High Temperature Solid Oxide Electrolyzer System · 2020. 11. 21. · HTE FY-05 Task Area Overview...
Transcript of High Temperature Solid Oxide Electrolyzer System · 2020. 11. 21. · HTE FY-05 Task Area Overview...
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Project ID: PD24 5-25-2005 1
High Temperature Solid OxideElectrolyzer System
This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information
Steve Herring Jim O’Brien, Paul Lessing, Will Windes, Dan Wendt,Carl Stoots, Grant Hawkes, Mike Mc Kellar, Manohar SohalIdaho National Laboratory
Joseph J. Hartvigsen, S. Elangovan, Dennis LarsenCeramatec, Inc.
Mark Petri, Richard Doctor, Bilge Yildiz, Diana Matonis, Tanju Sofu, Debbie MyersArgonne National Laboratory
Brian BischoffOak Ridge National Laboratory
2005 DOE Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program Review
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Project ID: PD24 5-25-2005 2
OverviewBudget
(total for INL plus partners below)
FY-04: $1050 k FY-05: $1440 k
Partners
Ceramatec, Inc.Development of planar cell technology
Argonne National LaboratoryComputation Fluid Dynamics of CellsOverall Plant FlowsheetAdvanced Electrode and Electrolyte Materials
Oak Ridge National LaboratoryHigh Temperature Inorganic Membranes for Steam/Hydrogen separations
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Project ID: PD24 5-25-2005 3
Technical BarriersAdapted from 3.1.4.2.2 Hydrogen Generation by {Water} ElectrolysisG. Capital Cost - R&D is needed to develop lower cost materials with improved manufacturing capability to lower capital costs while improving the efficiency and durability of the system. Development of larger systems is also needed to improve economies of scale.
H. System Efficiency – Development is needed for low-cost cell stack optimization considering efficiency, electrochemical compression and durability.
I. Grid Electricity Emissions – Low-cost, carbon-free electricity sources are needed.K. Electricity Costs – High Temperature solid oxide electrolysis can use lower cost energy in the form of steam for water splitting to decrease electricity consumption. Technically viable systems for low-cost manufacturing need to be developed for this technology.
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Project ID: PD24 5-25-2005 4
Research Objectives
• Develop energy-efficient, high-temperature, solid-oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) for hydrogen production from steam
• Develop and test integrated SOEC stacks operating in the electrolysis mode
• Develop optimized plant configuration for coupling to Generation IV Reactor
• Combine components in an Integrated Laboratory-scale Experiment
• Scale-up to a 200 kW Pilot Plant and a 1 MW Engineering Demonstration Facility
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Project ID: PD24 5-25-2005 5
Approach (vs Objectives)• Develop energy-efficient, high-temperature, solid-oxide
electrolysis cells (SOECs) for hydrogen production from steam.– Optimize energy efficiency, cost and durability
optimize electrolyte materials (e.g., YSZ, ScSZ, sealants)investigate alternate cell configurations (e.g., electrode-supported or tubular)
• Develop and test integrated SOEC stacks operating in the electrolysis mode with an aim toward scale-up to a 200 kW Pilot Plant and a 1 MW Engineering Demonstration Facility– Increase SOEC stack durability and sealing with regard to thermal
cycles– Improve material durability in a hydrogen/oxygen/steam environment– Perform a progression of electrolysis stack testing activities at
increasing scales and complexities – Develop computational fluid dynamics (CFD) capability for SOEC– Utilize advanced systems modeling codes (e.g. HYSYS, ASPEN)– Perform Cost and Safety Analyses
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Project ID: PD24 5-25-2005 6
HTE FY-05 Task Area OverviewHTE Systems Definition FY 05 k$ Description/GoalWP# Org/ PIs (inc. FY04 Carryover)[ID15EL11] INL / O’Brien, Herring 400 Engineering analyses in support
of experiments anddevelopment of larger scale HTE facilities.
