Heavy Ions Collisions (results and questions) PART II
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Transcript of Heavy Ions Collisions (results and questions) PART II
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Heavy Ions CollisionsHeavy Ions Collisions(results and questions)(results and questions)
PART IIPART II
Anatoly Litvinenko
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Some estimations
;ΔyτπR=ΔV
;yΔ1800) - 900(yΔdy
dNNΔ
Form2
==
)8)(1/fm - (4=1600)/200 - (800=)τ)/(πRdy
dN(=ΔV/NΔ)fm/(n 3
Form2=1 3
fm 0.035) - (0.07=λ mb 30=σ
1/nσ=λ
⇒
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Particle ratios and sParticle ratios and statistical modelstatistical models
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Particle (hadrons) Particle (hadrons) spectraspectra
A Iordanova (for the STAR Collaboration);J. Phys. G35, p.044008, (2008
:
elliptic flow hydrodynamicselliptic flow hydrodynamics
elliptic flow and space eccentricityelliptic flow and space eccentricity
ε/=A 2v 2
QUESTION IIQUESTION II
Is equilibrium state of hot and dense hadronic matter achieved?
What is the conclusion about it from experiment?
The strong indication that YES.
Some designations
sQGP for strongly-interacting Quark-Gluon Plasma
Commonly accepted:QGP, pQGP,wQGP
for weakly-interacting Quark-Gluon Plasma
Observables and hadronic matter properties
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KEKETT – CQN Scaling – CQN ScalingKEKETT – CQN Scaling – CQN Scaling
Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 162301 (2007)
Mesons
Baryons
Quark-Like Degrees of Freedom EvidentQuark-Like Degrees of Freedom Evident
Roy A. Lacey, Stony Brook; Quark Matter 09, Knoxville, TN March 30 - April 4, 2009
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K. Aamodt et al.(ALICE Collaboration), PRL 105, 252302 (2010)
Elliptic flow – energy Elliptic flow – energy dependancedependance
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JET Quenching
Modification of Jet property in AA collisions, because of partons propagating in colored matter, which lose energy.
One of the possible observable
Was predicted in a lot of works. Some of them (not all) are:
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0)(Pd
J.D.Bjorken (1982), Fermilab – PUB – 82 – 059 - THY.M.Gyulassy and M.Palmer, Phys.Lett.,B243,432,1990.X.-N.Wang, M.Gyulassy and M.Palmer, Phys.Rev.,D51,3436,1995.R.Baier et al., Phys.Lett.,B243,432,1997.R.Baier et al., Nucl.Phys.,A661,205,1999
Jet: A localized collection of
hadrons which come from a fragmenting parton
High pT (> ~2.0 GeV/c) hadrons in NN
h
h
h
abc
dParton distribution functions
Hard-scattering cross-section
Fragmentation Function
h
)Q,x(f 2aaa/A )Q,x(f 2
bbb/B cdabd )Q,z(D 2ddd/h
d,c,b,ahXABd
h
High pT (> ~2.0 GeV/c) hadrons in AA
A
B
h Hard-scattering cross-section
Fragmentation Function
Parton distribution functions
+Numbers of binary collisionsPartonic Energy
Loss
(...)f b/B(...)f a/A cdabd
)Q,z(D 2d
*dd/h
1
0 d
*d
z
z)(Pd
∑→dcba
hXABd,,,
=σ CollN
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Nuclear modification factor
is what we get divided by what we expect.is what we get divided by what we expect.
NN
collAAAA d
NdR
σ><σ
=/
From naive picture
AAR
Suppression of high-pt hadrons. Qualitatively.
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Nuclear modification factor
NN
collAAAA d
NdR
σ><σ
=/
Normalization on peripheral collisions
pcollAA
ccollAACP )N/d(
)N/d(R
><σ><σ
=
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First data in first RHIC RUN
Jet Quenching ! Great!
But (see the next slide)
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Nuclear modifications to hard scattering
Large Cronineffect at SPSand ISRSuppression at RHIC
Is the suppression due to the medium?(initial or final state effect?)
