Hermann Gorter - El materialismo histórico explicado a los obreros

7/30/2019 Hermann Gorter - El materialismo histrico explicado a los obreros

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Pcv }kj}c! wb aabok k akw gcjgbpgicjbw ew lkawkwgrkjmc wiepabebj}b wb dkgb vbgkbv }cmkw akw mbgakvkgicjbwmb ak Ij}bvjkgicjka wcfvb akw bwpkamkw mb Ekvt* Ergdkw mbbaakw dkj wimc wrwgi}kmkw pvbgiwkebj}b pcv babebj}cw kj%}iekvtiw}kw* [ribj {ribvk ij|cgkv akw mbgakvkgicjbw mb akIj}bvjkgicjka pkvk gkvkg}bvixkv ba pbjwkeibj}c ekvtiw}k!


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mbfb dkfbv kpvbdbjmimc yk gakvkebj}b bw}b pbjwkeibj}ceiwec y wrw milbvbjgikw gcj vbwpbg}c ka bwpvi}r mb akw

c}vkw bwgrbakw wcgikaiw}kw mb ak pcgk mb ak Ij}bvjkgicjka*Wb prbmb wbv ery frbj ekvtiw}k! gcepvbjmbv ery

fibj ba ek}bvikaiwec diw}vigc y! wij befkvoc! bw}kv bjgcj}vkmiggij gcj jrebvcwkw vbwcargicjbw mb ak Ij}bvjk%gicjka y gcj ergdkw lvkwbw mb wrw bw}k}r}cw*

Bw}c gcjgibvjb k pvicvi k akw lvkwbw {rb jc pvc|ib%jbj mb Ekvt* Pbvc jc wbvk ery ekvtiw}k {rbvbv mb}bjbv%jcw kj}b akw lvkwbw mb Ekvt b ijgaijkvjcw kj}b baakw wij mkv

pvrbfk mb bwpvi}r gv}igc* Jijorjk pbvwcjk! mbwmb ba ec%ebj}c bj {rb wb dk prbw}c bj gcj}kg}c gcj wr e}cmc!{ribvb jk}rvkaebj}b bj}vkv wij jbgbwimkm bj gcj}vkmiggijgcj rj pbjwkmcv }kj iepcv}kj}b! gcj rj oiokj}b mba pbj%wkeibj}c gcec Ekvt* Bj ba gkwc pvbwbj}b! }kepcgc bw jb%

gbwkvic*Kdcvk fibj! wr gcj}vkmiggij gcj acw bw}k}r}cw mb akIj}bvjkgicjka bw! {rb yc wbpk! ak jigk cfhbgij {rb dk wi%mc pvbwbj}kmk gcj}vk ak gcepvbjwij mba ek}bvikaiwec diw%}vigc pcv pkv}b mb Ocv}bv* [rb acw abg}cvbw kabekjbw wc%eb}kj kdcvk wr lcaab}c eiwec k wr hrigic*

N* Nkr}wny


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IBa }bek mba lcaab}c

Ak wcgikambecgvkgik jc kfkvgk wac ak kwpivkgij k}vkjwlcvekv ak pvcpibmkm pvi|kmk mb acw ebmicw mb pvcmrg%gij! bw mbgiv! mb akw lrbvxkw jk}rvkabw y mb akw dbvvkeibj%}kw! kw gcec ak mba wrbac! bj pvcpibmkm gcej! y baac ovk%gikw ka gcefk}b pca}igc! k ak gcj{riw}k mba pcmbv mba Bw}k%mc> ak wcgikambecgvkgik jc kfkvgk wac rjk argdk pca}igk ybgcjeigk> baak bw ew8 kfkvgk }kefij rj gcefk}b mbimbkw pcv rjk gcjgbpgij mba erjmc! gcefk}b {rb bw aab%|kmc gcj}vk akw gakwbw pcwbbmcvkw*

Ba }vkfkhkmcv {rb {ribvb kyrmkv k |bjgbv k ak frv%orbwk y {rb {ribvb aab|kv k wr gakwb ka pcmbv! mbfb wrpbvkvbj wr gkfbxk akw imbkw frvorbwkw {rb ab dkj wimc ijgragk%mkw mbwmb wr hr|bj}rm pcv ba Bw}kmc y pcv ak Ioabwik* Jc

fkw}k {rb lcveb pkv}b mba wijmigk}c y mba pkv}imc pca}igc*Jc pcmv jrjgk |bjgbv gcj baacw wi jc wb }vkjwlcvek k weiwec ij}bvicvebj}b bj rj wbv drekjc miw}ij}c ka {rb dkjdbgdc mb a acw {rb mceijkj* Btiw}b rjk gibv}k gcjgbp%gij! rjk gcj|iggij! rjk liacwclk! wb pcmvk mbgiv! {rb ak

frvorbwk vbgdkxk pbvc {rb ba }vkfkhkmcv mbfb kpvcpikvwbwi {ribvb pcmbv |bjgbv k ak frvorbwk*

Acw frvorbwbw {ribvbj pbvwrkmiv k acw }vkfkhkmcvbwmb {rb ba bwpvi}r bw} pcv bjgiek mba wbv wcgika ek}bvika!mb {rb ba bwpvi}r mceijk y mbwkvvcaak pcv w eiwec ak ek%}bvik* Dkj r}iaixkmc dkw}k kdcvk ba bwpvi}r gcec rj ebmicmb mceijkgij8 miwpcjbj mb ak gibjgik! mb ak aby! mba mbvb%gdc! mb ak pca}igk! mba kv}b! mb ak Ioabwik! y bw gcj }cmc bw}c


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; bw}c ab mkv ba |kacv y akgcjlikjxk {rb wcj jbgbwkvicw pkvk ak vb|cargij wcgika*


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Pcv }kj}c! bw}b gcjcgieibj}c bw }kj ijmiwpbjwkfabgcec ba wijmigk}c y ak argdk pca}igk pkvk ba gcefk}b pvc%

ab}kvic> wb prbmb mbgiv {rb ak argdk bgcjeigk y pca}igkwij bw}b gcjcgieibj}c jc prbmb wbv aab|kmk gcepab}kebj}bdkw}k ba lijka* Prbw ak wbv|imrefvb bwpivi}rka iepimb ka }vk%

fkhkmcv aab|kv gcvvbg}kebj}b ak argdk ek}bvika> ak gcjgibj%gik mb wbv! a! pcfvb pvcab}kvic! ew lrbv}b bwpivi}rkaebj}b{rb wrw kecw! ac bab|k yk pcv bjgiek mb baacw y ab mk aklrbvxk pkvk |bjgbvacw }kefij vbkaebj}b*

Ba ek}bvikaiwec diw}vigc bw ak mcg}vijk {rb btpaigk{rb bw ba wbv wcgika ba {rb mb}bveijk ka bwpvi}r! ba {rbcfaiok ka pbjwkeibj}c k }cekv |kw mblijimkw y ba {rb! pcvbwc! mbgimb ak |carj}km y acw kg}cw mb akw pbvwcjkw y mb akwgakwbw*

Bj bw}b lcaab}c ij}bj}kvbecw mbecw}vkv k acw }vkfk%

hkmcvbw! }kj wiepab y gakvkebj}b gcec wbk pcwifab! ak |bv%mkm mb bw}k mcg}vijk*

II

Ac {rb ba ek}bvikaiwec diw}vigcjc bw

Pbvc kj}bw mb pkwkv k pcjbv bj gakvc ac {rb bw baek}bvikaiwec diw}vigc! y k lij mb b|i}kv gibv}cw pvbhrigicw ypvb|bjiv ekabj}bjmimcw! {rbvbecw mbgiv pvb|ikebj}b ac{rb jc bw* Bj blbg}c! kpkv}b mb bw}b ek}bvikaiwec diw}vigc{rb bw ak mcg}vijk mb ak wcgikambecgvkgik! mcg}vijk pkv}igr%akv lrjmkmk pcv Lvibmvigd Bjobaw y Nkva Ekvt! dky }kefij


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rj ek}bvikaiwec liacwligc! y {rix ijgarwc |kvicw wiw}bekwmb bw}b }ipc* Y bw}cw wiw}bekw jc }vk}kj! gcec ba ek}bvik%

aiwec diw}vigc! mb ak grbw}ij mb wkfbv gec ba bwpvi}r wb|b cfaiokmc pcv ba wbv wcgika! pcv ba ecmc mb pvcmrggij!ak }gjigk! ba }vkfkhc! k ec|bvwb pcv |kw mb}bveijkmkw! wi%jc mb ak vbakgij bj}vb ba grbvpc y ba bwpvi}r! bj}vb ak ek%}bvik y ba kaek! bj}vb Micw y ba erjmc! b}g* Bw}cw c}vcw wiw%}bekw! {rb jc wcj diw}vigcw wijc mb liacwclk objbvka! ij%}bj}kj mkv rjk vbwprbw}k k ak grbw}ij8 gec wb gcepcv}kba pbjwkeibj}c bj objbvka gcj vbakgij k ak ek}bvik! c

fibj! gec dk jkgimc ba pbjwkeibj}c3 Pcv ba gcj}vkvic! baek}bvikaiwec diw}vigc pvborj}k8 pcv {r bj rjk pcgkmb}bveijkmk wb pibjwk mb rjk ekjbvk c mb c}vk3 Ba ek}b%vikaiwec liacwligc objbvka miv! pcv bhbepac8 ak ek}bvik bwb}bvjk! y ba bwpvi}r jkgb mb baak bj gibv}kw givgrjw}kjgikw>

mbwkpkvbgb mb jrb|c grkjmc yk jc btiw}bj wrw gcjmigic%jbw> ba ek}bvikaiwec diw}vigc miv8 {rb acw pvcab}kvicwpibjwbj mb ekjbvk miw}ij}k k akw gakwbw pcwbbmcvkw bw rjkgcjwbgrbjgik mb }kabw c grkabw gkrwkw*