[CH15EL11] ANL / Petri 237 ANL work also includes SOEC materials research
HTE Experiments[ID15EL21] INL / Stoots, Herring 832 HTE Experimental activities,
including scale-up.HTE Membrane Technologies[OR15EL21] ORNL / Bischoff 60 Evaluate the applicability
of inorganic high-temperature membranes for use in large scale HTE operations
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Project ID: PD24 5-25-2005 7
Technical AccomplishmentsHTE Accomplishments since May 2004
FY2004 • An assessment of the engineering materials issues and requirements for construction of an HTE system was completed to provide input to the high temperature materials testing program. • The high-temperature electrolysis system configuration study was completed, identifying the options and technical issues for HTE systems, including electrolyzer cell and module configurations and high-temperature steam distribution.• An experiment plan for the development of high-temperature electrolysis components and systems was completed to provide input to the longer term scaling of HTE systems. • An assessment of the high temperature reactor and HTE process interface requirements was completed• Completed engineering analyses for high-temperature electrolysis scaling demonstration experiments, including steam distribution systems and electrolyzer cell and module configurations.• Completed a series of button cell experiments to examine cell operational characteristics under a range of conditions. • Completed initial testing of a 10 cell stack in preparation for hydrogen production testing. • Complete final design for laboratory-scale HTE experiments
FY2005(to date)
• Developed engineering process model for HTE system performance evaluation, including the development of CFD and electrochemical modeling for planar geometry electrolyzer cells, including mass and thermal transport. • Demonstrated high-temperature electrolysis stack testing at a production rate of 50 normal liters per hour of hydrogen. • Produced 15 button cells using plasma deposition on nickel aluminide substrate (now being tested)
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Project ID: PD24 5-25-2005 8
Theoretical Efficiency of High Temperature Electrolysis
35%
40%
45%
50%
55%
500 600 700 800 900Reactor Outlet Temperature (C)
Effic
ienc
y
Electrical generation eff.Hydrogen production eff.
P=1 atm
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Ener
gy D
eman
d pe
r uni
t mas
s of s
team
kWh/m3H2
T (C)
liquid steam
ΔHR, Total Energy Demand
ΔGR, Electrical Energy Demand
TΔSR, Heat Demand
MJ/kg H2O
Energy Input to Electrolyser
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Schematic of Stack Testing Apparatus
N2
H2 + Ar + H2O
Air + O2
H2
Air
H2O + Ar + H2
P
TTdp
Tdp
TA
V+-Humidifier
Furnace
3-way valve
Humidifier bypass
Stack
T
T
T
T
CoolingWater
Condenser
H2 Exhaust
PowerSupply
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Electrolysis Stack Performance Testing Hardware
10-cell electrolysis stack; has produced up to 100 SLPH H2
Stack mounted on test fixture
View of air flow passages, inside furnace at 800°C
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Project ID: PD24 5-25-2005 11
Hydrogen Production at 830° C
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Hyd
roge
n Pr
oduc
tion
Rat
e, sc
cm
current, I, Amps
based on dewpoint measurements
based on stack ionic current
Test conditions:N2: 2000 sccmH2: 400 sccmH2O inlet dewpoint: 80 CT
furnace: 830 C
Hydrogen production rate, N
L/hr
72
60
48
36
24
12
0
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Project ID: PD24 5-25-2005 12
operating voltage, V
current density, A/cm2he
atflu
x,W
/cm
2
-1.4-1.2-1-0.8-0.6-0.4
-0.3-0.2-0.100.10.20.30.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
reactionohmicnet
thermal neutralvoltage
open-cellpotential
electrolysisfuel cell
Energy Budgets in fuel-cell and electrolysis modes
Stack ASR = 1.25, T = 927 C, yH2,i = 0.1, yH2,o = 0.95
FhV Rtn 2
Δ−=
(1.291 V at 1200 K)
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Overall hydrogen production efficiencies as a function of power-production thermal efficiency and electrolyzer per-cell operating voltage
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
ηT
Vop
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
ηP = 0.50
Eo
Te = 800 C
Vtn
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Stack temperatures during a DC potential sweep; comparison to FLUENT results
790
792
794
796
798
800
802
804
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
T (C)
Stack operating voltage (V)
stack internal 1
stack internal 4stack internal 3
stack internal 2 air inlet
furnace
Tf (C)T
dp, i (C)sccm H2sccm N2sweep #
80082.941120184
FLUENT
