERIOR TEMPORAL
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INSULA
TRANSVERSE/HESCHL
TEMPORAL
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OCCIPITAL
CUNEUS
LINGUAL GYRUS
CALCARINE
SULCUS
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LIMBIC
CINGULATE
PARAHIPPOCAMPAL
CINGULATE SULCUS
COLLATERAL SULCUS
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LATERAL
OCCIPITOTEMPORAL
MEDIAL
OCCIPITOTEMPORAL
OCCIPITOTEMPORAL
SULCUS
RHINAL SULCUS
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PUTAMEN
GLOBUS
PALLIDUS
CLAUSTRUM
CAUDATE NUCLEUS,
HEAD
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FIBERS (WHITE MATTER)
• COMMISSURAL
• ASSOCIATION
• PROJECTION
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Commissural Fibers
• Corpus callosum
• Anterior commissure
• Posteior commissure
• Commissure/Crura of the fornix
• Habenular
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Association Fibers
• Short
– Arcuate loops
• Long
– Uncinate fasciculus
– Cingulum
– Superior longitudinal fasciculus
– Inferior longitudinal fasciculus
– Fronto-occipital fasciculus
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Projection Fibers
• Internal capsule
• External capsule
• Corona radiata
• Optic radiations
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What’s a good pick up line an axon terminal
can use on a dendrite?
“Let’s connect!”
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Why are neuroanatomy classes the
smartest?
Because they have lots of brains.
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CORTEX (GRAY MATTER)
• Cells
• Layers
• Functional areas
• Brodmann areas
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• Pyramidal
• Stellate/Granule
• Fusiform
• Horizontal cells (of Cajal)
• Cells of Martinotti
Cells
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Cortex
SUBDIVISIONS
• Neocortex
• Paleocortex
• Archicortex
REGIONS
• Isocortex
• Mesocortex
• Allocortex
• Corticoid areas
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Functional Areas
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Functional Areas
• Primary areas
• Association areas
–Unimodal
–Heteromodal
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Brodmann Areas
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DISORDERS OF CORTICAL NETWORKS
• AGNOSIAS
– Visual
– Tactile
– Auditory
• APRAXIAS
– Ideomotor
– Ideational
– Kinetic/Motor
– Gait
• APHASIAS
– Broca
– Wernicke
– Global
– Conduction
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