HFSD ISDE 2005 Users and User Characteristics. HFSD ISDE 2005 Contents Users - Designing for...
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Transcript of HFSD ISDE 2005 Users and User Characteristics. HFSD ISDE 2005 Contents Users - Designing for...
HFSD ISDE 2005
Users and User Characteristics
HFSD ISDE 2005
Contents
Users - Designing for diversity Characteristics of users
HFSD ISDE 2005
Recap - Scope of HCI
Designing usable systems requires us to have knowledge of: The users who will use the system. The tasks for which it will be used. The environment in which it will be used.
So designers need knowledge of: The physiological and psychological capabilities of the
user. The types of tasks that users will be expected to carry
out. The organisational and environmental aspects of the
user’s task. The technical constraints of the system.
HFSD ISDE 2005
Designing for Diversity
The wide range of human abilities, backgrounds, motivations, personalities and intelligence presents major challenges for interactive system designers.
They need to have an understanding of: physical characteristics cognitive and perceptual abilities personality differences general abilities
These are all characteristics which apply to people in general, we shall also consider characteristics which apply specifically to potential system users.
HFSD ISDE 2005
Differences between user groups… Consider the design of a check-out system
for a large supermarket and the design of a counter system for a high-street building society
Talk to the person next to you and make a list of some of the differences between the groups of people who will use each system
List also how these differences could affect design decisions about each system
HFSD ISDE 2005
Physical Characteristics
Think of a car and its interface (controls).
What physical aspects need to be considered? Basic data about human dimensions comes from
anthropometry. What is average? What compromises must be made? e.g. keyboard spacing, mouse size and shape. Adjustments to interface, e.g. brightness of VDUs.
These aspects of the physical design of workstations is part of Ergonomics.
HFSD ISDE 2005
User characteristics: physical differences
Age (use larger fonts for older people)
Vision limitations, such as colour blindness Other physical limitations that might
restrict movement (See Chapter 12) Small children don’t have good fine-muscle
control: see big buttons on next slide
HFSD ISDE 2005
Big buttons for little people
HFSD ISDE 2005
Personality
Many differences exist between individuals’ personalities: Extroversion/Introversion; Convergent/Divergent thinking; Feeling/Thinking.
Personality differences will affect how people interact with the system: preferences for interaction styles, graphical or tabular representations, motivation towards the task.
HFSD ISDE 2005
User characteristics: cultural differences
Language (how many languages should be supported)
Education (reading level) Profession (specialized vocabularies) Attitude towards computer systems (e.g
technophobia amongst elderly users) Corporate style: what are you trying to
convey to whom?
HFSD ISDE 2005
System Related User Characteristics What characteristics can you expect of the users of
your interface? frequency of use discretion to use the system knowledge of the task which the system will support knowledge of computers experience of other similar systems general abilities, e.g. literacy, vision attitude towards computers (and your system) existing skills (keyboard, mouse)
HFSD ISDE 2005
High-fashion cosmetics have a style
HFSD ISDE 2005
A bank site has a very different style
HFSD ISDE 2005
Some Design Implications frequency of use: amount of skill building that takes place
and knowledge user can be expected to retain discretion to use the system: impact of poor usability knowledge of the task which the system will support: level of
support at interface provided for how to complete tasks knowledge of computers: level of guidance provided experience of other similar systems: user expectations and
use of familiar interface conventions general abilities, e.g. literacy, vision: assumptions made
about presentation of text, motor skills, intelligence attitude towards computers: level of help and guidance and
way in which system is introduced to users existing skills (keyboard, mouse): choice of interaction style
to use to exploit existing skills
HFSD ISDE 2005
Categorisation of Users
There are a number of ways to categorise users: Primary & Secondary Users 3 D framework
task knowledge/expertise computer knowledge/expertise Frequency of use
Occupational categories Simple classification
HFSD ISDE 2005
Primary and secondary users
Primary (direct ) user: the person who actively uses the site: Airline reservation clerk Help desk staff
Secondary (indirect) user: the person being served by a primary user: Airline passenger Customer who called the support line
HFSD ISDE 2005
Three-Dimensional Framework
Three Dimensional Framework for User Classification
Kno
wle
dge
of C
ompu
ters
Knowledge of Task
Frequency of Use
(low) (high)
(high)
(high)
HFSD ISDE 2005
Occupational Categorisation of Users Broad occupational classification as:
computer professionals professionals without computer experience skilled clerks naïve users special groups
Remember the first four of these are broad classifications - make sure you understand your particular user group(s).