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FLUENT Single-Cell SOEC Model
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Project ID: PD24 5-25-2005 16
CFD Contour Plots
H2/H2O
Air
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near thermal minimum near thermal neutral above thermal neutral
0.156 A/cm2; 1.164 V1100
1104.5
1105.5
Electrolyte/insulator temperature contours0.2344 A/cm2; 1.306 V 0.4688 A/cm2; 1.640 V
1091
1197
1139
Electrolyte current density contours
-1404
-1878
-2097
-2734
-3892
-5158
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0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
FLUENTExperimental
Per-
Cel
l Ope
ratin
g V
olta
ge (V
)
Current Density (A/cm2)
Voltage-current characteristics of actual electrolysis stack and FLUENT model
Electrode exchange current densities and several gap electrical contact resistances were determined empirically by comparing
FLUENT predictions with stack performance data
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Project ID: PD24 5-25-2005 19
HTE System DefinitionANL, PIs: Petri, Myers, Carter, Yildiz
Temperature (oC)Oxygen Electrode Composition 800 850 900 1000
La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSM) 8.4 nd 3.7 0.65
La0.8Sr0.2FeO3 (LSF-s) 2.2 1.2 0.58 nd
LaNiO3 (LN) 1.4 0.89 0.37 0.082
La0.8Sr0.2CoO3 (LSC) 1.3 0.67 0.27 0.080
La0.7Sr0.2FeO3 (LSF-ns) 0.81 0.38 0.19 0.054
10
0.01
0.1
1
700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050Temperature (°C)
ASR
(Ω-c
m2 )
LSF-ns
LSMLSF-s
LN
LSC
• ANL’s non-stoichiometric LSF (LSF-ns) shows improved oxygen electrode performance over LSM.• Further improvement in LSF-ns performance is expected by optimizing the electrode microstructure and
electrode/electrolyte interface.• Single-phase, mixed-conducting hydrogen electrodes are being studied as alternatives to Ni-YSZ (Nickel – Yttria
Stabilized Zirconia). • Addresses oxidation-related degradation in high steam environment.
-s : stoichiometric-ns: non-stoichiometricnd : no data
Area-specific resistance (ASR), Ω-cm2
ANL’s oxygen and hydrogen electrode development
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Project ID: PD24 5-25-2005 20
TimelineProject start: Jan ‘03 (DOE-EE)
(became part of the Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative Jan ’04)
HTE Systems Analysis and Experiments
FY2005 •Develop engineering process model for HTE system performance evaluation, including the development of CFD and electrochemical modeling for planar geometry electrolyzer cells, including mass and thermal transport. Done•Demonstrate high-temperature electrolysis stack testing at a production rate of 50 normal liters per hour of hydrogen. . Done•Demonstrate high-temperature electrolysis stack testing at a production rate of 100 normal liters per hour of hydrogen. •Complete conceptual design documentation for HTE pilot-scale experiments
FY2006 •Complete design of HTE integrated laboratory-scale experiments•Construct stack /module arrays for integrated laboratory-scale experiments
FY2007 •Begin HTE integrated lab-scale experimental operations•Complete HTE cell testing •Conduct HTE stack / module tests•Perform initial testing on candidate pilot scale module tests •Complete preliminary pilot scale experiment design
FY2008 •Pilot-scale experiment final design•Complete HTE integrated lab-scale experimental operations •Implement cell/module technology improvements
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Project ID: PD24 5-25-2005 21
Supplemental Slides
The following three slides are for the purposes of the reviewers only – they are not to be presented as part of your oral or poster presentation. They will be included in the hardcopies of your presentation that might be made for review purposes.
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Project ID: PD24 5-25-2005 22
INL HTE Publications since May 2004:
Hawkes, G. L., O’Brien, J. E., Stoots, C. M., Herring, J. S., Shahnam, M., “Thermal and Electrochemical Three Dimensional CFD Model of a Planar Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell,” to be presented at the 2005 ASME Heat Transfer Conference, July 17-22, 2005, San Francisco.
O’Brien, J. E., Stoots, C. M., Herring, J. S., Lessing, P. A., Hartvigsen, J. J., and Elangovan, S., “Performance Measurements of Solid-Oxide Electrolysis Cells for Hydrogen Production from Nuclear Energy,” Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, Vol. XX, August 2005, pp. XXX-XXX.
Herring, J. S., O’Brien, J. E., Stoots, C. M., and Hawkes, G. L., “Progress in High-Temperature Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production using Planar SOFC Technology,” submitted for presentation at the 2005 AIChE Spring Annual Meeting, April 10 –14, 2005, Atlanta, GA.