Ba ek}bvikaiwec liacwligc objbvka wb pvborj}k wc%fvb ak jk}rvkabxk mba pbjwkeibj}c* Ba ek}bvikaiwec diw}%vigc wb pvborj}k wcfvb ak gkrwk mb acw gkeficw bj ba pbj%

wkeibj}c* Ba pviebvc ij}bj}k btpaigkv ba cviobj mba pbjwk%eibj}c! ba wborjmc! wr b|cargij* Ba pviebvc bw liacwligc!ba wborjmc! diw}vigc* Ba pviebvc wrpcjb rj bw}kmc bj ba{rb jc dky pbjwkeibj}c! bwpvi}r> ba wborjmc wrpcjb akbtiw}bjgik mba bwpvi}r* Wb jc}kv ak ovkj milbvbjgik*

Ba {rb {ribvk btkeijkv y kpvbjmbv k gcjcgbv akmcg}vijk mb ak wcgikambecgvkgik mbfb gcebjxkv pcv }bjbvery bj grbj}k bw}k milbvbjgik* Bj blbg}c! wrw km|bvwkvicw!y kj}b }cmc acw gvbybj}bw! {ribvbj k }cmk gcw}k gcjlrjmivacw mcw wiw}bekw y! pcv ak k|bvwij mb acw }vkfkhkmcvbw gvb%ybj}bw dkgik ba pviebvc! mbw}bvvkv iorkaebj}b ba wborjmc*Acw pkw}cvbw mb acw gvbybj}bw migbj8 ba ek}bvikaiwec pvc%


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gakek {rb ba erjmc bj}bvc jc bw c}vk gcwk ew {rb ek}b%vik ec|imk ebgjigkebj}b! {rb ak ek}bvik y ak lrbvxk wcj

akw jigkw gcwkw {rb btiw}bj mb ekjbvk b}bvjk y kfwcar}k!{rb ba pbjwkeibj}c bw wiepabebj}b rjk wbgvbgij mba gb%vbfvc gcec ak fiaiw ac bw mba dokmc> migbj {rb acw ek}bvik%aiw}kw wcj kmcvkmcvbw mb ak ek}bvik y {rb ba ek}bvikaiwecdiw}vigc bw ak eiwek gcwk {rb ba ek}bvikaiwec liacwligc*Ergdcw }vkfkhkmcvbw! bwpbgikaebj}b bj akw vboicjbw gk}%aigkw! {rb wiorbj }cmk|k klbvvkmcw k ak kmcvkgij wbv|ia mbabwpvi}r y {rb wcj ery pcgcw acw {rb gcjcgbj akw |bvmkmb%vkw imbkw mb ak wcgikambecgvkgik wcfvb ak jk}rvkabxk mbabwpvi}r! }ka gcec dkj wimc pvbwbj}kmkw pcv Hcwbpd Mib}x%obj! gvbbj bj bwb miwgrvwc y }ibjbj eibmc mb bwgrgdkv kacw cvkmcvbw wcgikambegvk}kw {rb {ribvbj gcjmrgivacw k akkmcvkgij mb ak ek}bvik y! kw! k ak gcjmbjk b}bvjk*

Bw}kw klivekgicjbw wcj lkawkw* Ecw}vkvbecw! pcvebmic mb rjk wbvib mb bhbepacw! {rb ba ek}bvikaiwec diw}%vigc jc }vk}k mb ak vbakgij objbvka mba bwpvi}r y mb ak ek%}bvik! mba kaek y mba grbvpc! mb micw y mba erjmc! mba pbj%wkeibj}c y mba wbv! wijc {rb wcakebj}b btpaigk acw gkeficwbj ba pbjwkeibj}c! pvcmrgimcw pcv akw }vkjwlcvekgicjbwwcgikabw*

Pbvc wi pvcfkecw {rb ba ek}bvikaiwec diw}vigc jcbw ak eiwek gcwk {rb ba ek}bvikaiwec liacwligc! ka mbgivacjc {rbvbecw mkv k bj}bjmbv {rb ba ek}bvikaiwec diw}vigcjc prbmb gcjmrgiv k rjk gcjgbpgij objbvka mba erjmc*Pcv ba gcj}vkvic! ba ek}bvikaiwec diw}vigc bw! gcec }cmkgibjgik btpbviebj}ka! rj ebmic pkvk aabokv k rjk gcjgbp%gij liacwligk objbvka mba erjmc* Kd vbwimb pvbgiwkebj}brjk pkv}b iepcv}kj}b mb wr wiojiligkgij pkvk ba pvcab}kvik%mc* Jcw kgbvgk k rjk vbpvbwbj}kgij objbvka mba erjmc*Wij befkvoc! bw}k vbpvbwbj}kgij jc bw ak vbpvbwbj}kgijek}bvika%ebgjigk! gcec }kepcgc bw ak vbpvbwbj}kgijgviw}ikjc%gk}aigk! c b|kjoaigk! c aifbvka> bw c}vk gcjgbp%


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gij! rjk jrb|k gcjgbpgij! rjk jrb|k |iwij mba erjmc{rb wac bw pvcpik mb ak wcgikambecgvkgik* Ba ek}bvikaiwec

diw}vigc jc bw bw}k gcjgbpgij mba erjmc pvcpikebj}b! bwrjk |k! rj ebmic! rjc mb acw ergdcw ebmicw pkvk aabokv kbaak! gcec ac wcj kwieiwec ba mkvijiwec! ba gcjhrj}c mbak gibjgik! ak mcg}vijk mba gkpi}ka mb Ekvt y ak mcg}vijk mbabwpvi}r mb Mib}xobj! c fibj ba gcjcgieibj}c mb bw}cw eb%micw* Rjc wcac mb bw}cw ebmicw jc fkw}k pkvk aabokv k bw}kgcjgbpgij mba erjmc pbvc! }cmcw hrj}cw! aab|kj k baak*

Mkmc {rb bj bw}b lcaab}c jc miwgr}iecw ew {rb mbaek}bvikaiwec diw}vigc! b|imbj}bebj}b jc dkfakvbecw mbekjbvk mb}kaakmk mb ak gcjgbpgij liacwligk objbvka mb akwcgikambecgvkgik* Gcj kaorjcw mb acw bhbepacw {rb jcwgcjmrgivj ka bwgakvbgieibj}c mb jrbw}vc }bek! }bjmvbecwcgkwij mb ecw}vkv! wij befkvoc! bwk gcjgbpgij objbvka

mba erjmc! k lij mb {rb acw abg}cvbw gcepvbjmkj bj gibv}kebmimk bwk }c}kaimkm mb ak {rb ba ek}bvikaiwec diw}vigcgcjw}i}ryb rjk pkv}b gcj }kj}kw c}vkw gibjgikw*

IIIBa gcj}bjimc mb ak mcg}vijk

Gra bw! prbw! ba gcj}bjimc objbvka mb jrbw}vk

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Pkvk grka{ribvk {rb cfwbv|b ak |imk wcgika k wr ka%vbmbmcv bw b|imbj}b {rb acw eibefvcw mb ak wcgibmkm |i|bjbj gibv}kw vbakgicjbw er}rkw* Wcgikaebj}b jc wcj iorkabw


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wijc {rb wb wi}kj bj rj vkjoc wrpbvicv c ijlbvicv y wbcpcjbj acw rjcw k acw c}vcw bj ovrpcw c gakwbw* Ba bwpbg}k%

mcv wrpbvligika pcmvk pbjwkv {rb bw}kw vbakgicjbw jc wcjew {rb vbakgicjbw mb pvcpibmkm8 rjcw pcwbbj ak }ibvvk!c}vcw akw lfvigkw! acw ebmicw mb }vkjwpcv}b c ebvgkjgkwmbw}ijkmkw k ak |bj}k! c}vcw jc pcwbbj jkmk* Ba bwpbg}kmcvwrpbvligika pcmvk pbjwkv }kefij {rb ak milbvbjgik bw

pvijgipkaebj}b rjk milbvbjgik pca}igk8 gibv}cw ovrpcw miw%pcjbj mba pcmbv mba Bw}kmc! c}vcw jc }ibjbj jijorjk c gkwijijorjk ijlarbjgik wcfvb w}b* Pbvc ba {rb eivk ew pvc%lrjmkebj}b cfwbv|k {rb! mb}vw mb akw vbakgicjbw mb pvc%

pibmkm y mb akw vbakgicjbw pca}igkw! dky vbakgicjbw mb pvc%mrggij! bw mbgiv! vbakgicjbw bj akw {rb acw dcefvbw bw}jrjcw lvbj}b k c}vcw grkjmc pvcmrgbj ac {rb ak wcgibmkm jb%gbwi}k*

