Herbal Medicine Materia Medica 1 · 2019-08-15 · Principles and Philosophy • Western herbal...

Herbal Medicine Materia Medica 1

WHMF112

Session 2:

Philosophies and Principles of

Herbal Medicine

© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au

Session 2

Philosophies and principles of Herbal Medicine

• Philosophies & Principles of herbal medicine.

• Choosing the most appropriate herbal medicine

preparation.

• Traditional and modern herbal preparations and

derivatives (drug extract ratio).

• Therapeutic Actions: B-L

© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 2

Principles and Philosophy



• The use of herbs as medicine has its roots in

traditions that predate science.

• Contemporary herbal medicine practice:

o Draws from traditional philosophies & principles

- predominantly the Anglo-Thomsonian model

& Hippocratic medicine.

- may also draw from TCM & Ayurvedic medical

systems.

o Incorporates philosophical & practical principles

of science.

(Spitzer, 2018)



• Western herbal practitioners can be accused of

creating a myth of herbal medicine as a pure

practice. In reality, globally, herbs have always been

used alongside any other substance that might

achieve therapeutic benefits.

(Conway, 2005)

• Currently there are no commonly accepted

philosophical principles adopted in contemporary

Western herbal medicine, but within Naturopathic

practice herbs are utilized within a framework based

on the philosophies and principles of Naturopathy,

and in conjunction with other therapeutic modalities.


Herbal Medicine and the

Naturopathic Framework of Practice

• Naturopathic clinical practice incorporates herbal

medicine as a therapeutic modality, along with

lifestyle and dietary modification, nutritional medicine,

flower essence therapy and often homeopathy,

remedial massage and hydrotherapy.

• Naturopathic treatment strategies often include

herbal prescriptions determined through application

of the Naturopathic philosophy and principles,

including the Process of Disease and Healing and the

Therapeutic Order and based on evidence-based

practice principles.





Process of Disease & Healing

Normal Health

Disturbing Discharge

Factors Process

Disturbance of Function

Reaction

(fever, inflammation, etc.)

Chronic Reaction

Degeneration

Chronic

Disease

Condition

Acute

Disease

Condition

• Process of Disease &

Healing provides an

understanding of how

significantly the disease

process has infiltrated the

body (affecting function &

structure).

• Degree of infiltration

indicates what herbal

actions will be appropriate

to the treatment strategy.Adapted from: Zeff (2001)




Acute Illness Chronic Illness

Self-resolving in a short time Disturbing factors persist and

burden the body cumulatively

Inflammation component The reactive potential is blocked

or suppressed

May be severe (not always) And/ or

Eg. Cold/flu, vomiting/diarrhoea,

infection, bleeding, traumatic

injury

The vitality of the system is

insufficient to mount a sufficient

reaction




• Therapeutic Order assists

with determining which

levels of intervention are

appropriate and which

herbal actions will achieve

the treatment aims.

• Herbal actions required for

the appropriate therapeutic

interventions will inform

the selection of herbs for

the treatment plan.

Therapeutic Order

1. Establish the conditions for health

2. Stimulate the vis medicatrix naturae

3. Tonify weakened systems

4. Correct structural integrity

5. Address pathology

6. Suppress/surgically remove pathology

Adapted from: Zeff, Snider, Myers, DeGrandpre (2013)

Hering’s Principles of Cure

Healing occurs:

• From above, downward to the extremities.

• From within, outward (central to peripheral or deep to

superficial).

• From more important toward less important organs or

systems.

• From newest to oldest (with reference to their original

occurrence). (Lange & Gaylord, 2013)

Hering’s Principles provide a guideline for the return to

health when a disease is treated appropriately.






• The six Naturopathic principles guide the clinical

application of herbal medicines for achieving the

therapeutic goals appropriate to each patient.

• Vis Medicatrix Naturae (Healing Power of Nature)

• Tolle Causam (Address the Cause)

• Primum Non Nocere (First Do No Harm)

• Docere (Doctor as Teacher)

• Tolle Totem (Treat the Whole Person)

• Preventare (Prevention)


Understand the client’s present

condition of health

Identify contributing

factors/disturbing factors/obstacles

to cure

Consider the client’s constitution

What is happening within the individual?

How is this viewed from the perspective of the VMN

attempting to restore health?

What is the general treatment strategy?