RAA (pT ) d2N AA /dpTdTAAd
2 NN /dpTd
Centrality dependance
2020
Au+Au @ sNN
= 200 GeV d+Au @ sNN
= 200 GeV
preliminary
Au+Au @ sNN
= 200 GeV d+Au @ sNN
= 200 GeV
preliminary
Au+Au @ sNN
= 200 GeV d+Au @ sNN
= 200 GeV
preliminary
Au+Au @ sNN
= 200 GeV d+Au @ sNN
= 200 GeV
preliminary
• Nice picture! Isn’t it?
Again Au+Au and d+Au
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The matter is so opaque that even The matter is so opaque that even
a 20 GeV a 20 GeV 00 is stopped is stopped..
• Suppression is very strong (RAA=0.2!) and flat up to 20 GeV/c• Common suppression for 0 and it is at partonic level• > 15 GeV/fm3; dNg/dy > 1100
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.ALICE Collaboration, Physics Letters B 696 (2011) 30.
JET Quenching at LHC
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ALICE Collaboration, Physics Letters B 696 (2011) 30
JET Quenching at LHC
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The matter is so dense that even heavy quarks are stopped
Even heavy quark (charm) suffers substantial energy loss in the matter
The data provides a strong constraint on the energy loss models.
The data suggest large c-quark-medium cross section; evidence for strongly coupled QGP?(3) q_hat = 14 GeV2/fm
(2) q_hat = 4 GeV2/fm
(1) q_hat = 0 GeV2/fm
(4) dNg / dy = 1000
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If there are any other observables for Jet Quenching?
Correlation of trigger particles 4<pT<6.5 GeV withassociated particles 2<pT<pT,trig
Associated particles
Near side jetTrigger particle
Away side jet
Yes! Back to Back Jets correlation.
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In-plane In-plane
Out-of-plane
Out-of-plane
Back to Back Jets correlation.Back to Back Jets correlation.Dependence from reaction plane.Dependence from reaction plane.
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Jet tomography
20-60%
STAR Preliminry
20-60%
Back-to-back suppression depends on the reaction plane orientation
In-plane
Out-plane
energy loss dependence energy loss dependence on the path length!on the path length!
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The matter is so dense that it The matter is so dense that it modifies the shape of jetsmodifies the shape of jets
• The shapes of jets are modified by the matter.– Mach cone?– Cerenkov?
• Can the properties of the matter be measured from the shape?– Sound velocity– Di-electric
constant• Di-jet tomography is
a powerful tool to probe the matter
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Resonances melting (Debye scrinig)
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One more results from lattice QCD
heavy-quark screening mass
r/)rexp(~)r(
In EM plasma it is well known Debye screening
T/1~r/1 D
/J -- suppression
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The matter is so dense that it melts(?) J/ (and regenerates it ?)
CuCu
200 GeV/c
AuAu
200 GeV/c
dAu
200 GeV/c
AuAuee
200 GeV/c
CuCuee
200 GeV/c
J/’s are clearly suppressed beyond the cold nuclear matter effect
The preliminary data are consistent with the predicted suppression + re-generation at the energy density of RHIC collisions.
Can be tested by v2(J/)?
The matter is so dense that it melts Y.
QM’11
direct photons
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• T0max ~ 500-600 MeV !?
T0ave ~ 300-400 MeV !?
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SummarySummary
o RHIC has produced a strongly interacting,RHIC has produced a strongly interacting, partonic state of dense matterpartonic state of dense matter
/ 15 3fmGeVBj
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SummarySummary
o The matter is so dense that even heavy quarks are stopped
(3) q_hat = 14 GeV2/fm
(2) q_hat = 4 GeV2/fm
(1) q_hat = 0 GeV2/fm
(4) dNg / dy = 1000
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SummarySummary
o The matter is so strongly coupled that even heavy quarks flow
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SummarySummary
o The matter is so dense that it melts(?) J/ (and regenerates it ?)