]vkfkhkmcvbw! bepvbwkvicw! kvekmcvbw! vbj}iw}kw!ovkjmbw pvcpib}kvicw mb ak }ibvvk! ovkjhbvcw! ekycviw}kw y}bjmbvcw wcj ac {rb wcj pcv ba arokv {rb cgrpkj bj ba pvc%gbwc mb pvcmrggij! bj ak }vkjwlcvekgij y ak givgrakgijmb acw pvcmrg}cw* Bw}k milbvbjgik bw kj ew pvclrjmk {rbk{rbaak wboj ak grka rjc }ibjb mijbvc y ba c}vc jc* Ak}vkjwlcvekgij mb akw vi{rbxkw jk}rvkabw bw ba lrjmkebj}c

mb ak wcgibmkm* Jcwc}vcw bw}kecw vbgpvcgkebj}b bj vbak%gicjbw mb }vkfkhc! mb pvcmrggij*

Bj {r wb fkwkj! prbw! bw}kw vbakgicjbw mb }vkfkhc3Lac}kj wiepabebj}b bj ba kivb acw dcefvbw bj }kj}c {rbgkpi}kaiw}kw y }vkfkhkmcvbw! ovkjmbw pvcpib}kvicw mb ak }ib%vvk! ovkjhbvcw y hcvjkabvcw! c mb grka{ribv c}vk ekjbvk {rb

prbmkj kj aakekvwb }cmcw acw c}vcw eibefvcw mb ak wcgib%mkm3

Jc! wb fkwkj bj ak }gjigk! bj akw dbvvkeibj}kw gcjakw {rb }vkfkhkj bj ak }ibvvk! bj ak jk}rvkabxk* Acw ijmrw%}vikabw y acw pvcab}kvicw wb kpcykj bj ak e{rijk! wcj mb%

pbjmibj}bw mb ak e{rijk* Wi jc drfibwb e{rijkw! jc


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dkfvk ji ijmrw}vikabw ji pvcab}kvicw c! bj }cmc gkwc! jcgcec ac wcj dcy*

Ba cligic mb }bhbv wbjgiaac mkfk cviobj ka }vkfkhc bjgkwk pkvk }cmk ak lkeiaik! ba cligic mb }bhbv bj ba }kaabv bj%objmvkfk rjk wcgibmkm gcj wrw pb{rbcw ekbw}vcw y wrwcligikabw! ak ovkj e{rijk mb }bhbv mb dibvvc ec|imk pcv ba|kpcv c ak babg}vigimkm! rjk wcgibmkm gcj ovkjmbw ijmrw%}vikabw! kggicjiw}kw! mivbg}cvbw! fkj{rbvcw y cfvbvcw kwkak%vikmcw*

Akw vbakgicjbw mb pvcmrggij jc pakjbkj bj ba kivbgcec jrfbw mb drec c mb |kpcv> lcvekj ekvgcw waimcwmbj}vc mb acw grkabw acw dcefvbw bw}j bjgbvvkmcw* Ba pvc%gbwc mb pvcmrggij bw rj pvcgbwc ek}bvika! akw dbvvkeibj%}kw wcj acw prj}cw mba jorac y mb kpcyc bj acw {rb jcwbjgcj}vkecw*

Ak }gjigk! akw dbvvkeibj}kw! akw lrbvxkw pvcmrg}i%|kw! wcj ak ijlvkbw}vrg}rvk mb ak wcgibmkm! ba lrjmkebj}c|bvmkmbvc wcfvb ba {rb wb ab|kj}k }cmc ba cvokjiwec oiokj%}bwgc! kw mbwkvvcaakmc! mb ak wcgibmkm* Pbvc bw}cw eiwecwdcefvbw {rb bw}kfabgbj wrw vbakgicjbw wcgikabw bj lrjgijmb wr ecmc mb pvcmrggij ek}bvika! lcvekj }kefij wrwimbkw! wrw vbpvbwbj}kgicjbw! wrw gcjgbpgicjbw! wrw pvijgi%

picw! bj lrjgij mb bw}kw vbakgicjbw* Acw gkpi}kaiw}kw! acwcfvbvcw y akw c}vkw gakwbw! {rb! bj vkxj mb ak }gjigk mb akwcgibmkm bj ak {rb |i|bj! bw}j cfaiokmcw k wi}rkvwb rjcwlvbj}b k c}vcw bj vbakgicjbw mb}bveijkmkw bj }kj}c {rbmrbc y gvikmc! pvcpib}kvic y wij pvcpibmkm! pvcpib}kvic }b%vvk}bjibj}b! ovkjhbvc y hcvjkabvc bw}cw eiwecw gkpi}kaiw%}kw! cfvbvcw! b}g*! pibjwkj iorkaebj}b bj }kj}c {rb gkpi}k%aiw}kw! cfvbvcw! b}g* Lcvekj wrw imbkw! wrw vbpvbwbj}kgicjbw!jc bj }kj}c {rb wbvbw kfw}vkg}cw wijc gcec dcefvbw |i|cwvbkabw ery gcjgvb}cw {rb wcj! bj }kj}c {rb dcefvbw wcgik%abw {rb |i|bj bj rjk wcgibmkm mb}bveijkmk*


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bj ba }vkfkhc! bj akw lrbvxkw pvcmrg}i|kw wijc {rb! prbw}c{rb pbjwkecw mbj}vc mb bw}kw vbakgicjbw ek}bvikabw y fkhcbw}kw vbakgicjbw! jrbw}vcw pbjwkeibj}cw mbpbjmbj }kefijmivbg}kebj}b mb bw}kw vbakgicjbw y! pcv }kj}c! ijmivbg}k%ebj}b! mb akw lrbvxkw pvcmrg}i|kw*

Ba wbv wcgika ecmbvjc mba pvcab}kvic dk wimc gvbkmcpcv ak e{rijk* Wrw pbjwkeibj}cw wcgikabw! {rb vbwra}kj mbak vbakgij bj ak {rb wb bjgrbj}vk bj }kj}c {rb pvcab}kvic!wb fkwkj! prbw! ijmivbg}kebj}b! bj ba ek{rijiwec ecmbv%jc! mbpbjmbj ijmivbg}kebj}b mb w}b* Y ac eiwec cgrvvbgcj }cmkw akw gakwbw mb ak wcgibmkm gkpi}kaiw}k* Bj blbg}c!akw vbakgicjbw bj akw {rb acw dcefvbw ijmi|imrkabw bw}jrjcw lvbj}b k c}vcw! jc wcj |aimkw jigkebj}b pkvk baacw

wcacw* Wcgikaebj}b! ba dcefvb jc bw} bj rjk vbakgij pkv%}igrakv! {rb ab pbv}bjbgbvk gcec gcwk pvcpik! lvbj}b k acwc}vcw> }ibjb ergdcw wbebhkj}bw {rb bw}j btkg}kebj}b bjak eiwek vbakgij gcj acw c}vcw* Rj cfvbvc pcv wborivgcj ba eiwec bhbepac jc bw}wcac bj }kj}c {rb }vkfkhk%mcv kwkakvikmc gcj vbakgij k c}vcw dcefvbw! bw rjc mb acwjrebvcwcw kwkakvikmcw! bw eibefvc mb rjk gakwb mb eiaac%

jbw mb kwkakvikmcw {rb! bj }kj}c {rb kwkakvikmcw! wb bj%grbj}vkj bj ak eiwek wi}rkgij {rb a* Y ac eiwec cgrvvbgcj }cmcw acw dcefvbw bj ba erjmc gi|iaixkmc> }cmcw pbv%}bjbgbj k rj ovrpc! k rjk gakwb grycw eibefvcw wb gce%

pcv}kj mb ak eiwek ekjbvk bj ba pvcgbwc mb pvcmrggij*Pcv }kj}c! jc wac bw gibv}c {rb rj cfvbvc! {rb rj gkpi}kaiw%}k! {rb rj gkepbwijc! b}g*! pbjwkv wcgikaebj}b gcec abdkvj pbjwkv akw vbakgicjbw mb }vkfkhc! wijc {rb wrw gcj%gbpgicjbw! wrw imbkw! wrw vbpvbwbj}kgicjbw! gcijgimivj bjwrw vkwocw pvijgipkabw gcj akw mb gibj}cw mb eiabw mb c}vkw

pbvwcjkw {rb wb bjgrbj}vkj bj ak eiwek wi}rkgij {rb a*


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Btiw}b rj pbjwkeibj}c mb gakwb! gcec btiw}b rjk pcwigijmb gakwb bj ba pvcgbwc mb }vkfkhc*