What are the treatment aims?Establish long-term, medium-term &

short-term treatment goals

The Naturopathic Framework of Practice

6

Naturopathic

Principles

Process of

Disease &

Healing

Therapeutic

Order

What is the Treatment Plan?How will the treatment aims be

achieved?© Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 12

Herbal Preparation Choices


Herbal Preparation Choices Choosing the most appropriate herb preparation:

• There is a variety of different forms in which herbs

can be prescribed and dispensed.

• In most instances, each form can be an effective way

of delivering the required herbal medicine if there are

adequate amounts of the required active

constituents to have a significant therapeutic effect.

• Each form has it’s positives and negatives for usage

which need to be considered when creating a

prescription.

(Bone & Mills, 2013)


Herbal Preparations


Herbal Preparations

Infusions

• Fresh or dried herbs are combined with

hot or cold water, vinegar, wine etc.. to

extract medicinal & nutritional aspects.

Very old traditional use.

• This form has a higher level of inert

constituents that adds a nutritional level

to this form (including prebiotic).

Required to be consumed soon after

preparation. (Green, 2008; Tobyn, Denham

& Whitelegg, 2011)

• Infusion time – 5-10 mins for therapeutic

benefits.


(Kremanak, C. (2011). Floral

tisane with lemon, Retrieved 20th

December, 2013

fromhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/

wiki/File:Floral_tisane_with_lemon.

jpg?uselang=en-gb)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Floral_tisane_with_lemon.jpg?uselang=en-gb

Herbal Preparations

Decoction

• Boiling fresh or dried herbs in water

to release the soluble actives in

dense, woody herbs.

• Required to be consumed within 24-

72 hours of preparation.

(Green, 2008)

• Very old tradition of usage, possibly

around C12th.

(Tobyn et al. 2011)


(663highland. (2010) Retrieved 20th

December, 2013

from<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L

E_POINT_DE_VUE11n4000.jpg)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LE_POINT_DE_VUE11n4000.jpg

Herbal Preparations

Tincture

• Alcohol (& water) based formula that

condenses herbal actives from macerated

fresh or dried herbs by soaking for a

designated time & then pressing the solid

solution.

(Murray & Pizzorno, 2013)

• Liquid preparations weaker than 1:2.



(Tina1. (2011). Alkannae, Retrieved 20th

December, 2013

fromhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fil

e:Alkannae2.JPG)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alkannae2.JPG

Herbal Preparations

Fluid Extracts

• Usually use alcohol & water. Solvent can be vinegar,

glycerin, propylene glycol. Generally, extraction via

cold distillation to sustain the stability of the herbal

components. Preparations that are 1:1 or 1:2.

(Murray, 2013)

• Recorded use in C19th within the German

Pharmacopoeia. (Bone & Mills, 2013)

Solid Extract

• Further distillation of a fluid extract until the solvent is

completely removed. (Murray, 2013)


Herbal Preparations

Preparation Advantages Disadvantages

Topical Treat local wounds or inflammation Can be messy. Short storage life

Powders Can be mixed with food or drink Difficult to swallow, may be unpleasant to taste,

short shelf life

Tablets/

Capsules

Convenient, can reduce unpleasant

taste

Excipients added, low dose, reduced absorption

to liquid, reduced prescribing flexibility

Infusions

Decoctions

No alcohol, pleasant taste, increase fluid

intake, hot can aid diaphoresis

Reduced release of constituents ie. Resins,

needs preparation daily & don’t preserve well

Syrups,

Oxymels,

Glycetracts

Sweet, soothing, no alcohol, sugar good

preservative

Reduced potency compared to alcohol extracts

Tinctures,

Fluid

extracts

Highly concentrated & smallest dosage,

long shelf life, readily adsorbed

Generally unpleasant to taste


(Adapted from Spitzer 2018, p. 35)

Therapeutic Actions: B - L


Therapeutic ActionsBitter

• Stimulates bitter-sensitive taste buds

on the tongue as well as other bitter

receptors in the GIT, lungs, urinary

tract, bone marrow, immune cells,

thymus & thyroid.

• Nerves & circulation are stimulated to

increase the release of saliva, bile &

gastric juices. (Wood, 2008)

• Bitters help regulate pancreatic

hormones and aid in the repair of the

mucous membranes of the GIT.

(Hoffmann, 2003)

• Bitters have an all-round tonic action.


