Health considerations of the rehabilitation of illegally traded houbara bustards Chlamydotis...

Oryx Vol 34 No 4 October 2000

Health considerations of the rehabilitation of illegally traded houbarabustards Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii in the Middle East

Tom Bailey, Christu-Das Silvanose, Jesus Naldo, Olivier Combreau, Frederic Launay, Ulrich Wernery,Joerg Kinne, Richard Gough and Ruth Manvell

virus, paramyxovirus type 2 and Chlamydia sp. VariousAbstract There is a large illegal trade in trappedregional initiatives have been initiated to confiscate andhoubara bustards Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii, whichrehabilitate illegally trapped birds. This paper reviewsare smuggled into the Middle East for falconry. Mortality

is high and is associated with poor transport conditions, the causes of morbidity and mortality seen in illegallytraded houbara bustards and provides health recommen-malnutrition, overcrowding and exposure to multipledations for those involved in rehabilitation.infectious diseases, in particular aspergillosis, avian pox

and paramyxovirus type 1 virus. Other pathogens in-Keywords Health, houbara bustard, illegal trade,clude Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Trichomonas sp.,

intestinal endoparasites, avian leucosis, reovirus, adeno- Middle East, rehabilitation.

Introduction

The houbara bustard Chlamydotis undulata macqueeniihas a high conservation profile because it is the trad-itional quarry of falconers in Arabia and a number ofregional conservation projects have been initiated byinfluential Arab falconers to safeguard both the bustardand their tradition (Launay et al., 1999). There are fewreliable data on the exact status of houbara bustardpopulations in the wild, but they are generally con-sidered to have declined over most of their rangeduring the last few decades for the following reasons:overgrazing, overhunting, agricultural developmentand human disturbance (Collar, 1996; Goriup, 1997).Although the houbara bustard has been downlistedfrom Vulnerable to Least Concern in the 1996 Red List ofEndangered Animals (IUCN, 1996), a recent review of theworld status of the houbara bustard by Goriup (1997)considered that the C. u. macqueenii population shouldbe considered as ‘Near Threatened’.

There is a large illegal trade in free-living houbarabustards, trapped in Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan,which are exported to the Middle East (Fig. 1) wherethey are used by some falconers to train their falcons. Ithas been suggested that 4000–7000 houbaras are tradedin this way from Pakistan each year (Goriup, 1997),while accurate information on the flow of birds fromother countries is unknown. The mortality of the birdstransported to the Middle East is high and entire ship-ments can die after arrival in Gulf countries. Poorhusbandry, crowded transport conditions, exposure toinfectious diseases carried by domestic birds, and in-sufficient food and water are responsible for the ma-jority of deaths (Bailey, 1998a). This trade may havemore impact on the status of the houbara bustard thandirect hunting with falcons.

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a signatory to theConvention on International Trade in EndangeredSpecies (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora and althoughthe importation of free-living houbara bustards wasbanned in 1993, illegal trade continued relatively un-impeded (Anon., 1993). In 1998, initiatives were takenin Abu Dhabi and Sharjah to confiscate illegally im-ported houbara bustards when they entered the UAE,while government agencies in Pakistan actively con-fiscate birds as they are smuggled out of the countrythrough air and sea ports. Attempts to rehabilitate andrelease these birds back into suitable habitats have alsobeen initiated in Pakistan (Ahmed, 1997) and in theUAE at the National Avian Research Center (NARC).

Although some data concerning the morbidity, mor-tality and serology of imported houbara bustards dur-ing 1992–94 have been previously presented (Bailey etal., 1996a,b,c), a comprehensive review of the infectious

Tom Bailey (corresponding author) Environmental Research andWildlife Development Agency, National Avian Research Center,PO Box 45553, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. E-mail:[email protected]

Christu-Das Silvanose, Jesus Naldo, Olivier Combreau andFrederic Launay Environmental Research and Wildlife DevelopmentAgency, National Avian Research Center, PO Box 45553, Abu Dhabi,United Arab Emirates.

Ulrich Wernery and Joerg Kinne Central Veterinary ResearchLaboratory, P.O. Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Richard Gough and Ruth Manvell Central Veterinary Laboratory,New Haw, Weybridge, Surrey, UK.

Revised manuscript accepted for publication 20 May 2000

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326 T. Bailey et al.

diseases of these birds in relation to their medicalrehabilitation is lacking. Exposure to infectious diseasesis an important consideration for those agenciescharged with the rehabilitation of illegally tradedhoubara bustards into the wild or into captive breedingprojects (White & Morzenti, 1997; IUCN, 2000). Thepurpose of this paper is to: 1) review data from 1992 to1999 concerning the diseases that occur in smuggledbustards; 2) determine the relevance of these diseases tothe quarantine and rehabilitation process; and 3)provide medical recommendations for those involvedwith quarantine and rehabilitation.