Ak lcvek k{r jcw wboriecw cgrpkjmc mba bwfc%xc objbvka mb jrbw}vk mcg}vijk ak lcvek bj {rb wb vb|bakjakw vbakgicjbw mb }vkfkhc mb akw milbvbj}bw gakwbw8 mb acw gk%

pi}kaiw}kw! mb acw bepvbwkvicw! mb acw cfvbvcw! b}g*! bw kaeiwec }ibepc rjk vbakgij mb pvcpibmkm bj ak wcgibmkmgkpi}kaiw}k y! bj objbvka! bj rjk wcgibmkm mi|imimk bj gak%wbw* Acw gkpi}kaiw}kw! acw kwkakvikmcw! acw gcebvgikj}bw! acwgkepbwijcw! jc wac cgrpkj rjk pcwigij {rb abw bw pvcpikbj ak pvcmrggij! wijc }kefij bj ak pcwbwij! bj ak pvc%

pibmkm* Ba kggicjiw}k {rb wb befcawk acw mi|imbjmcw hrbokbj ba pvcgbwc mb pvcmrggij jc wac ba pkpba mb pvc|bbmcvmb mijbvc y mb pkvwi}c wijc {rb }kefij bw gcpvcpib}kvicmb ak bepvbwk! mb acw ebmicw mb pvcmrggij! mba }bvvbjc!

mb akw dbvvkeibj}kw! mb akw ek}bvikw pviekw! mb acw pvcmrg%}cw* Ba gcebvgikj}b jc bw wac kaoribj {rb dkgb ij}bvgke%ficw! rj ij}bvebmikvic! wijc }kefij rj pvcpib}kvic mbebvgkjgkw y mb ak okjkjgik gcebvgika* Ba cfvbvc jc bw w%ac ba {rb lkfvigk acw fibjbw! wijc }kefij ba pvcpib}kvic mbwr lrbvxk mb }vkfkhc! {rb |bjmb bj gkmk cgkwij! y mba pvb%gic {rb cf}ibjb mb baac* Bj c}vcw }veijcw! akw vbakgicjbw

mb }vkfkhc wcj! bj rjk wcgibmkm {rb bw} mi|imimk bj gakwbw!vbakgicjbw mb pvcpibmkm ka eiwec }ibepc*

Jc wibepvb dk wimc kw* Bj ak wcgibmkm gcerjiw}kpviei}i|k! ak }ibvvk! ak gkwk gcjw}vrimk mb ecmc gcerji}k%vic! acw vbfkcw! bj rjk pkakfvk! acw ebmicw mb pvcmrggij

pvijgipkabw bvkj pvcpibmkm gcej* Acw }vkfkhcw wcgikabwbwbjgikabw wb vbkaixkfkj gcjhrj}kebj}b> wi dkgbecw kfw%}vkggij mb ak milbvbjgik mb wbtc y mb bmkm! wb bw}kfk bjiorkamkm bj ba pvcgbwc mb pvcmrggij y jc dkfk milbvbj%gik! c wac rjk pb{rbk milbvbjgik! bj ba mceijic mb ak

pvcpibmkm*


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Pbvc mbwprw {rb ak mi|iwij mba }vkfkhc aabo k wbv}kj ovkjmb {rb wb gvbkvcj }cmk gakwb mb cligicw bwpbgikabw!

y mbwprw mb {rb! ovkgikw k rjk ebhcv }gjigk y rjk ebhcvmi|iwij mba }vkfkhc! wb pvcmrhc rj btgbmbj}b bj vbakgijgcj ac {rb bvk mivbg}kebj}b jbgbwkvic pkvk |i|iv! kaorjkw

pvclbwicjbw beijbj}bw pcv ba wkfbv c pcv ak |kabj}k }k%abw gcec akw mb acw wkgbvmc}bw c mb acw orbvvbvcw! wrpibvcjkpvcpikvwb bw}b btgbmbj}b y! ka lijka! }kefij acw ebmicwmb pvcmrggij* Mb bw}b ecmc jkgibvcj akw gakwbw y kw bwgcec ak pvcpibmkm pvi|kmk wb gcj|iv}i bj ak lcvek bj ak{rb wb dkj vb|bakmc akw vbakgicjbw mb }vkfkhc*

Ovkgikw ka mbwkvvcaac mb ak }gjigk y k ak mi|iwijmba }vkfkhc wb dkj gvbkmc akw gakwbw* Akw vbakgicjbw mb gak%wb y akw vbakgicjbw mb pvcpibmkm mbwgkjwkj bj ba }vkfkhc*Ovkgikw ka mbwkvvcaac mb ak }gjigk! {rb dk prbw}c k gibv}kw

pvclbwicjbw bj gcjmigicjbw mb kpcmbvkvwb mb acw ebmicw mbpvcmrggij! dkj jkgimc acw pcwbbmcvbw y acw {rb jc }ibjbjpvcpibmkm y ak ovkj ekycvk mba prbfac wb dk }vkjwlcvekmcbj bwgak|cw! bj wibv|cw y bj kwkakvikmcw*

Y ba btgbmbj}b {rb ak }gjigk y ba }vkfkhc pvcmrgbjew kaa mb ac {rb bw mivbg}kebj}b jbgbwkvic! dk aabokmc kwbv gkmk |bx ew iepcv}kj}b! y gkmk |bx ew iepcv}kj}b

bw! pcv }kj}c! ak vi{rbxk mb acw pcwbbmcvbw! y gkmk |bx ewmrvc ba gcj}vkw}b mb gakwb pkvk acw {rb jc }ibjbj pvcpib%mkm* Pcv }kj}c! bj ak eiwek ebmimk dk krebj}kmc ak argdkmb gakwb! ak argdk {rb akw gakwbw aab|kj pcv ak pcwbwij mbacw pvcmrg}cw y mb acw ebmicw mb pvcmrggij! y mb bw}kekjbvk wb dk gcj|bv}imc bj ak lcvek objbvka mb ak argdk

pcv ak btiw}bjgik mb acw dcefvbw bj ak wcgibmkm* Akw vbak%gicjbw mb }vkfkhc wcj vbakgicjbw mb pvcpibmkm! y akw vbak%gicjbw mb pvcpibmkm wcj vbakgicjbw bj}vb akw gakwbw {rb ar%gdkj rjkw gcj}vk c}vkw> y }cmkw akw vbakgicjbw! bj wr gcj%

hrj}c! mbwgkjwkj bj ba mbwkvvcaac mba }vkfkhc! vbwra}kj mbapvcgbwc mb }vkfkhc! mb ak }gjigk*


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}vkfkhkmcv gcjcgb c prbmb gcjcgbv k pkv}iv mba kefibj}bbj ba {rb |i|b! gkeficw bj akw vbakgicjbw wcgikabw y bj bapbjwkeibj}c wcgika {rb mbfbj wka}kv k ak |iw}k mb }cmcdcefvb |i|c* Pvcfabekw! pcv ac mbew! {rb wcj mba ekycvij}bvw pkvk ak btiw}bjgik mb ak gakwb }vkfkhkmcvk y {rb jc


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prbmbj wbv vbwrba}cw mb rjk ekjbvk wk}iwlkg}cvik pkvk bw}kgakwb ew {rb pcv ak wcgikambecgvkgik*

Kmbew! mb bw}b ecmc dkvbecw wiera}jbkebj}bfrbjk pvcpkokjmk*

Pbvc gcj}vk jrbw}vk mcg}vijk wbvj pvbwbj}kmcw kv%orebj}cw ery iepcv}kj}bw y kpkvbj}bebj}b pcmbvcwcw*

Pcv bwc! grkjmc miwgr}kecw mb }cmk gakwb mb lbj%ebjcw bwpivi}rkabw! gcec acw gkeficw bj akw imbkw pca}i%gkw! bj akw vbpvbwbj}kgicjbw vbaioicwkw y c}vcw dbgdcw wiei%akvbw! mbhkvbecw {rb wb mbwpaiborb! y gcefk}ivbecw bj gk%mk cgkwij! rjc mb acw kvorebj}cw ew wiojiligk}i|cw mbjrbw}vcw km|bvwkvicw! k lij mb {rb jrbw}vk mcg}vijk prbmkwbv bjgkvkmk pvcovbwi|kebj}b mbwmb }cmcw acw akmcw y {rbwb cf}bjok mb baak rjk frbjk |iwij mb gcjhrj}c*

Akw ecmiligkgicjbw ek}bvikabw kgkvvbkmkw pcv bagkefic mb ak }gjigk prbmbj wbv miw}ijorimkw ery lgia%ebj}b* Bj gkmk vkek mb ijmrw}vik! bj acw ebmicw mb }vkjw%

pcv}b y }kefij bj ak kovigra}rvk! pcv }cmkw pkv}bw! ak }g%jigk gkefik! akw lrbvxkw pvcmrg}i|kw gkefikj* ]cmcw acwmkw |becw pvcmrgivwb bw}c kj}b jrbw}vcw chcw*

