© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3: Geographies of Population and Migration

Chapter 3 Lecture

Katie PrattMacalester College

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Demographics– Census

• Population distribution and composition– Population cohorts

• Population dynamics– Demographic transition

• Movement and migration• Debates and policies

– Millennium development goals

Key Concepts

Figure 3.1 Gay marriage registration, San Francisco.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Characteristics of a human population– Births, deaths, marriages, migration, etc.

– Use a variety of instruments and institutions to measure populations

• Census– Vital records

– Limitations

Demography

Figure 3.2 Biometric census taking in India.

Apply your knowledge: Give an example, other than from the United States, of how the census provides more than just a straightforward counting of a population.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Population Distribution and Composition

Figure 3.3 World population density, 2013.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Geographic reasons – Environmental and

physical factors– Political and economic

experiences– Cultural characteristics

• Examine at many scales– Global, national, regional,

metropolitan

Distribution and Composition (cont'd)

Figure 3.4 Population density, Australia, 2013.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Crude (arithmetic) density• Nutritional density• Agricultural density• Health density

Population Density

Figure 3.5 Bangkok’s population density.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Population Density (cont’d)

Figure 3.6 Health care density.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Population Composition

• Subgroups that constitute population– For example, proportion male versus female, or active in

the workforce compared to seniors and children

• Helps us understand how the population behaves now and in the future

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Population segregation in the United States appears to be declining in most metropolitan areas

Population Segregation in the United States

Figure 3.A Black-white segregation in the U.S. 1970–2010.

Figure 3.B Declining segregation in U.S. cities.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• If we look more carefully, we see a more complex story about segregation, as the example of Atlanta illustrates

Population Segregation in the United States (cont’d)

Figure 3.C The trend of declining segregation is hidden by urban blacks who are becoming

more isolated as Latinos and Asians are occupying historically white neighborhoods.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Shape of pyramid is dependent on proportion of people in each age cohort

Age–Sex Pyramids

Figure 3.7 Population of Germany by age and sex, 2007.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 3.8 Population pyramids of peripheral and core Countries.

Age–Sex Pyramids (cont'd)

Apply your knowledge: Why do researchers divide the population of a country into youth, middle, and old-age cohorts? What do these categories indicate about the potential of a country's population?

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Common temporal demographic experience• Dependency ratio

Population Cohorts

Figure 3.9 Population pyramid for Tompkins County, New York (home of Cornell University, 2010).

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Population Cohorts (cont’d)

Figure 3.10 U.S. baby boomers, 1960–2040.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

G = B – D + (I – E)

Population Dynamics and Processes

What does this equation mean?

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Crude birthrate (CBR)• Total fertility rate (TFR)• Doubling time

Birth (or Fertility) Rates

Table 3.3 TFR provides more insight into the potential of a population.

Figure 3.11 World crude birthrates, 2013.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Crude death rate (CDR)• Natural increase and natural decrease• Infant mortality rate• Life expectancy

Death (or Mortality) Rates

Figure 3.12 World crude death rates, 2013.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Death (or Mortality) Rates (cont'd)

Figure 3.14 World infant mortality rates, 2013.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 3.13

World Rates of Natural Increase, 2013

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 3.16 HIV infection, 2012.

Medical and Health Geography

Apply your knowledge: Describe some of the ways life expectancy is shaped by geography, that is, how does where a person is born, lives, or works shape how long they are likely to live?

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• The “demographic trap”• Critiques of the demographic transition model

Demographic Transition Theory

Figure 3.17 Demographic transition model.

Apply your knowledge: Why would a country be concerned about its population being too small? What might a country gain by increasing or decreasing the birthrate?

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Education, Women, and Demographic Transformation

Figure 3.18 The connection between women’s fertility and education.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Mobility• Migration

– International migration• Emigration• Immigration

– Internal migration

• Permanent and temporary• Gross and net migration• Push and pull factors• Voluntary or forced

Population Movement and Migration

Figure 3.19 The U.K. expatriate journey, 2013.

Apply your knowledge: What distinguishes migration from mobility?

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• International voluntary migration– Labor migration

• Guest workers

• Undocumented workers

– Amenity migration

International Migration

Figure 3.22 Marching for immigration reform in Texas.

Figure 3.23 San Miguel de Allende, Mexico, is home to many U.S. retirement migrants.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

International Migration (cont’d)

Figure 3.20 International Voluntary Migration, 2005-2010.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• International forced migration– Refugees

International Migration (cont’d)

Figure 3.24 Refugee-sending and receiving countries.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

International Migration (cont’d)

Figure 3.25 Syrian refugees crossing into Turkey.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

International Migration (cont’d)

Figure 3.26 Palestinian refugees in the Middle East.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Internal voluntary migration– First, second, and third waves

Internal Migration

Table 3.5 U.S. urban to rural population change, 1860-2010.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Internal forced migration– Trail of tears– Climate-induced changes

Internal Migration (cont’d)

Figure 3.27 Low-lying coastal Native Alaskan villages are in danger of inundation as climate change is causing sea level rise.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• War and conflict • Disaster and climate-induced

Window on the World: Internal Displacement

Figure 3.G Internally displaced and refugee Syrians, 2013.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Population and resources– Malthusian Theory– Critiques of Malthus– Neo-Malthusians

• Population policy

Population Debates and Policies

Figure 3.28 World population growth, 1750 –2050.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• The UN Millennium Development Goals

International Population Policies

Table 3.7 Millennium Development Goals.

Apply your knowledge: What are key issues in global population policies today?

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

• 2014 population: about 7.28 billion

• Projected to increase– 1.2% annual until

mid-century– Core vs. periphery growth

• What will happen in the future?– What will be the quality

of our lives?

Future Geographies

Figure 3.29 Longevity factors in Loma Linda, CA, Okinawa, Japan, and Sardinia, Italy.