Confidential and proprietary materials for authorized Verizon personnel and outside agencies only. Use, disclosure or distribution of this material is not permitted to any unauthorized persons or third parties except by written agreement.

High Speed Optical Networks for

Global Telecom Carriers

Tiejun J. Xia, PhD & CREOL Graduate (94’)

Verizon

3/13/2015 For Industrial Affiliates Symposium, CREOL, UCF

Confidential and proprietary materials for authorized Verizon personnel and outside agencies only. Use, disclosure or distribution of this material is not permitted to any unauthorized persons or third parties except by written agreement. 2

Global Telecom Carriers’ Networks

Local Network

Local

Convergence

Cabinet

Business

Customers

Residential

Customers

Local Central

Office

Confidential and proprietary materials for authorized Verizon personnel and outside agencies only. Use, disclosure or distribution of this material is not permitted to any unauthorized persons or third parties except by written agreement. 3

Transport (move data packages physically)

- Construct signal channels to carry data

packages around (e.g. SONET, OTN, ROADM)

Two main networking functions

Access

Network

Access

Network

Metro Core

Network

National Long Haul Network

Switch (decide where a data package goes)

- Data packet routing (e.g. IP router)

- Data frame switching (e.g. MPLS, Ethernet)

Metro Core

Network

- Transport network is the focus in this talk

IP - Internet Protocol

MPLS - Multi-protocol labeled switch

SONET – Synchronous optical networking; OTN – Optical transport

networking; ROADM – Reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexing

Confidential and proprietary materials for authorized Verizon personnel and outside agencies only. Use, disclosure or distribution of this material is not permitted to any unauthorized persons or third parties except by written agreement. 4

Driving Force for Network Growth – Fast

Internet Protocol (IP) Traffic Growth

Sources: Cisco

1.00E-08

1.00E-07

1.00E-06

1.00E-05

1.00E-04

1.00E-03

1.00E-02

1.00E-01

1.00E+00

1.00E+01

1.00E+02

1.00E+03

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Glo

bal

IP T

raff

ic (

EB/m

on

th)

1 hour YouTube per day

Global IP Traffic

10 orders of magnitude increase in 30 years

• Averaged annual

growth >100%

• 22% in 2014

Almost all network traffic are IP now

Confidential and proprietary materials for authorized Verizon personnel and outside agencies only. Use, disclosure or distribution of this material is not permitted to any unauthorized persons or third parties except by written agreement. 5

Switch Port Speed vs Transport Channel

Speed

Transport channel speed must support data port speed

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Ch

ann

el R

ate

(Gb

/s)

Optical channel

capacity

155M

622M

2.5G

10G

40G

100G

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Ch

ann

el R

ate

(Gb

/s)

10Base-T

100Base-T

GbE

10GbE

40GbE

100GbE

Data equipment

port speed

Industry Standards

400G Transport Channel

Speed

Switch Port

Speedy

Switch (Router)

Transport (Transponder)

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Fiber Capacity = channel speed x # of channels

O E S C L

Notes: O – Original, E – Extended, S – Short, C – Conventional, L - Long

Optical bands

1. 250 Gb/s (2.5 Gb/s x 100 ch)

2. 1 Tb/s (10 Gb/s x 100 ch)

3. 10 Tb/s (100 Gb/s x 100 ch)

50-GHz Grid

1530 nm

(196 THz)

1569 nm

(191 THz)

Channel

Spacing

Optical Band Used

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Direct Detection vs Coherent Detection

Laser

Data

generator

Data

processing

Data Mapping,

Encoding, DACLaser

Phase modulator

Laser

p/2

p/2

AD

C, E

qualiz

ation,

De

codin

g,

De

mappin

g

90 hybrid

Direct Detection Transmitter

Direct Detection Receiver

Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ)

Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ)

Coherent Detection Transmitter

Polarization Multiplexed Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

Polarization Multiplexed Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

Coherent Detection Receiver

For 10 Gb/s or below For 100 Gb/s or above

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1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0

Snap shot of an optical signal

Electrical field (amplitude and phase)

Envelop

Fiber Link

Why Coherent?

(Correcting dispersion caused distortion as an example)

At Transmitter At Receiver

Different frequencies in an optical signal walk off due to dispersion

Direct detection

- Only the intensity is detected.

- Phase information is lost.

- Original signal cannot be fully recovered

Coherent detection with DSP (Digital signal processing)

- Full electrical field (amplitude & phase) is detected

- Original signal is fully recovered in linear region

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Verizon has driven high speed and high

capacity transport in the industry

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

186.5 187 187.5 188 188.5 189

Frequency (THz)

Re

lati

ve

In

ten

sit

y (

dB

)

100G 10G

Video signal fed to

LambdaXtreme® at Tampa

Video signal displayed at Miami

First 100G transmission with live video traffic (Verizon & Bell Labs in 2007)

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Verizon holds records of the highest fiber

capacity in field in the industry

• Multiple super-channels with amp/phase modulation and polarization multiplexing (PM)

• 41 Tb/s for 1,822 km (Long haul distance, PM-8QAM, each super-channel ~ 1Tb/s).