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SummarySummary
o The matter modifies jets
The matter is hot 3939
The matter may melt but regenerate J/’s
Put the results together
The matter is denseThe matter is strongly coupled
The matter modifies jets
> 15 GeV/fm3
dNg/dy > 1100
Tave = 300 - 400 MeV (?)PHENIX preliminary
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Backup slidesBackup slides
CGC
CGC
CGC
January 6, 2002 RHIC/INT Winter Workshop 2002 45
Modeling the Source• Interaction region
Assembly of classical boson emitting sources in space-time region
• The source S(x,p) is the probability boson with p is emitted from xDetermines single-particle momentum spectrum
E d3N/dp3 = d4x S(x,p)
Determines the HBT two-particle correlation function C(K,q) C(K,q) ~ 1 + | d4x S(x,K) exp(iq·x) | 2/| d4x S(x,K) |2
where K = ½(p1 + p2) = (KT, KL), q = p1 – p2
The LCMS frame is used (KL = 0)
• In the hydrodynamics-based parameterizations: assume something about the source S(x,p)Gaussian particle density distribution
Linear flow (rapidity or velocity) profile
Instantaneous freeze-out at constant proper time (“sharp”)
CollN(...)/ aAf (...)/ bBf cdabd
1
0 d
*d
z
z)(Pd )Q,z(D 2
d*dd/h∑
dcba ,,,
(...)/ aAf (...)/ bBf cdabd ),(/2dddh QzD∑
dcba ,,,
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Why the collisons of heavy nuclei is interesting?
Let us see on the space – time picture of collision
pre-collision QGP (?) and parton production
hadron production
hadron reinteraction
QCD phase diagram
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The QGP in the early universe
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What kind of transition is predicted by lattice QCD
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Dependence on pseudorapidity of charged hadron
S.S. Adler et al. , Phys. Rev. C 71, 034908 (2005)
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Theoretical explanation
Comparison to model calculations with and without parton energy loss:
Numerical values range from ~ 0.1 GeV / fm (Bjorken, elastic scattering of partons)~several GeV / fm (BDMPS, non-linear interactions of gluons)
Too many approaches.We need additional data!
2.0~Rand,p~d AuAu8
T
2.0~p/p
Estimation from data
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Initial state effects (test experiment d+Au)
Suppression in central Au+Au due to final-state effects
/h
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Binary scaling. Is it work?
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How about suppression for protons?
pcollccollCP )N/dN/()N/dN(R New
Close to nuclear mod. factor, because no suppression for peripheral coll.
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Jets composition as measured by STAR
Kirill Filimonov, QM’04
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[w/ the real suppression]
( pQCD x Ncoll) / background Vogelsang/CTEQ6
[if there were no suppression]
( pQCD x Ncoll) / ( background x Ncoll)
Au+Au 200 GeV/A: 10% most central collisions
[]measured / []background = measured/background
Preliminary
pT (GeV/c)
Binary scaling. Is it work?
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Theoretical explanation
Comparison to model calculations with and without parton energy loss:
Numerical values range from ~ 0.1 GeV / fm (Bjorken, elastic scattering of partons)~several GeV / fm (BDMPS, non-linear interactions of gluons)
Too many approaches.We need additional data!
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If is there space for Color Glass Condensate or only Cronin Effect?
May be. Look at the BRAMS DATA
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Observables and space time structureObservables and space time structure of of Heavy ion collisionsHeavy ion collisions
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Observables and space time structureObservables and space time structure of of Heavy ion collisionsHeavy ion collisions
Production of hard particles: jets heavy quarks direct photonsCalculable with the tools of perturbative QCD
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Observables and space time structureObservables and space time structure of of Heavy ion collisionsHeavy ion collisions
Production of semi-hard particles: gluons, light quarks relatively small momentum: make up for most of the multilplicity
cGeVpT / 21
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Observables and space time structureObservables and space time structure of of Heavy ion collisionsHeavy ion collisions
Thermalizationexperiment suggest a fast thermalization (remember elliptic flow)but this is still not undestood from QCD
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Observables and space time structureObservables and space time structure of of Heavy ion collisionsHeavy ion collisions
Quark gluon plasma
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Observables and space time structureObservables and space time structure of of Heavy ion collisionsHeavy ion collisions
Hot hadron gas
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Particle ratio and sParticle ratio and statistical modelstatistical models
These models reproduce the ratios of particle yields with only two parameters
One assumes that particles are produced by a thermalized system with temperature T and baryon chemical potential
The number of particles of mass m per unit volume is :
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N/ ratio shows baryons enhanced for pT < 5 GeV/c
One more observable. Particle ratios