HFSD ISDE 2005
Computer professionals
Classification: computer knowledge - high/very high task knowledge - high frequency of use - high
Understand software and hardware. Intelligent, well-educated and highly motivated (often). May want to customise software for own needs. Have little patience, like rapid response in software. Sensitive to shortcomings in software.NOT typical of the majority of users
HFSD ISDE 2005
Design implications Provide for high degree of sophistication in
interface: range of functions provided, flexibility to combine functions to provide
new commands, possibilities to customise interface to own
needs. Lower requirement for user support than
with other user types. Can utilise programming languages and
extensible command languages (e.g. macros and scripts).
HFSD ISDE 2005
Professionals without computing experience
Classification: computer knowledge - low/moderate task knowledge - high frequency of use - varies, low-high
Know little about computers. Often not interested in computers. Probably have not read any documentation. Lack patience. Have high expectations of performance. Intolerant of software errors.
HFSD ISDE 2005
Motivated to accomplish the job/task the system was designed to support.
May be discretionary users of systems. High degree of usability is critical for this group.
Design implications Important to support the user ‘guessing’ or
experimenting with how operations can be carried out at the interface. Consistency and a close match to the user’s task model is important.
Frequency of use determines how much the user can be expected to learn short cuts and accelerators.
User support provided by the interface is important.
HFSD ISDE 2005
Skilled clerks
Classification: computer knowledge - low task knowledge - high frequency of use - high
May use a machine several hours a day. Develop very strong user skills. Do not have a high degree of computer sophistication. Want rapid responses in software. Quickly grow impatient with features designed for less
experienced users if these features slow them down. Usage is not usually discretionary.
HFSD ISDE 2005
Design implications Can anticipate significant learning of
routine operations to take place, so can make use of abbreviations and codes for data input.
Can expect strong user skills to be developed, such as keyboard skills.
Error messages must be clear and provide specific guidance for recovery.
Cannot expect users to develop deeper knowledge or understanding of the computer system without specific training.
HFSD ISDE 2005
Naïve users
Classification: computer knowledge - very low task knowledge - varies, low - moderate frequency of use - assume low
Know (nearly) nothing about computers. Cannot assume significant learning process, i.e.
each interaction with the system should be treated as if it were the user’s first.
May feel intimidated by using a computer. Ease of learning is important usability criterion. Use of system is usually discretionary.
HFSD ISDE 2005
Design implications Every type of user error must be
trapped. This type of user will not be able to infer what is happening or the cause of an error condition.
Require explicit on-screen prompts for each step of the dialogue.
High degree of user support and a low degree of sophistication is required in the interface.
?
HFSD ISDE 2005
Special groups
Do not make assumptions that the users of your interface/system fall into neat categories.
Consider in particular design for sensory impairments.
Techniques exist for analysing the characteristics of users in detail, e.g. the HUFIT (Human Factors in
Information Technology) Toolset.
HFSD ISDE 2005
Types of Knowledge Syntactic (computer) knowledge - knowledge of low-level
mechanisms required to achieve a particular state. key bindings - e.g. Control Z = end of file in DOS command line switches - e.g. ls -al in UNIX commands - e.g. Alt F S to save a file in many Windows
applications Semantic (computer) knowledge about concepts or entities
associated with the computer system. e.g. organisation of the file system, access rights to files.
Semantic (task) knowledge about concepts or entities associated with the task to be performed.
e.g. parts of a car design in CAD, or data requirements in statistics.
HFSD ISDE 2005
Simple categorisation of users Novice users
no syntactic knowledge, little semantic knowledge
may have little task knowledge may have anxieties about computer use
HFSD ISDE 2005
Simple categorisation of users Knowledgeable intermittent users
can maintain semantic knowledge of task and computer concepts
requirements for consistency of structures in interaction so that user inferences are supported
good help facilities and documentation are required
HFSD ISDE 2005
Simple categorisation of users
Frequent users well trained in semantic and syntactic
aspects rapid response time brief feedback abbreviated command sequences accelerators to move through dialogue
sequences