• 54 Tb/s for 634 km (metro distance, PM-16QAM, each super-channel ~ 1.3 Tb/s)

Highest fiber capacity in field experiment (Verizon & NEC/USA, 2013)

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Spectral Efficiency

(b/s/Hz)

5

10

15

20

2

4

6

8

1

2

3

4

LP01 LP11 LP21

O E S C L

How to Further Increase Fiber Capacity?

Optical Bandwidth

(THz)

SDM Level

(Spatial division

multiplexing)

Commercial 100G system

Wider optical band

More waveguides

Higher level modulation

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Increase fiber capacity is just one story

Enhance network efficiency is another focus

Sources: Money, Cisco

Verizon

AT&T

Revenue Growth: 1% - 4%/Yr

Capacity need be added: 30% - 10%/Yr

30%

10%

How to release the pressure? Make network more efficient!

Increase flexibility is key to enhance network efficiency

Confidential and proprietary materials for authorized Verizon personnel and outside agencies only. Use, disclosure or distribution of this material is not permitted to any unauthorized persons or third parties except by written agreement. 13

ROADM (Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer)

is critical enabler for network flexibility

N

S

E W T

Rx

TR

x

TR

x

TR

x

TR

x

TR

x

Add/drop

Express Core

Next Generation ROADM:

- Lambda tunable

- Channel can go any direction

- Unified add/drop modules serve

all directions

Next Generation ROADM can provide full flexibility

Network Node with ROADM

“DCD-F ROADM”

- Colorless

- Directionless

- Contentionless

- Flexible grid

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Optical Node Design with Next Generation

ROADM and Full Flexibility

PM-16QAM

PM-QPSK

PM-QPSK

PM-QPSK Map to

super-

channel 400 Gb/s

Superchannel

PM-QPSK

PM-QPSK

Map to

super-

channel

PM-16QAM

PM-16QAM

PM-16QAM 600 Gb/s

Superchannel

North

South

East

Colorless,

Directionless,

Contentionless

and Flexible

Grid (CDC-F)

Add/Drop

10GbE

40GbE

100GbE

100GbE

400GbE

OTU3

OTU4

OTU4

Clients

OTU2

Switch Fabric Line Optical Carriers and Channels Flexible CDC ROADM

100 Gb/s Channel

200 Gb/s Channel

Data content and protocols, forward error correction (FEC) overhead, modulation

format, data rate, wavelength and destination of an optical channel can be

remotely controlled by operators in Network Operation Center (NOC) or even by

software

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Example of Flexible Network Benefits Optical channel restoration during fiber outage

C

A B

D E

F G

Switch/Router

Optical Node

Router/Switch

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Advancement in Network Management

From multiple control systems to unified software control

Forwarding / switching and control planes

Network

Management

Systems

Present

Applications /

Services

Forwarding / switching planes

Future

Applications /

Services

Network Controller

Network abstraction

Control plane

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• New fiber

– Multi-core / multi-mode fiber for long distance transmission, photonic crystal

fiber for new spectral windows with low attenuation

• Low noise optical amplification

– Low noise amplifier, phase sensitive amplifier (PSA)

• Nonlinear impairments mitigation

• Fast optical path set up

• Low latency in data transmission

• Large optical bandwidth for transmission

• Highly integrated photonic circuits

• Advanced modulation formats

Challenges and Opportunities Ahead

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• Global telecom carriers provide end-to-end networking services to

customers. Network will continue to grow to serve emerging applications

• Network growth is driven by high Internet Protocol (IP) data traffic growth

(80% for consumers and 20% for businesses), video traffic is the number

one bandwidth hog, and mobile traffic has the fastest growth

• 100 Gb/s per channel is main stream in backbone networks and

commercial 100-Gb/s systems can provide 10 Tb/s per fiber. 30-40 Tb/s

per fiber is feasible in near future

• Next generation optical node have full flexibility in channel configuration

and optical path control

• Network management will be advanced to be unified and able to be

controlled by software

• Technical challenges and opportunities continue to attract talents in

academic world and industry R&D to generate new solutions

Summary

Confidential and proprietary materials for authorized Verizon personnel and outside agencies only. Use, disclosure or distribution of this material is not permitted to any unauthorized persons or third parties except by written agreement. 19

Tiejun (TJ) Xia, PhD

Global Optical Transport Planning

Phone: 214-563-2619

Email: tj.xia@verizon.com