Disease investigation

The birds

A total of 596 live and 179 dead houbara bustards wasexamined by NARC personnel between 1992 and 1999.Birds were examined at the following sites: 1) Al AinZoo quarantine unit, UAE; 2) NARC quarantine unit,UAE; and 3) Houbara Foundation International Re-

habilitation Centre, Pakistan. Although the majority ofbirds were suspected to come from Pakistan, somebirds originated from Iran. It is also known that somebirds are smuggled into the UAE with falconry partiesthat have hunted in Iraq, Afghanistan and Iran. Rel-evant post-mortem, clinical, endoparasite, haemoparasiteand serological data from smuggled birds between 1992and 1994 (Bailey et al., 1996a,b,c; Howlett et al., 1996;Jones et al., 1996) were also considered in this review.

Health monitoring procedures

Clinical and post-mortem examinations on live anddead birds were conducted following methods de-scribed by Bailey (1998a) to determine causes of mor-bidity and mortality, respectively. Diagnostic aidsincluded the following:1 At NARC, aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology, fungalculture (Silvanose et al., 1998), haematology (Samour etal., 1994), Chlamydia sp. antibody enzyme-linked im-munosorbent assay (ELISA) (Ridascreen, r-Biopharm,Darmstadt, Germany) and Chlamydia sp. antigen ELISA

Fig. 1 Map of the Middle East showing the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in relation to surrounding countries (Iran, Afghanistan,Pakistan and Uzbekistan) where free-living houbara bustards are trapped before being transported to Gulf States.

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Health considerations of the rehabilitation of illegally traded houbara bustards 327

Table 1 Information (origin,year, examination country andlocation, numbers live anddead) on smuggled houbarabustards

Country examined Site No. live No. deadOrigin of birds Year

Pakistan 1 208 501992–94 UAE54 nd*2Pakistan/Iran UAE1997

2Pakistan 109 441998 UAE105Pakistan 431996 Pakistan 373 403Pakistan Pakistan1997

3Pakistan 47 21998 Pakistan

596 179Total

nd* These birds were euthanized because of a mixed infection with Chlamydia, PMV-1 and avian pox;post-mortem records were not available.Site code: 1=Al Ain Zoo quarantine unit, UAE; 2=National Avian Research Center quarantine unit,UAE; 3=Houbara Foundation International Rehabilitation Centre, Pakistan.

(Ideia, Dako Diagnostics Ltd, Ely, UK) according to themanufacturers’ instructions.2 At the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory(CVRL, Dubai, UAE) histopathology, virus isolationand PMV-1 haemagglutination inhibition (HI) serology(Wernery et al., 1992).3 At the Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL, NewHaw, UK) virus isolation, virus serology (Bailey et al.,1996c) including PMV-2 and PMV-3 HI, avian pox agargel precipitation (AGP), infectious bronchitis HI, avianinfluenza AGP, avian pneumovirus and salmonellatyping.4 At the International Institute of Parasitologists (Joneset al., 1996) and MP Consultants International (Berk-shire, UK) for endoparasite and blood parasite identifi-cation, respectively (Howlett et al., 1996).

Estimation of flock mortality

Mortality was estimated for eight imported flocks ofhoubara bustards (564 birds) after reviewing healthrecords from previously published sources and fromdiscussions with veterinary colleagues working in theMiddle East. Additional seasonal mortality of 2900birds from a rehabilitation centre in Pakistan, wheremultiple flocks were admitted from 1996 to 1998, wasincluded for comparison.

Significance of diseases in relation to therehabilitation of smuggled houbara bustards

A comprehensive list of infectious diseases confirmedin smuggled houbara bustards is presented in Table 4.The significance of each disease in relation to the quar-antine and rehabilitation process was assessed usingthe following criteria:

SignificanceCriterion

Significant, notFlock mortalitypost-transportation significant, unknown

Flock morbidity Significant, notpost-transportation significant, unknown

Significant, notRisk to poultry incountry of importation* significant, unknown

Zoonotic risk to humans Yes, no, unknownthat come into contactwith houbara

Health risk to falcons if Significant, notsignificant, unknownused as bagged quarry

Health risk to free-living Significant, notsignificant, unknownhoubara if releasedYes, no, unknownTreatment possible

during quarantineSignificant, notDisease carrier risk aftersignificant, unknownquarantine†

* In terms of risk to large commercial flocks.† In terms of risk to other houbara bustards if rehabili-tated birds are released into the wild or incorporatedinto captive flocks. Where data were not available forhoubara bustards, published information from otheravian species was used (Ritchie & Carter, 1995).