(Boronian. (2008). Berberis vulgaris

Retrieved 20th December, 2013

from<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:

Berberis_vulgaris_munich.JPG)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Berberis_vulgaris_munich.JPG

Therapeutic Actions

Bronchodilator/

bronchospasmolytic

• Reduce the spasm of smooth

muscles surrounding the

bronchioles.

(van Wyk & Wink, 2004)

• This increases the diameter

of the bronchioles.

(Fisher, 2018)


(Luke1ace. (2005). Inula helenium Retrieved 20th

December, 2013 from

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/t

humb/0/0b/Inula_helenium.jpg/1280px-

Inula_helenium.jpg>)

Therapeutic Actions

Cardioprotective

• Protects heart tissue against

reduced oxygen (hypoxia) and/ or

toxins.

• Broad term that includes herbal

actions: “antiplatelet, hypotensive,

antiarrhythmic, antioxidant and

cardiac tonic”

(Hechtman, 2018)


(Qwert1234. (2010). Corydalis ambigua

Retrieved 20th December, 2013 from

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:

Corydalis_ambigua_1.JPG)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Corydalis_ambigua_1.JPG

Therapeutic Actions

Cardiotonic

• Beneficial effect on the heart and

blood vessels.

(Hoffmann, 2003)

• Strengthening or regulating heart

function.


• Improves the force of contraction

(positively inotropic)



(Zell, H. (2004). Crataegus monogyna


from<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:

Crataegus_monogyna_005.JPG)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crataegus_monogyna_005.JPG

Therapeutic Actions

Carminative

• Reduces smooth muscle

spasm of the digestive tract.

(Mills, 1994)

• Aromatic or pungent (high in

volatile oils) and are anti-

inflammatory, aid in expelling

gas and promoting digestive

function.

(Hoffmann, 2003; Wood, 2008)


(Porse, S. (2006). Mentha x piperita Retrieved 20th

December, 2013

fromhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/

0/0d/Mentha-piperita.JPG)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Mentha-piperita.JPG

Therapeutic Actions

Cholagogue

• Stimulates, increases the

release of stored bile.

• This occurs by increasing

the strength of gallbladder

contractions.

• This action has a long

tradition of usage.



(Nugent, T. (2008). Cynara scolymus Retrieved 20th December,

2013 from<http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/943041>)

Therapeutic Actions

Choleretic

• Increases the production of bile

by the liver.


• Boosts detoxification through

bile production.

• Note: strong choleretics may

cause nausea & irritability so

treat with liver

trophorestoratives and gentle

choleretics first before using

stronger choleretics.

(Bone, 2003)


(Gerding, G. (2006). Silybum marianum


fromhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:

XN_Silybum_marianum_93.jpg)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:XN_Silybum_marianum_93.jpg

Therapeutic Actions

Circulatory Stimulant

• Improves blood flow throughout

body tissues.

• Energetically warming.

• Increased blood flow allows for

optimal tissue & organ function



(Castor. (2005). Zanthoxylum clava-herculis


fromhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zant

hoxylum_clava-herculis2.jpg)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zanthoxylum_clava-herculis2.jpg

Therapeutic Actions

Cognition Enhancing /

Nootropic

• Enhances learning,

concentration and / or aids

with memory.


• Action may be through

enhanced circulation,

stimulation of the nervous

system, modification of

neurotransmitter levels.


(Garg, J.M. (2009). Bacopa monniera Retrieved 20th

December, 2013

fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bacopa_monnieri_

W_IMG_1612.jpg)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bacopa_monnieri_W_IMG_1612.jpg

Therapeutic Actions

Demulcent

• Mucilage content that creates

soothing & protective effect

on mucous membranes of

GIT. (Hechtman, 2018)

• Indirectly soothing effect on

the urinary, respiratory and

reproductive membranes

(reflex demulcency).

(Hoffmann, 2003)


(Karwath, A. (2007). Althaea officinalis Retrieved

20th December, 2013

fromhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Althaea_

officinalis_-_flower_top_(aka).jpg)What level of intervention is this?

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Althaea_officinalis_-_flower_top_(aka).jpg

Therapeutic Actions

Diaphoretic

• Also known as a sudorific.

• Increases sweating and

excretion of toxins through the

skin.

• Used to reduce the temperature

of a fever.

(Fisher, 2018; Bone & Mills, 2013)


(Zell, H. (2009).Achillea millefolium Retrieved

20th December, 2013

from<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A

chillea_millefolium_002.JPG>)

Therapeutic Actions

Diuretic

• Increases the output of urine.