Ak gcepcwigij mb acw gkvkg}bvbw! ak lkfvigkgij mb

acw iepvbwcw! wb dkgkj vbgibj}bebj}b }cmk|k objbvkaebj%}b k ekjc* Pbvc ba pvcovbwc mb ak }gjigk dk kpcv}kmc ak ai%jc}ipik! ak grka dkgb lrjmiv acw gkvkg}bvbw cfbmbgibjmc k akekjc mba }ipovklc! y acw pcjb bj wr wi}ic*

Ba wcpakmc mba |imvic wb dkgk gcj ak fcgk* Ak }g%jigk dk ij|bj}kmc dbvvkeibj}kw {rb lkfvigkj ba |kwc mb |i%mvic! akw fc}baakw! b}g*

Ak ekj}b{riaak wb dkgk k ekjc* Wb dk ij|bj}kmcrjk e{rijk {rb }vk}k bj rj }ibepc vbmrgimc ovkjmbw gkj%}imkmbw mb abgdb> ak e{rijk bw r}iaixkmk kdcvk rji|bvwka%ebj}b*


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Ak ekwk bw ecambkmk k ekjc bj ba dcvjc mba pb%{rbc pkjkmbvc! ak e{rijk ac dkgb bj ak lfvigk mb pkj*

Ak arx bvk pvcmrgimk pcv ak ekmvb mb lkeiaik bj badcokv k ak kj}iork* Baak aiepikfk ak aepkvk! ak aabjkfk! |i%oiakfk pkvk gkefikv ak ebgdk* Bj ba dcokv ecmbvjc! ba okwc ak gcvvibj}b bag}vigk wcj wreijiw}vkmcw mbwmb ery abhcw

pcv ak e{rijk*Pcv }cmkw pkv}bw mcjmb wb eivb! wb kwiw}b k rjk ec%

miligkgij mb akw lrbvxkw pvcmrg}i|kw! bj }cmkw akw vkekw mbak ijmrw}vik! kw gcec k rj gkefic y k rjk b|cargij gkmk|bx ew vpimcw* Ak e{rijk gcjwiorb rjkw dkfiaimkmbw{rb wb akw gcjwimbvkfk iepcwifabw pkvk baak*

Y gcj akw lrbvxkw pvcmrg}i|kw gkefikj akw vbakgic%jbw mb pvcmrggij! gkefik ba ecmc mb pvcmrggij* Ykdbecw dkfakmc mba cligic mb }bhbv ebgjigkebj}b! y gec

dkfk }vkmc c}vkw vbakgicjbw bj}vb acw bepvbwkvicw! y bj}vbbaacw y acw cfvbvcw* Kj}bw! dkfk jrebvcwcw pb{rbcw kv}b%wkjcw gcj pb{rbcw }kaabvbw rjcw ka akmc mb c}vcw! y pvc%

pcvgicjkaebj}b pcgcw kwkakvikmcw* Kdcvk dky gibj}cw mbeiabw mb kwkakvikmcw y! pvcpcvgicjkaebj}b! pcgcw pvcpib}k%vicw mb lfvigk! pcgcw bepvbwkvicw* Acw lkfvigkj}bw wbgcepcv}kj rjcw lvbj}b k c}vcw gcec ovkjmbw wbcvbw y

gcec mwpc}kw kwi}igcw lvbj}b k acw cfvbvcw* [r gkeficbj bw}k vbakgij+ Y! wij befkvoc! }cmc bw}c jc dk wimc mb%}bveijkmc ew {rb pcv ak e{rijk*

Y! bj blbg}c! bw baak ak {rb dk pvcpcvgicjkmc vi{rb%xkw ka {rb dk pcmimc km{rivivak! ak {rb ac dk prbw}c bj gcj%migicjbw mb |bjgbv k wrw gcepb}imcvbw! mb cf}bjbv k gvmi%}c rj gkpi}ka oiokj}bwgc y! {rix! mb gcjw}i}riv rj }vrw}* Ybw baak! ak lrbvxk pvcmrg}i|k! ak {rb dk dbgdc pbvmbv wr

pvcpibmkm k acw pb{rbcw pvcpib}kvicw y ak {rb dk lcvxkmck eiabw mb baacw k bj}vkv bj ba wkakvikmc*

Y gra bw ak gcjwbgrbjgik mb ak jrb|k lrbvxk pvc%mrg}i|k bj ak pvbpkvkgij mb ak ekj}b{riaak3 Ak e{rijk!


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{rb }vkjwlcvek eiabw mb ai}vcw mb abgdb bj ekj}b{riaak! wb%vk mbekwikmc gkvk pkvk ba gkepbwijc ebmic! y }bjmvk

kwieiwec mbekwikmk pcgk abgdb pkvk baak* Pcv baac bwgcepvkmk bj gcej pcv rj gbj}bjkv mb gkepbwijcw {rbkdcvk }vk}kj wr abgdb mb ekjbvk gcabg}i|k* Ak lrbvxk pvc%mrg}i|k wb dk ecmiligkmc! pbvc }kefij wb dkj ecmiligkmcakw vbakgicjbw mb pvcmrggij! kw gcec }cmk ak ekjbvk mb

pvcmrgiv> mcjmb kj}bw }vkfkhkfkj kiwakmkebj}b gibj pbvwc%jkw! mcjmb akw erhbvbw y akw dihkw mba gkepbwijc dkgkj akekj}b{riaak bj ak btpac}kgij kovgcak! kdcvk gccpbvkjgibj pbvwcjkw {rb dkgbj }vkfkhkv k cfvbvcw kwkakvikmcw pcvgrbj}k mb wr gcabg}i|imkm* Acw gkepbwijcw! wrw erhbvbw!wrw dihkw y rj gibv}c jebvc mb pvcab}kvicw dkj bj}vkmc bjjrb|kw vbakgicjbw mb pvcmrggij bj}vb w y mb gkvk k ak wc%gibmkm*

]bjbv k prj}c ak aepkvk mb okw c mb pb}vabc bvkgcwk mb ak erhbv mb ak gkwk> gibj}cw mb eiabw mb erhbvbw wbcgrpkfkj! bj akw gkwk! mb ak pvcmrggij mb ak arx* Pbvc wiak erjigipkaimkm gcjw}vryb rjk lfvigk mb okw c rjk gbj%}vka bag}vigk! bj}cjgbw wb ecmiligkj akw vbakgicjbw mb pvc%mrggij* Jc bw rj wbv drekjc pkv}igrakv ba {rb pvcmrgb!wijc rj ovkj vokjc wcgika8 ba erjigipic* Rjk jrb|k gakwb

mb cfvbvcw! {rb kj}bw bvkj vkvcw! dkgb wr kpkvigij pcv ei%abw8 acw cfvbvcw erjigipkabw! acw grkabw bw}j gcj vbwpbg}ck ak wcgibmkm bj rjk vbakgij }c}kaebj}b miw}ij}k k ak mba

pvcmrg}cv mb arx kj}bvicv*Kj}kc! ba gkvvrkhb mb }vkjwpcv}b mb ebvgkjgkw y

ba gcvvbc wb kvvkw}vkfkj k }vk|w mba pkw* Ak }gjigk dk ij%|bj}kmc ak acgcec}cvk y ba }baovklc y! mb bw}b ecmc! dkwimc pcwifab ka Bw}kmc gkpi}kaiw}k k}vkbv dkgik a ba }vkjw%

pcv}b mb acw fibjbw! mb acw dcefvbw y mb akw jc}igikw* Gibj%}cw mb eiabw mb cfvbvcw y mb bepabkmcw dkj bj}vkmc bjjrb|kw vbakgicjbw mb pvcmrggij* Akw ekwkw drekjkw {rb!bj ba erjigipic! ba Bw}kmc c ba Iepbvic! bw}j bj rjk vbak%


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gij mb pvcmrggij mivbg}k gcj ak gcabg}i|imkm! wcj ergdcekycvbw {rb akw era}i}rmbw kvekmkw mb c}vcw }ibepcw*

Jc dky kg}i|imkm bj ak {rb ak }gjigk jc dkyk ij%}vcmrgimc rjk jrb|k ekjbvk mb pvcmrgiv* Mb kvvifk kfkhc!mbwmb ba bw}kfabgieibj}c mb ij|bw}iokgij gibj}ligk bj{reigk! mbwmb ba akfcvk}cvic mba ij|bj}cv dkw}k ba }vkfkhcew dreiamb! dkw}k ak baieijkgij mb akw fkwrvkw bj rjkovkj girmkm ecmbvjk! ak }gjigk y ba ecmc mb }vkfkhkv wbecmiligkj wij gbwkv* Bj gkmk kg}i|imkm dk dkfimc vb|car%gicjbw! mb ekjbvk {rb acw ij|bj}cw yk jc wcj cfvk mba kxkvc mb dcefvbw objikabw wijc cfvk mb pbvwcjkw {rb wcj lcv%ekmkw k pvcpwi}c pkvk bjgcj}vkvacw y {rb frwgkj gcjw%gibj}bebj}b bj rjk mivbggij mb}bveijkmk*