O’Brien, J. E., Stoots, C. M., Herring, J. S., and Hartvigsen, J. J.,“Hydrogen Production Performance of a 10-Cell Planar Solid-Oxide Electrolysis Stack,” submitted for presentation at the ASME 3rd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering, and Technology, May 23 – 25, 2005, Ypsilanti, MI.
Hawkes, G. L., O’Brien, J. E., Stoots, C. M., Herring, J. S., Shahnam, M., “CFD Model of a Planar Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell for Hydrogen Production from Nuclear Energy,” to be presented at the 11th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal-Hydraulics NURETH-11, Popes Palace Conference Center, Avignon, France, October 2-6, 2005.
O’Brien, J. E., Herring, J. S., Stoots, C. M., Lessing, P. A., “High-Temperature Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production From Nuclear Energy,” to be presented at the 11th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal-Hydraulics NURETH-11, Popes Palace Conference Center, Avignon, France, October 2-6, 2005.
Herring, J. S., O’Brien, J. E., Stoots, C. M., Lessing, P. A., Hartvigsen, J. J., and Elangovan, S., “Hydrogen Production through High-Temperature Electrolysis,” chapter in book edited by Dr. Masao Hori, "Nuclear Production of Hydrogen - Technologies and Perspectives for Global Deployment, International Nuclear Societies Council, Current Issues in Nuclear Energy, 2004.
Herring, J. S., Anderson, R., Lessing, P. A., James E. O’Brien, J. E., Stoots, C. M., Hartvigsen, J. J., and Elangovan, S.,“Hydrogen Production through High-Temperature Electrolysis in a Solid Oxide Cell,” presented at the National Hydrogen Association 15th Annual Conference, Los Angeles, April 26-29, 2004.
O’Brien, J. E., Stoots, C. M., Herring, J. S., and Lessing, P. A., “Characterization of Solid-Oxide Electrolysis Cells for Hydrogen Production via High-Temperature Steam Electrolysis,” Proceedings, 2nd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science,Engineering, and Technology, June 14-16, 2004, Rochester, NY, paper# 2474, pp., 219 – 228.
S. Elangovan, J. Hartvigsen, J. E. O’Brien, C. M. Stoots, J. S. Herring, P. A. Lessing, “Operation and Analysis of SOFCs in Steam Electrolysis Mode,” Proceedings, 6th EUROPEAN SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL FORUM, 28 June – 2 July 2004, Kultur- und Kongresszentrum Luzern, Lucerne, Switzerland.
Herring, J. S., O’Brien, J. E., Stoots, C. M., Lessing, P. A., Anderson, R. P., Hartvigsen, J. J., and Elangovan, S., “Hydrogen Production from Nuclear Energy via High-Temperature Electrolysis,” Proceedings, 2004 International Conference on Advances in Nuclear Power Plants (ICAPP ‘04), June 13-17, 2004, Pittsburgh, PA, paper no. 4322.
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The most significant hydrogen hazard associated with this project is:
Compressed gas handlingHot surfacesHydrogen combustion or explosion hazard
Hydrogen Safety
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Project ID: PD24 5-25-2005 24
Our approach to deal with this hazard is:
Independent Hazards ReviewIndependent, laboratory-wide review of operating procedures and safety measuresExperiment designOver-pressure prevention – see experiment schematic, InstrumentationHydrogen DetectorsOn-line (firewall-protected) access to experiment parametersTraining of Project Personnel: Compressed gas training (TRN1041)R&D Laboratory awareness (TRN670)Flammable & combustible materials (SMJS992B)Chemical Hygiene (TRN13)
Hydrogen Safety
High Temperature �Solid Oxide�Electrolyzer SystemOverviewTechnical Barriers�Research Objectives Approach (vs Objectives)HTE FY-05 Task Area OverviewTechnical AccomplishmentsHydrogen Production at 830° COverall hydrogen production efficiencies as a function of power-production thermal efficiency and electrolyzer per-cell operatHTE System Definition�ANL, PIs: Petri, Myers, Carter, YildizTimeline�Project start: Jan ‘03 (DOE-EE)�(became part of the Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative Jan ’04)Supplemental SlidesHydrogen SafetyHydrogen Safety