Healthy Communities Steve Johnson, Ph.D Urban Studies and Planning Winter, 2009.
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Transcript of Healthy Communities Steve Johnson, Ph.D Urban Studies and Planning Winter, 2009.
Healthy Communities
Steve Johnson, Ph.D
Urban Studies and Planning
Winter, 2009
Healthy Communities January 7
Housekeeping Overview Reading Material Neighborhood Health Assessment
Projects
Built (Urban) EnvironmentLand UsePatterns
Urban Design Transportation
Activities Patterns
Public Health
Food Nature
Health of Cities 19th Century: Miasma, mixed uses But also exercise was a part of life The Automobile changed everything Focus of Frank book is how can cities
be designed to incorporate exercise that is recreational and has purpose
Place Matters We are urbanizing. In 25 years 2/3 of us will
live in cities (worldwide) Many of us live in placeless world Place is physical, cultural, social and mental All places have some risk and hazards
Physical, social, and psychological Place does matter, more for some than others
Ecologies of Disadvantage Being in the wrong place may be a
function of social structure While placeless, some of us live in
Medieval-like gated or walled communities
Birmingham case
Disturbing Trends Mortality rate for urban children increased by 50%
between 1980 and 1988. Residents in 100 largest cities, twice as often victims
of crime and murder rates also twice as high Infant mortality rate 25% higher in 100 largest cities Of 880 most disadvantaged neighborhoods, 99% in
cities 40% of urban children below poverty level 30% to 50% of city children inadequately immunized
New forms of Segregation and Isolation
Inner city neighborhoods that are more isolated and less capable of “taking care of themselves.”
Bridging and bonding social capital
Segregation and Health Risks Segregation ensures that
neighborhoods with limited resources for protection against risk will be particularly vulnerable since their isolation restricts their access to the range of resources available in the larger community.
SOCIAL CAPITAL
James Coleman Goal: to re-establish sociology's worth
in an age dominated by economics To place value on social relations,
social networks and community building
Examples New York Diamond business Safe parks and Jane Jacob’s public
characters
Coleman’s definition According to Coleman, social capital is not human
capital, anymore than it is economic capital. "It is present," he said, "and yet not tangible, in all social interactions." Social capital, according to Coleman, "comes about through changes in the relations among persons that facilitate action. If physical capital is wholly tangible, being embodied in observable material form, and human capital is less tangible, being embodied in the skills and knowledge acquired by an individual, social capital is less tangible yet, for it exists in the relations among persons."
Bourdieu’s Class definition
Bourdieu defined social capital as "the sum of the resources, actual or virtual, that accrue to an individual or group by virtue of possessing a durable network of more or less institutionalized relations of mutual acquaintance and recognition."
Bridging and Bonding Social Capital Difference between bridging (or
inclusive) and bonding (or exclusive) social capital
Bonding capital constitutes a kind of sociological super-glue, whereas bridging social capital provides a sociological WD-40
Remember: In hard times the most valuable asset
you have is your social network\--bridging and bonding
January 12, 2009
Built (Urban) EnvironmentLand UsePatterns
Urban Design Transportation
Activities Patterns
Public Health
Food Nature
Review of Concepts Urban form changes community health
concerns (19th century vs. now) Ecologies of disadvantage (Walls—Children
of men video)
Urban form and policies impact on social capital
Neighborhood Projects Group lists Go over handouts Methodologies
Methods Observations Interviews Secondary Data
Census and other data Periodicals/newspapers Reports
Using Demographic Data Use only data that is central to your profile
and health assessment In most cases use percents not total numbers Use comparisons, to city, metro region, other
cities, national If data is “old” how important is that? Combine categories for emphasis Use appropriate charts and graphs
Healthy Communities January 14
Readings: Reformation movements Knowing Home Zoning and land use 101 Food systems (video)
Stages of Urban Reformation Health Reformers, 19th century Housing Reform, progressive era Garden Cities/City Beautiful Health, Safety, Welfare--Zoning Innovation Post World War II—GI loans, redlining, Highways,
suburbs Cities Burning (1960s) Housing and Community Development Movement Urban Villages/New urbanism (1990s--)
Knowing the Place we Live bioregionalism refers both to geographical terrain and
a terrain of consciousness--to a place and ideas that have developed about how to live in that place.
living in place means following necessities and pleasures of life as they are uniquely presented by a particular site, and evolving ways to ensure long-term occupancy of that site.