Rjk }vkw c}vk! akw vkekw mb pvcmrggij wcj ecmili%gk c fibj }c}kaebj}b baieijkmkw* Ak |imk bgcjeigk mb rj

pkw gkpi}kaiw}k ecmbvjc bw wbebhkj}b k rjk girmkm ec%mbvjk bj ak {rb kpkvbgbj jrb|kw gcjw}vrggicjbw bj arokvmb gcjhrj}cw kj}iorcw mb gkwkw y gkaabw*

Ak jrb|k }gjigk bjobjmvk ba ovkj gkpi}ka! bjobj%mvk! prbw! }kefij ba wiw}bek fkjgkvic y mb gvmi}c ecmbv%jc {rb era}ipaigk kj ew akw lrbvxkw mba ovkj gkpi}ka*

Bjobjmvk ba gcebvgic ecmbvjc! bjobjmvk ak btpcv%

}kgij mb fibjbw bj ekwk y mb gkpi}kabw! y mb bw}b ecmc acwekvbw wb grfvbj mb jk|cw y pkv}bw bj}bvkw mba erjmc wcjwceb}imkw ka gkpi}kaiwec pkvk ak pvcmrggij mb eijbvkabw ymb pvcmrg}cw kovgcakw*

Bjobjmvk acw ovkjmbw ij}bvbwbw gkpi}kaiw}kw {rbjigkebj}b ba Bw}kmc bw ac fkw}kj}b pcmbvcwc pkvk mblbj%mbvacw* Pcv gcjwioribj}b! bjobjmvk ba Bw}kmc ecmbvjceiwec! gcj wr eiai}kviwec! wr orw}c pcv ak ekvijk mb orb%vvk! wr pca}igk gcacjika y wr iepbvikaiwec! gcj wr bhvgi}cmb lrjgicjkvicw y wr frvcgvkgik*

Bw jbgbwkvic {rb! miwpcjibjmc mb bw}cw bhbepacw!k}vkiokecw ak k}bjgij mb acw }vkfkhkmcvbw wcfvb ba dbgdc


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mb {rb akw jrb|kw vbakgicjbw mb pvcmrggij wcj ka eiwec}ibepc vbakgicjbw mb pvcpibmkm3 Ba jebvc mb pvcpib}k%

vicw mb ebmicw mb pvcmrggij bj ba Iepbvic kabej dkmiweijrimc! mbwmb ;492 k ;90?! bj 4=*000 bj ak ijmrw}vik ybj pcv ba gcj}vkvic! ba jebvc mb dcefvbw{rb |i|bj mb ak |bj}k mb wr lrbvxk mb }vkfkhc dk krebj}k%mc bj }vbw eiaacjbw bj ak ijmrw}vik y bj ;*


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Pcv gcjwioribj}b! akw vbakgicjbw mb pvcmrggij y mbpvcpibmkm jc wcj vbakgicjbw mb pbvwcjkw! wijc vbakgicjbw

mb gakwbw*Ak jrb|k }gjigk gvbk! pcv rj akmc! rj jebvc mb

jc%pvcpib}kvicw {rb gvbgb gcj}ijrkebj}b y ew vpimc {rbak pcfakgij! acw grkabw lcvekj pvcovbwi|kebj}b ak ekyc%vk mb ak pcfakgij y jc vbgifbj gkwi jkmk mb ak vi{rbxk wc%gika! kw gcec rj jebvc ery ovkjmb mb pb{rbcw frv%orbwbw y mb pb{rbcw gkepbwijcw! mb bepabkmcw y mbeibefvcw mb acw cligicw ew mi|bvwcw k acw {rb wb mk bt%}vbekmkebj}b pcgc* Pbvc! mb c}vc akmc! ak }gjigk gvbk rjjebvc pvcpcvgicjkaebj}b pb{rbc mb gkpi}kaiw}kw {rb!

pcv wr mceijkgij pca}igk y bgcjeigk! k}vkbj dkgik baacwak ekycv pkv}b! y mb abhcw! mb ak vi{rbxk wcgika*

Y ac {rb kekwkj gkmk kc gcec ekycvbw btgbmbj%

}bw! bw r}iaixkmc jrb|kebj}b pkvk btpac}kv k acw {rb jc pc%wbbj jkmk c pcgc! acw cfvbvcw! acw pb{rbcw gkepbwijcw yacw pb{rbcw frvorbwbw! acw prbfacw bt}vkjhbvcw mb acw

pkwbw {rb }cmk|k jc bw}j mbwkvvcaakmcw mb ekjbvk gkpi%}kaiw}k! mb ecmc {rb dkgb wr kpkvigij rjk kgrerakgij! kij}bvw gceprbw}c! {rb gvbgb pvcovbwi|kebj}b! y wb ekji%libw}k rjk kovk|kgij mb ak ijwrligibjgik! pcv rj akmc! y mba

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[rb ba }vkfkhkmcv cfwbv|b gcj eivkmk gkaek y liv%eb wr btiw}bjgik ek}bvika! ak mb wrw gcepkbvcw y ak mb akwgakwbw {rb bw}j pcv bjgiek mb a! y bjgcj}vkv {rb ac {rbwb dk migdc bw hrw}c* Bw}c ab aifbvkv yk mb ergdcw pvbhri%gicw y wrpbvw}igicjbw*

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mbekwikmc btiobj}bw* Mb ak eiwek ekjbvk {rb ba pvcgbwcmb pvcmrggij jbgbwi}k mb}bveijkmkw e{rijkw {rb lrj%gicjkj gkmk |bx ew vpimc y wreijiw}vkj ew pvcmrg}cw!mb iorka ecmc jbgbwi}k }kefij rj }ipc mb}bveijkmc mbcfvbvcw! ba pvcab}kvikmc ecmbvjc! {rb wb miw}ijorb mb acwcfvbvcw kj}bvicvbw* Ba pvcgbwc mb pvcmrggij iepcjb k akwcgibmkm bw}k jbgbwimkm! gvbk bw}k jbgbwimkm pcv wr pvcpikjk}rvkabxk* Bj ba wioac mibgicgdc! pcv bhbepac! jc dkfkjbgbwimkm }cmk|k mb cfvbvcw mb bw}b }ipc*

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pcv ak gakwb frvorbwk! y wr pbjwkeibj}c jc }ibjb wr lrbj}bbj ba pvcgbwc mb pvcmrggij {rb dk bjobjmvkmc bw}kw gak%

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frvorbwk {rb mblibjmb ak pvcpibmkm y acw ij}bvbwbw mb ak

frvorbwk3 Baak eiwek! kw gcec ba wkfbv! acw gcjcgieibj%}cw {rb pcwbb gcj bw}b lij! jkgbj mb akw jbgbwimkmbw wcgik%abw! mb akw jbgbwimkmbw mba pvcgbwc mb pvcmrggij y mb ak

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pvcpibmkm btiw}bj}bw*Y gra bw ba pkpba mba gabvc! mba pkw}cv y mba grvk3

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ebmimk bj {rb wcj pvcovbwiw}kw! pvcgakekj ak mceijkgijmb Micw wcfvb ba erjmc! ak mceijkgij mba kaek wcfvb acwwbj}imcw! mba bwpvi}r wcfvb ak ek}bvik! y kw kyrmkj k ak

frvorbwk k ak {rb dkj bmrgkmc gcj bw}b lij k gcjwbv%|kv ak mceijkgij wcfvb ba }vkfkhc*

Ba wiw}bek mb pvcmrggij y mb pvcpibmkm dk jbgbwi%}kmc gibv}c ovkmc mb mbwkvvcaac mb acw grvkw! mb acw hrviw}kw!mb acw lwigcw! mb acw }gjigcw* Acw dk pvcmrgimc y! pcv jb%gbwimkm wcgika! dkj aabokmc bj ekwk gcj}ijrkebj}b k ak wc%gibmkm acw pvc}kocjiw}kw! acw vbpvbwbj}kj}bw mb bw}cw pkpb%abw wcgikabw* Ba ijmi|imrc wb iekoijk {rb baiob aifvbebj}brjk mb akw pvclbwicjbw y {rb akw gcjgbpgicjbw {rb wcjkaiebj}kmkw bj baakw wcj akw gkrwkw gkvkg}bvw}igkw mb}bv%

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kgbvgk mba wkfbv! {rb hrbok rj pkpba iepcv}kj}b bj ak wc%gibmkm y! pcv }kj}c! bj jrbw}vk mcg}vijk! {rb bw ak iekobj|bvmkmbvk mb ak wcgibmkm! pkpba {rb mbfbecw! prbw! ebj%gicjkv kj gcj ew lvbgrbjgik* Wb }vk}k mb ak jbgbwimkm*