• This may be by increasing

kidney blood flow or altering

the reabsorption of sodium

which in turn reduces water

reuptake by the kidneys.



(Amorati, P. (2005). Juniperus_communis


fromhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Junip

erus_communis_communis_Italy.jpg )

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Juniperus_communis_communis_Italy.jpg

Therapeutic Actions

Emmenagogue

• Initiates & promotes menstrual

flow. (Bone & Mills, 2013)

• Increases the strength &

frequency of contraction of the

uterus to initiate menstrual flow

(Braun & Cohen, 2015)

• Contra-indicated in pregnancy as

the strong contraction can cause

miscarriage.



(Zell, H. (2009). Caulophyllum thalicatroides



Caulophyllum_thalictroides_003.JPG)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caulophyllum_thalictroides_003.JPG

Therapeutic Actions

Emollient

• Soothes, softens or protects

the skin (demulcents are

used on internal surfaces).

• Most demulcent herbs can

be used topically and will

exert an emollient action.



Pindari Herb Farm (2007) Aloe barbadensis

Therapeutic Actions

Expectorant

• Increases the clearance of excess

mucus from the lungs.


• Stimulating expectorants can

irritate the bronchioles or liquefy

the mucus aiding expulsion.

• Relaxing expectorants relax the

bronchiole muscles, loosen & thin

the mucus.

(Hoffmann, 2003)


(Orchi, (2007). Drosera rotundifolia


fromhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File

:Drosera_rotundifolia_Orchi_05.jpg)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Drosera_rotundifolia_Orchi_05.jpg

Therapeutic Actions

Female tonic

• Enhances the tone, vigor and

function of the female reproductive

system.

(Bone, 2003)

• Restores healthy menstrual

function by correcting hormone

imbalance (Bartram, 1995)


Pindari Herb Farm (2006) Angelica sinensis

Therapeutic Actions

Galactagogue

• Increases breast milk production.


• Aids in establishing a late supply

or increasing inadequate

requirements.

• This herbal tradition has existed

for centuries.

(Hechtman, 2018)


(Thomé, W.O. (1885). Trigonella foenum-

graecum, Retrieved 20th December, 2013

fromhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illustra

tion_Trigonella_foenum-graecum0.jpg)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illustration_Trigonella_foenum-graecum0.jpg

Therapeutic Actions

Hepatoprotective

• Exerts a protective effect

on liver tissues against

various hepatotoxins.

• This protection is

achieved via numerous

different mechanisms of

action.



(VoDeTan2, (2010). Schisandra chinensis, Retrieved 20th

December, 2013

from<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schisandra_chi

nensis_Bl%C3%BCte.jpg>)

Therapeutic Actions

Hypnotic / Soporific

• Works on the nervous system to

induce drowsiness and sleep

• These agents exert their action by

relaxing the nervous system

activity.

• Different herbal hypnotics have

various degrees of

sedation/relaxation.



(Zell, H. (2009). Humulus lupulus,

Retrieved 20th December, 2013 from

<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:

Humulus_lupulus_008.JPG)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Humulus_lupulus_008.JPG

Therapeutic Actions

Hypocholesterolaemic

• Also known as hypolipidaemic.

• Reduces the level of cholesterol

within the bloodstream.

• Recent understanding of this

action. Serum cholesterol was

first identified in the early C20th.

(Hechtman, 2018)


(Qwert1234. (2009). Camellia sinensis


fromhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ca

mellia_sinensis_Japan.JPG)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Camellia_sinensis_Japan.JPG

Therapeutic Actions

Hypoglycaemic

• Reduces the digestive

absorption of glucose,

thereby reducing the level of

glucose in the blood.

• Also supports the efficient

functioning of the pancreas to

produce insulin.

(Hechtman, 2018)


(Epibase. (2008). Galega officinalis, Retrieved 20th

December, 2013

fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galega_officinalis

1UME.jpg)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galega_officinalis1UME.jpg

Therapeutic Actions

Hypotensive

• Reduces both systolic &

diastolic blood pressure.

• Action due partly to

antioxidant and anti-

inflammatory effects on the

blood and blood vessels.

• Works on many facets of the

cardiovascular system.