Outback, Salmon and Columbia stories
Food Systems Introduction Diggable Cities
January 21, 2009
Planners aren’t always Loved
Zoning 101 Underlying premise and government
legal right: safety and policing First zoning was to protect rich people
Frank Focus of Frank book is how can cities
be designed to incorporate exercise that is recreational and has purpose
Urban Form--19th Century Crowded Dirty Polluted Smelly Noisy Dangerous
Urban Form Today Decentralized Dispersed Separated land uses Auto-centric transportation networks
Focus of the Reformations Health Reformers, 19th century Housing Reform, progressive era Garden Cities/City Beautiful Health, Safety, Welfare--Zoning Innovation Post World War II Cities Burning (1960s) Housing and Community Development Movement Urban Villages/New urbanism (1990s--)
Frank: Chapter three Some of the most prevalent forms of disease today can be
prevented or at least lessened through moderate physical activity
Surgeon general 1996--moderate activities like walking and biking can have significant health outcomes
But only 1 in 3 adults (USA) engages in regular, sustained exercise to meet the public health recommendations
Structured physical regimes may have better effect on health, but are also more difficult for people to maintain
Small interventions can help--stairs instead of elevators, safe biking to school, etc.
People more likely to continue long term with moderate interventions, esp. ones that also have practical outcomes
Frank, chapter Four: Physical Activity
Older parts of cities often better but safety may be factor
Utilitarian exercise may be best Auto domination: 84% of all trips; in Italy its only 25% Non-motorists tend to be younger, less educated and
poorer and more likely to be employed or live in urbanized areas
Surveys show there is a gap between how people travel in USA (car) and what they would like to do
Chapter Five: Children nearly 40% of all high school seniors do met health
guidelines for physical activity, down from 9th graders (72%)
children today don't walk to school, 10% down from almost half 30 years ago
While playgrounds are important, children do like to play in the neighborhood, and on streets
in typical suburban areas the street may be better to play in (cul-de-sacs) but the linkages to other play areas and schools and other destinations not
Barriers to School
Chapter Five: Elderly walking important exercise for elderly
and can be important social one as well Elder use cars because of safety
concerns and in suburban areas not practical for utilitarian trips
in some other countries the elder do make more use of walking (next slide)
Modal Split USA and Others
Chapter Five: Poor Have less leisure time Less discretionary income Fewer parks and recreation Rely more on walking/bus but can’t
reach all services Safety concerns in some areas
Fitzpatrick
Place Matters We are urbanizing. In 25 years 2/3 of us will
live in cities (worldwide) Many of us live in placeless world Place is physical, cultural, social and mental All places have some risk and hazards
Physical, social, and psychological Place does matter, more for some than others
Ecologies of Disadvantage Being in the wrong place may be a
function of social structure While placeless, some of us live in
Medieval-like gated or walled communities
Birmingham case
Disturbing Trends Mortality rate for urban children increased by 50%
between 1980 and 1988. Residents in 100 largest cities, twice as often victims
of crime and murder rates also twice as high Infant mortality rate 25% higher in 100 largest cities Of 880 most disadvantaged neighborhoods, 99% in
cities 40% of urban children below poverty level 30% to 50% of city children inadequately immunized
Understanding spatial needs of humans and Health
People need private space Crowding is not just a physical phenomenon, different
than density insecure residential environments impede the
fulfillment of essential human needs such as affiliation, esteem, actualization, and cognitive development (Maslow)
People with substantial social networks have better physical health
Segregation and Health Risks Segregation ensures that
neighborhoods with limited resources for protection against risk will be particularly vulnerable since their isolation restricts their access to the range of resources available in the larger community.