Wij befkvoc! ak jbgbwimkm bw kaoc bwpivi}rka! bwwbj}imk! pbvgifimk! pbjwkmk! bj ba kaek! ba gcvkxj! ba bwp%vi}r! ba gbvbfvc mba dcefvb*

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pcwifab dcy ew {rb pcv ebmic mb ak ovkj ijmrw}vik! fkhc


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prbmb |bjgbv* Wi jc lrbwb kw! ba cfvbvc jc frwgkvk bw}cwgcjcgieibj}cw* Bj ba wioac mibgicgdc! }cmk|k jc acw frw%gkfk pcv{rb akw vbakgicjbw mb pvcmrggij bvkj }cmk|k c}vk

gcwk bj k{rbaak pcgk y jc pvc|cgkfkj bw}k jbgbwimkm bja*

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Ba cfvbvc jbgbwi}k! pcv bhbepac! kaiebj}cw gcec}cmc dcefvb! pbvc! jbgbwi}k ekvokvijk! jbgbwi}k wrgbm%

jbcw pkvk wr kaiebj}kgij! wrw |bw}imcw! wr gcjlcv} y wr fb%aabxk3 Dcjbw}kebj}b! jc* Ew fibj dkfvk {rb mbgiv {rb badcefvb! pcv wr jk}rvkabxk! mbwbk rj kaiebj}c {rb ac lcv}k%abxgk y frbjkw vcpkw pkvk kfviokvwb* Pbvc wi ba wiw}bek mb

pvcmrggij y mb pvcpibmkm dk jbgbwi}kmc kaiebj}kgij fk%vk}k pkvk acw cfvbvcw! dk btpbviebj}kmc ak jbgbwimkm mbmkv wkaimk k kv}gracw mb ekwk> acw dk pvcmrgimc! y wac mbbw}b ecmc! y pcv bw}k vkxj! dk kpkvbgimc bj}vb acw cfvbvcwak jbgbwimkm mb bw}cw kv}gracw mb ekwk fkvk}cw y mb ekakgkaimkm*

Kw! jkmib jbgbwi}k! pcv w eiwec! rjk pvcmrggijmb gibj eia pibxkw k ak dcvk c mb rjk |bacgimkm mb gibj ni%aeb}vcw k ak dcvk! pbvc ba pvcmrg}cv {rb bw} bj rjk wi}rk%

gij mb gcepb}bjgik ac jbgbwi}k gcec gcjwbgrbjgik mbawiw}bek mb pvcmrggij> w}b pvcmrgb akw e{rijkw {rb ka%gkjxkj bw}k |bacgimkm y bw}k pvcmrg}i|imkm! y wac mb bw}kekjbvk y pcv bw}k vkxj bw wbj}imk ak jbgbwimkm pcv }cmcwacw ijmi|imrcw mb ak wcgibmkm*

Kw pcmvkecw kpcv}kv gibj}cw mb bhbepacw* Ba abg%}cv acw bjgcj}vkv lgiaebj}b pcv w eiwec wac gcj eivkv

k wr kavbmbmcv*Wb fkwk ba wiw}bek mb akw jbgbwimkmbw bj wr gcj%

hrj}c bj ak cpijij! c fibj bj ak cvokjixkgij gcepab}k mbak pvcmrggij3 Bj ak ekycvk mb acw gkwcw! akw jbgbwimkmbwjkgbj mb ak pvcmrggij c mb rj bw}kmc objbvka fkwkmc bjak pvcmrggij* Ba gcebvgic erjmika oivk gkwi btgarwi|k%ebj}b bj }cvjc k akw jbgbwimkmbw! jc mba gcjwrec ijmi|i%mrka! wijc mb ak pvcmrggij* Y mb bw}b ecmc ba wkfbv jkgb}kefij mb akw jbgbwimkmbw mb ak pvcmrggij*


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= ba ovkj pvcgbwcmb pvcmrggij {rb }ibjbj kj}b acw chcw abw bjwbk {rb akwkj}iorkw vbakgicjbw mb pvcmrggij wcj mbekwikmc bw}vb%gdkw pkvk akw lrbvxkw mb ak e{rijk* Mbfbj |bjiv jrb|kwvbakgicjbw> bj }kj}c {rb iorkabw bj mbvbgdc! mbfiw pcwbbv|cwc}vcw eiwecw acw ebmicw mb pvcmrggij8 wcj akw pkak%

fvkw {rb ak girmkm ecmbvjk abw ovi}k* Y ovkgikw k bw}kw pk%akfvkw mba pvcgbwc mb pvcmrggij! jkgb bj acw }vkfkhkmcvbwmb akw girmkmbw rj mbwbc mb gcjcgieibj}c {rb bw ergdcew lrbv}b {rb bj ba }vkfkhkmcv mba gkepc! {rb jc |b }cmk%

|k pcv ba ecebj}c }kj mb gbvgk akw jrb|kw lrbvxkw mb pvc%mrggij*

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mcjmb ba pvcgbwc mb pvcmrggij jc beprhk ka gcjcgieibj%}c! y mba mb acw ovkjmbw vcw! bj mcjmb wrwgi}k bw}b mbwbc!

ba abg}cv k}bj}c |b {rb ba ek}bvikaiwec diw}vigc jc vbgc%jcgb ba pvcgbwc mb pvcmrggij gcec ak gkrwk jigk mba mb%wkvvcaac* Acw lkg}cvbw obcovligcw }ibjbj rjk ovkj iepcv%}kjgik bj a* Mb bw}b ecmc! y pkvk }cekv kj rj a}iecbhbepac iepcv}kj}b! ba pvcgbwc mb pvcmrggij hkew wbdkfvk mbwkvvcaakmc mb ekjbvk }kj |iocvcwk y vpimk bjBrvcpk wi ba gaiek drfibwb wimc bj baak }vcpigka y wi ba wrb%ac drfibwb mkmc gcwbgdkw bj kfrjmkjgik gkwi wij }vkfkhc*Bw pvbgiwkebj}b ak }bepbvk}rvk ecmbvkmk y ba wrbac vbak}i%|kebj}b pcfvb acw {rb dkj cfaiokmc k acw dcefvbw k }vkfk%

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Pcv }kj}c! ba vbpvcgdb wboj ba grka ba pvcgbwc mbpvcmrggij wbvk pkvk acw wcgikambegvk}kw ak jigk lrbvxk

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F* Akw ij|bjgicjbw

Dky rj mceijic mb ak gibjgik {rb mbfb wbv miwgr}i%mc bj }kj}c {rb }ka mb ekjbvk }cmk|k ew mb}kaakmk* Bw bamceijic mb akw ij|bjgicjbw }gjigkw*

Dbecw migdc8 akw vbakgicjbw mb pvcmrggij mbwgkj%wkj bj ak }gjigk* Jc vbgcjcgbecw kw {rb akw vbakgicjbwmb pvcmrggij mbwgkjwkj }kefij bj ba bwpvi}r3

Pcv wrprbw}c {rb ac vbgcjcgbecw* Ak }gjigk bw akij|bjgij y ak r}iaixkgij gcjwgibj}bw mb ijw}vrebj}cw pcvba dcefvb pbjwkj}b! y grkjmc acw mblbjwcvbw mba ek}bvik%aiwec diw}vigc migbj {rb ba gcjhrj}c mb ak wcgibmkm mbw%

gkjwk bj ak }gjigk! migbj ka eiwec }ibepc {rb ba gcjhrj}cmb ak wcgibmkm mbwgkjwk bj ba }vkfkhc ek}bvika y bwpivi}rka*Pbvc! jc bw} bw}c bj gcj}vkmiggij gcj ac {rb

dbecw mbgakvkmc3 Jc wb gcj|ibv}b ba bwpvi}r mb bw}k ek%jbvk jrb|kebj}b bj ak pviebvk lrbvxk ec}vix mb ak b|car%gij wcgika3

Wi ba bwpvi}r pvcmrgb ak }gjigk y ak }gjigk ak wc%

gibmkm! bj}cjgbw ba bwpvi}r bw wij mrmk ba pviebv gvbkmcv*\bkecw ak gcwk rj pcgc ew mb gbvgk }cmk|k*Ba ek}bvikaiwec diw}vigc jc jibok ac ew ejiec

{rb ba bwpvi}r lcveb pkv}b mb ak }gjigk* Acw dcefvbw wcjwbvbw pbjwkj}bw* Akw vbakgicjbw mb pvcmrggij! akw vbakgic%jbw mb pvcpibmkm! wcj vbakgicjbw bj}vb dcefvbw> bw bj bw%