(Hechtman, 2018)


(Nickfraser. (2006). Olea europaea


fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olivesfromjordan.j

pg)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olivesfromjordan.jpg

Therapeutic Actions

Immune Modulating

(Immunomodulatory)

• directly influences a

specific immune function or

modifies one or more

components of the

immunoregulatory network

to achieve an indirect effect

on a specific immune

function.

• Very recent action

discovery.


Pindari Herb Farm (2006) Echinacea purpurea

(Sarma,1994, Hechtman,

2018; Bone & Mills, 2013)

Therapeutic Actions

Immune Enhancing

(Immunostimulatory)

• Also known as

immunostimulant.

• Enhances an aspect of

the immune system

(enhances function, or

stimulates an immune

response).

(Hechtman, 2018)


(Garg, J.M. (2008). Andrographis panniculata, Retrieved 20th

December, 2013

fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrographis_paniculata_(Kal

pa)_in_Narshapur_forest,_AP_W2_IMG_0867.jpg)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrographis_paniculata_(Kalpa)_in_Narshapur_forest,_AP_W2_IMG_0867.jpg

Therapeutic ActionsImmune Suppressant

(Immunosuppressant)

• Reduces immune

system function

especially when the

immune system is

overactive.

• Commonly used in

cases of auto-immunity.

• Recently identified

action.

(Hechtman, 2018)


(Garg, J.M. (2008). Tylophora indica Retrieved 20th

December, 2013

fromhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_ipecac_o

r_Anntmool_(Tylophora_indica)_in_Talakona_forest,_AP_W

_IMG_8310.jpg)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_ipecac_or_Anntmool_(Tylophora_indica)_in_Talakona_forest,_AP_W_IMG_8310.jpg

Therapeutic Actions

Laxative

• Facilitates evacuation of the

bowel.(Bone & Mills, 2013)

• Bulk-forming laxatives – high in

fibre.

• Stimulant laxatives – contain

anthraquinone constituents that

increase peristalsis and reduce

water resorption.

(Heinrich, Barnes, Gibbons &

Williamson, 2012)


(Silversmith, E. (2005). Aloe vera, Retrieved

20th December, 2013


Aloe_Vera.jpg)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aloe_Vera.jpg

Therapeutic Actions

Local Anaesthetic

• Local application reduces

nerve sensations and

inflammation messages (COX-1

& COX-2) of pain.

(Braun & Cohen, 2015; Bone &

Mills, 2013)


(Tinofrey. (2005). Syzygium aromaticum on

tree, Retrieved 20th December, 2013

fromhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Syz

ygium_aromaticum_on_tree.jpg)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Syzygium_aromaticum_on_tree.jpg

Therapeutic Actions

Lymphatic

• Encourages the flow of

lymphatic fluid and / or

delivery to organs of

elimination.

• Supports immune system

function.

(Hechtman, 2018; Bone &

Mills, 2013)


(Williams, H. (2008). Pokeberries, Retrieved 20th

December, 2013

from<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pokeberries.

png)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pokeberries.png

References

Bartram, T. (1995). Encyclopedia of herbal medicine. Christchurch, Dorset. Grace

publishers

Bone, K. (2003). A clinical guide to blending liquid herbs: Herbal formulations for

the individual patient. St. Louis, Missouri. Churchill Livingston.

Bone, K., & Mills, S. (2013). Principles and practice of phytotherapy (2nd ed.). New

York, USA. Churchill Livingston Elsevier.

Braun, L., & Cohen, M. (2015). Herbs and natural supplements: An evidence based

approach (4th ed. Vol 2). Chatswood, NSW. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.

Conway, P. Knowledge and myths of knowledge in the ‘science’ of herbal medicine.

In O’Sullivan, C. (2005). Reshaping herbal medicine: knowledge, education

and professional development. Edinburgh. Churchill Livingstone.

Fisher, C. (2018). Materia medica of western herbs. London UK. Aeon Books.

Griggs, B. (1981). New green pharmacy: the story of western herbal medicine.

Sydney, Australia. Random House.

Hechtman, L. (2018). Clinical naturopathic medicine (2nd ed.). Chatswood,

NSW.Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.

Heinrich, M., Barnes, J., Gibbons, S., & Williamson, E.M. (2012). Fundamentals of

pharmacognosy and phytotherapy (2nd ed.). London, UK. Churchill Livingston

Elsevier.


ReferencesHoffmann, D. (2003). Medical herbalism: The science and practice of

herbal medicine, Rochester, Vermont. Healing Arts Press.