Bridging and bonding social capital
Ecology of Everyday Life Farm houses promoted shared space, lack of
privacy Modern homes: the opposite Adults in USA spend less than 1 hour day
outside Segregated communities are created that
have limited capacity to bridge to other communities and political power, while being able to take care of each other
Sorting: advantage and disadvantages
Suburban areas are spread out so social interactions and ties are spread out. People have limited liability sense about their community. In low income neighborhoods when this happens they are more disadvantaged because their choice has been limited and may have fewer instrumental social ties
Chapter Four: Sociology of Health
Key is to understand there are personal and small group interactions that influence types of interventions to improve health
Wednesday, January 28 Housekeeping Class activity Diggable Cities video
Journals Summaries—objective, no opinions, fair
and succinct summary of content, demonstrates student read and comprehended
Reflections—demonstrates student is involvement in the reading material/class, relates reading to other reading, the “real” world, ability to synthesize
Introduction to Class Activity
Barriers to School
Analysis type of activities Type of activities chart
Interventions Interventions chart
Class activity How feasible is insertion of moderate exercise in
daily routine? What are the impediments? (list all. Star five most
important) Personal Social Physical Form Public Policy
Come up with single best thing we could do to improve the situation
February 2, 2009
Changes in Public Health Issues
Causes of death
What to look for in Wed. Readings
Fitzpatrick: anthropologist perspective on urban form
Community lost, save or liberated Special population needs
Automobile Society Autos account (in USA) for 86% of all person
trips; walking only 5% Nonmotorists tend to be younger, less
educated, poorer and live in urbanized areas But not so much in other countries Reasons: gas price, urban form, safety,
public incentives Chart illustrating differences
New Urbanism Video?
Special Audiences: children, elderly, poor
Fitzpatrick: Space and Place (chapter 2)
Space is the physical area we live in While place is physical, cultural and
mental and the “perception of one’s place in the world.”
Spatial needs of humans Food Water Shelter Privacy/personal space Access to social interaction Safe and defensible space
Discussion of Spatial needs Crowding is not just a matter of number
of people (Pearl District is dense but is it crowded?)
High density inside homes is not the same as in a neighborhood
Household Crowding Children may play outside more Hierarchy sometimes becomes the rule
in crowded households
Stages of Urban Reformation Health Reformers, 19th century Housing Reform, progressive era Garden Cities/City Beautiful Health, Safety, Welfare--Zoning Innovation Post World War II—GI loans, redlining, Highways,
suburbs Cities Burning (1960s) Housing and Community Development Movement Urban Villages/New urbanism (1990s--)
Importance of Social Networks People with good social networks have better
health Urban design effects social interactions (front
porches for example) Other elements (e.g., creating indefensible
space) of neighborhood can impact other social and individual developments
Insecure environments impede some basic human development traits like: affiliation, esteem, cognitive development
In a nutshell If people can not develop sense of
place, home, and territory, it effects their psychological and social development, and livability of communities
Fitzpatrick: #3, Ecology of everyday urban life
What is the impact of urban life today on health?
What is urban life today? More separation between private and
public life More separation also in private homes Growth of individualism at expense of
intergroup tolerance and public civility Americans spend less than 1 hour
outdoor everyday
Social networks: lost? Save? Liberated?
Communities lost, saved or liberated Lost--(Tonnies) Saved--Enclaves Liberated--Placeless networks and
social support networks Study of non-placed oriented
communities (internet) Social support networks
EXTRA SLIDES
Social Organization Needed (Wilson)
Prevalence, strength and interlocking nature of social networks
Degree to which neighbors take personal responsibility for neigh. Problems
Extent of surveillance done by neighbors Participation in voluntary organizations tied to
neighborhood and broader community
Nature in the City
Farm and Forest Protection
Gap Analysis The scale of gap analysis is
intended for large regions or states.
Gap does not meet the criteria for Goal 5.
Inventoried resources are not mapped adequately in Gap (riparian areas, fish habitat, wetlands).
DIFFERENT SCALES =DIFFERENT SCALES =DIFFERENT ANSWERSDIFFERENT ANSWERS
• Same 57 speciesSame 57 species• Same Coarse FilterSame Coarse Filter• Different MMUDifferent MMU
Gap AnalysisGap Analysis
Metro GapMetro Gap
LowRichness
HiRichness
Pond Turtle
BirdsBirds
MammalsMammals
Reptiles & Amphibians
Cedar Mills Creek Watershed, 1984
Cedar Mills Creek Watershed, 1990
Cedar Mills Creek Watershed, 1994
Cedar Mills Creek Watershed, 2002
Disappearing streamsDisappearing streams
Degraded water quality
Courtesy 40-Mile Loop
Regional Parks and Greenspaces
Proposed target areas
Garden Cities Howard’s diagrams These model cities set the groundwork
for today’s suburban ideals the notion that a healthy community is
decentralized, decongested and disconnected
And innovations like cul-de-sacs
Zoning Today’s dominate urban form results
from implementation of zoning based on theories:
health--low density is healthier Economic segregation--including
separation of apartments from houses, as a way of saving the early suburban developments.