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}kw vbakgicjbw mcjmb wb kg}k y wb pibjwk* Ak }gjigk! akwvbakgicjbw mb pvcpibmkm y mb pvcmrggij wcj }kj ek}bvik%

abw gcec bwpivi}rkabw* Jc bw bw}c ac {rb ieprojkecw*jigkebj}b jbokecw ac {rb bw kr}jcec! kvfi}vk%

vic! bwpcj}jbc! wcfvbjk}rvka! ijgcepvbjwifab bj ba bwpvi%}r y bj wr kg}i|imkm* Jcwc}vcw mbgiecw8 wi ba bwpvi}r bj%grbj}vk rjk jrb|k gibjgik! rjk jrb|k }gjigk! jc ac dkgb

pcv wr pvcpik |carj}km wijc pcv rj ieprawc c rjk jbgbwi%

mkm mb ak wcgibmkm*

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Grka{ribvk {rb prbmk wbv ak jk}rvkabxk mb ak wcgib%mkm! wbk pb{rbk c ovkjmb! kj rjk dcvmk jekmk c rjk}vifr! rjk wcgibmkm lbrmka c gkpi}kaiw}k! bw}b mbwbc bvk wc%gika! bvk bjobjmvkmc pcv rjk jbgbwimkm bgcjeigk* Bj akwwcgibmkmbw bj {rb ak pvcpibmkm bvk gcej! bvk ba mbwbcwcgika mb dkgbv kaoc pcv ak gcerjimkm> bj akw wcgibmkmbwmb gakwbw bj {rb ak pvcpibmkm bvk pvi|kmk! bvk ba mbwbc wc%

gika mb dkgbv kaoc pcv ba ijmi|imrc wcgika! pcv ba pvcpib}k%vic pvi|kmc c pcv ak gakwb mb acw pvcpib}kvicw pvi|kmcw*

Jc dky mb {r kwcefvkvwb* Prbw}c {rb ba dcefvbbw rj wbv wcgika y ba }vkfkhc mb acw dcefvbw bw wcgika! ba mb%wbc mb ebhcvkv ba }vkfkhc jc bw kaoc {rb vbwra}b mba bwpvi}rmba ijmi|imrc! wijc kaoc {rb pvc|ibjb mb wrw vbakgicjbw wc%gikabw* Ba mbwbc mb rjk }gjigk ebhcvkmk! mb ij|bjgicjbw!bw rj mbwbc wcgika> jkgb mb jbgbwimkmbw wcgikabw*

Db k{r ac {rb migbj acw mblbjwcvbw mba ek}bvik%aiwec diw}vigc8 jibokj ak ijmbpbjmbjgik! ak kvfi}vkvibmkm!ak wrpbvicvimkm mba bwpvi}r> migbj {rb ak jbgbwimkm wcgikabtiw}bj}b cfaiok ka bwpvi}r k wboriv rjk |k mb}bveijkmk y


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{rb ak jbgbwimkm bw bjobjmvkmk }kefij pcv vbakgicjbwek}bvikabw mb pvcmrggij mb}bveijkmkw* Pcv }kj}c! jibokj

}kefij {rb ba bwpvi}r wbk ba mrbc kfwcar}c*Bw}c! ak vbakgij bj}vb ak }gjigk y ak gibjgik! bw }kj

iepcv}kj}b {rb fibj pcmbecw mb}bjbvjcw }cmk|k rj pcgcbj baak pkvk gcjwimbvkvak ew k lcjmc*

\kecw k mkv kj kaorjcw bhbepacw mb}kaakmcw*Pbjwbecw bj rj }bhbmcv k ekjc mb ak Bmkm Ebmik*

Ba cligic mb }bhbv k ekjc bw wrligibj}b! bj objbvka! pkvk akwjbgbwimkmbw wcgikabw* Ba gcebvgic! ak givgrakgij! ba ebv%gkmc bt}vkjhbvc jc wb dkj mbwkvvcaakmc }cmk|k dkw}k ba

prj}c mb {rb wbkj jbgbwkvikw ovkjmbw lrbvxkw pvcmrg}i|kw*]cmk|k jc wb wbj}k ak jbgbwimkm mb baakw* Wij befkvoc! akeivkmk k}bj}k mb rj }bhbmcv bwpbgikaebj}b wkokx jc prbmbmbwpbokvwb mb wr ijw}vrebj}c! prbw wkfb {rb rjk pvcmrg%

gij ew vpimk! ew gecmk! wiojiligk rjk |bj}khk pbvwc%jka pkvk a* Ij|bj}k rjk pb{rbk ebhcvk y ak kpaigk* Mbj}vcmb wr gvgrac! bw gcjcgimk b iei}kmk* Akw gcwkw {rbmkj kd*Bw rj pb{rbc gkefic bj ba pvcgbwc mb pvcmrggij {rbkpbjkw wiojiligk rj pvcovbwc y {rb {rix wiok wibjmc bajigc gkefic mrvkj}b mbgbjicw c wioacw* Vbwra}k mb ak jb%gbwimkm mb rj ijmi|imrc*

Wij befkvoc! wrpcjokecw {rb ak givgrakgij y bagcebvgic dkykj krebj}kmc ergdc $pcv bhbepac! bj acwwioacw {rijgb! mibgiwiw y mibgiwib}b)! {rb ba ebvgkmc bt%}vkjhbvc wb dkyk mbwkvvcaakmc mb ekjbvk bt}vkcvmijkvik!{rb wb dkykj lrjmkmc gcacjikw {rb mbekjmkj kv}gracwekjrlkg}rvkmcw k wr eb}vpcaiw> bj}cjgbw ak jbgbwimkm wc%gika y ba mbwbc mb rjk }gjigk ebhcvkmk! mb rjk pvcmrggijekycv mba }vkfkhc! wb dkgbj objbvkabw> bj}cjgbw jc bw rjdcefvb ba {rb vblabticjk wcfvb ebhcvkw }gjigkw! wijc gibjdcefvbw acw {rb vblabticjkj wcfvb baac! bj}cjgbw jkgb rjjrb|c ijw}vrebj}c gcec vbwra}kmc mb jrebvcwcw gkeficw{rb wb kgrerakj vpimkebj}b*


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Pbjwbecw bj rjc mb acw pviebvcw ij|bj}cvbw mb ake{rijk mb |kpcv! bj rj Pkpij! pcv bhbepac*

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pvcmrggij wcgika* Wr pbjwkeibj}c wcgika! cvibj}kmc bj bw%}k mivbggij! pcjb k}bjgij bj ak lrbvxk mba |kpcv mb korkgcepvieimc* Imbkj rj jrb|c kpkvk}c wcfvb ak fkwb mb kj}i%orcw ijw}vrebj}cw ec|imcw pcv acw dcefvbw! acw kjiekabw!ba kork c ba |ibj}c* Wr wbj}ieibj}c wcgika bw }kj ovkjmb! wrkabovk y wr mbwbc mb pvcmrgiv kw kaoc wcj }kj lrbv}bw! {rb

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fvb kvvrijkmc* Gibv}kebj}b dk gkp}kmc ak jbgbwimkm wcgika!pbvc ak wcgibmkm jc ak dk wbj}imc }cmk|k c! bj }cmc gkwc!jc ac wrligibj}b> a aabo mbekwikmc pvcj}c*

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pcwifab rjk pvcmrggij ew vpimk y fkvk}k bw kmcp}kmkijebmik}kebj}b* Bw}c lcv}kabgb wr lrbvxk mb }vkfkhc y gcj%


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aab|k {rb a eiwec prbmb pakj}bkv wrw pvcfabekw! {rb ykjc mbpbjmb mba kxkv wijc mb wr pvcpik |carj}km*

Ba mbwbc mb ij|bjgij mb rj Bmiwcj bw rj mbwbcwcgika! wr kecv pcv ak }gjigk bw rj kecv bjobjmvkmc bj akwcgibmkm y pcv baak! rj kecv wcgika> ak fkwb wcfvb ak {rb}vkfkhk bw iorkaebj}b wcgika> {rb a }bjok ti}c y prbmk li%

hkvwb gcjwgibj}bebj}b mb kj}bekjc wr cfhb}i|c! wb ac mbfbk ak wcgibmkm*

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pcv{rb wcj mbekwikmc gkvkw* Bj ak kovigra}rvk! pcv bhbe%pac! dky e{rijkw btgbabj}bw {rb! bj wr ekycvk! }cmk|kjc wcj r}iaixkmkw bj kfwcar}c c wac ac wcj pkvwiecjicwk%ebj}b* Akw vbakgicjbw mb pvcmrggij wcj kj mbekwikmcaiei}kmkw pkvk bw}kw jrb|kw lrbvxkw* Pcv }kj}c! wi kpkvbgb

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{rb frwgkvakw bj ba bwpvi}r mba ijmi|imrc wijc bj ak wcgib%mkm*

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Gcj ba wcgikaiwec! ak vbakgij mivbg}k bj}vb ba gke%fic mb akw lrbvxkw pvcmrg}i|kw y mb akw vbakgicjbw mb pvc%mrggij y ba gkefic bj ba pbjwkeibj}c! bw b|imbj}b*

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Hermann Gorter - El materialismo histórico explicado a los obreros

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Transcript of Hermann Gorter - El materialismo histórico explicado a los obreros