Lange. A., & Gaylord, S.A. (2013). Chapter 39, Homeopathy. In MTMurray, &

Pizzorno, JE (Eds) (2013). Textbook of natural medicine, (4th ed.). St.

Louis, Missouri. Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone

Mills, S. (1985). The complete guide to modern herbalism, Thorsons.

Hammersmith, London.

Murray, M.T. (2013). Chapter 34 Botanical medicine – Understanding herbal

preparations. In M.T. Murray,& J.E. Pizzorno, (Eds). Textbook of natural

medicine, (4th ed.)., St. Louis, Missouri. Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone.

Potterton, D. (Ed). (1983) Culpeper’s colour herbal. Berkshire, UK. W.

Foulsham & Co.

Sarma, D.N.K., & Khosa, R.L. (1994). Immunomodulators of plant origin –

a review. Ancient Science of Life, Vol. VIII, Nos. 3 & 4. Coimbatore,

Tamil Nadu

Spitzer, O. Chapter 3 Principles of herbal medicine. In Hechtman, L. (Ed).

(2018). Clinical naturopathic medicine. (2nd ed.). Chatswood, NSW.

Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.


ReferencesTierra, M. (1988). Planetary herbology. Wisconsin, USA. Lotus Press.

Tobyn, G., Denham, A., & Whitelegg, M. (2011). The western herbal tradition: 2000

years of medicinal plant knowledge, London, UK. Churchill Livingstone

Elsevier.

Van Wyk, B., & Wink, B. (2010). Medicinal plants of the world. London, UK. Timber

Press Inc.

Verpoorte, R. (2009). Chapter 1 Medicinal plants: A renewable resource for novel

leads and drugs. In Herbal drugs: Ethnomedicine to modern medicine, eds

KG Ramawat, Springer, Heidelberg, viewed 6th December 2013

<www.ebscohost.com>

Wood, M. (2008). The Earthwise herbal: A complete guide to old world medicinal

plants. Berkley, California. North Atlantic Books.

Wood, M. (2004). The practice of traditional western herbalism: Basic doctrine,

energetics and classification. Berkley, California. North Atlantic Books.

Zeff, J. (2001). Nature cure and the process of healing. Retrieved from

http://salmoncreekclinic.com/articles-by-dr-zeff/clinical-theory/nature-

cure-and-the-process-of-healing/

Zeff, J.L., Snider, P., Myers, S.P., & DeGrandpre, Z. (2013). Chapter 3: A

hierarchy of healing: The therapeutic order. In J.E. Pizzorno & M.T. Murray

(eds), Textbook of natural medicine, (4th ed.). Missouri, USA. Elsevier

Churchill Livingston,


Tutorial: Session 2


Tutorial

Class Discussion

• What are the differences between prescribing for

acute vs chronic case management?

• What specifically about the herbs & the client would

you have to take into consideration?

• Would different forms of herbal preparations suit

acute and chronic? Why?

• Consider the temperature of acute vs chronic

conditions eg. Hot, cold and reasons


Tutorial

Formula Construction Activity

You are given the following herbs:

1. Echinacea purpurea (1:2) 15-40mL/wk

2. Cinnamomum verum (1:2) 20-40mL/wk

3. Matricaria recutita (1:2) 20-40mL/wk

4. Melissa officinalis (1:2) 20-40mL/wk

5. Mentha piperita (1:2) 10-40mL/wk


Tutorial

Formula Construction Activity

Generate a 100mL formula that utilises all of the herbs

on the list.

• Consider the dosing requirements if this formula was

for an acute case & for a chronic case

• Discuss with the class

• Would different forms of the listed herbs suit an

acute case? Suit a chronic case? Why?

• Discuss with the class


Recommended Readings

• Chapter 1 ’Naturopathic Philosophy' (p. 2-13) & Chapter 6 ’Principles

of herbal medicine' pp. 33-41 in Hechtman, L. (2012). Clinical

Naturopathic Medicine Churchill Livingstone Elsevier

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scohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=518074&site=eho

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• Bone, K. (2003). A Clinical Guide to Blending Liquid Herbs: Herbal

Formulations for the individual patient. Churchill Livingstone. pp.3-25

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• Video: David Hoffmann: A call to herbs part 1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-WMKOUAnpqk


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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-WMKOUAnpqk

Herbal Medicine Materia Medica 1 · 2019-08-15 · Principles and Philosophy • Western herbal...

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