Health findings

The birds

Data summarizing the origin, year, number of birds(live and dead), and the country and site where birdswere examined are presented in Table 1.

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Health monitoring results

The results of health screening examinations on liveand dead smuggled birds from 1992 to 1999 are pre-sented in Table 2. The prevalence of the diseases (percent) during this survey is also presented in Table 2.The most prevalent conditions detected in smuggledhoubara bustards were PMV-1, avian pox, Chlamydiasp., aspergillosis and endoparasite infestations (Table2). These conditions are discussed below.

PMV-1The majority (55.9 per cent) of birds were exposed toPMV-1 as demonstrated by serology and PMV-1 viruswas isolated from 4.1 per cent of samples derived fromlive and dead birds (Table 2). The disease is frequentlyassociated with central nervous system signs(Ostrowski et al., 1995a; Bailey et al., 1997) and clinicaloutbreaks are an important cause of mortality afterarrival in the UAE (Table 3).

Avian poxAvian pox lesions were apparent on 23.7 per cent oflive birds examined during this survey (Table 2). Thecutaneous form is most frequently seen and causesmild to moderate clinical signs (Ostrowski et al., 1995b;Bailey et al., 1996a), while the less commonly-seendiphtheroid (Plate 1) and septicaemic forms cause out-

breaks of high morbidity and mortality (Samour et al.,1996; Table 3). The high prevalence of traumatic in-juries (see below) probably facilitates the transmissionof pox virus between birds.

AspergillosisFungal granulomas in the respiratory tract of bustardsyielding Aspergillus fumigatus was a common post-mortem finding in 33.7 per cent of carcasses examined.Immunosuppression is known to play a major role inpredisposing other species of birds to this disease(Wyatt & Stewart, 1990), and the high prevalence inhoubaras is probably associated with stress, over-crowding, malnutrition and exposure to other dis-eases.

ChlamydiaTwenty-five per cent and 50.8 per cent of birds werepositive for Chlamydia sp. ELISA antigen and ELISAantibody, respectively. ELISA-positive birds were com-monly infected with other viral and bacterial diseases,making it difficult to determine which agent was theprimary pathogen. Clinical signs in positive birds in-cluded conjunctivitis, sinusitis, airsacculitis, pneumo-nia and hepatitis. Although the significance ofChlamydia sp. ELISA-positive houbara bustards has yetto be established, chlamydiosis is an important diseaseof captive houbara bustards (Greth et al., 1993).

Table 2 Results of health monitoring on live and dead smuggled houbara bustards listed in Table 1

AnalysisLive or deadDisease or organism No. positive (per cent)No. tested

ELISA swabLiveChlamydia 194 49 (25.3)LiveChlamydia ELISA serum 132 67 (50.8)

Salmonella Dead Cloacal swab 41 11 (26.8)Salmonella Live Cloacal swab 93 2 (2.2)Aspergillosis Dead PME 163 55 (33.7)

Live+deadParamyxovirus 1 Virus isolation 121 5 (4.1)LiveParamyxovirus 1 151 (55.9)270HI serum

Paramyxovirus 2 126 5 (3.9)HI serumLiveHI serum 0 (0)126Paramyxovirus 3 Live

139 (23.7)585Clinical examLiveAvian pox19 (11.8)161PMEDeadAvian pox

AGP serumLiveAvian pox 11 (7.5)1460 (0)79HI serumLiveInfectious bronchitis

79AGP serum 0 (0)LiveAvian influenza0 (0)Avian pneumovirus Live ELISA serum 24

Virus isolation* nd ndLive+deadAvian reovirusVirus isolation* nd ndDeadAvian adenovirus

76 (15.5)491Clinical examLiveTrichomonas sp.Haemoproteus 165 90 (54.5)Live Blood smearLeucocytozoon Live Blood smear 165 3 (0.02)

PMEDeadEndoparasites 34 (36.5)93

nd=no data; PME=post-mortem examination.* Reovirus and adenovirus were isolated from pooled samples submitted for virological screening from two flocks of birds in 1999, but nodata exist on the prevalence in individual birds.

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Table 3 Known causes of mortality of smuggled houbara bustard flocks in the Middle East and Pakistan

Year Country No. birds Mortality (per cent) Cause Source

1986 UAE 30 100 PMV-1 Bailey, 1998a1993 Bahrain 123 100 Avian pox Samour et al., 19961993 UAE 36 33 PMV-1 Bailey, 1998a1994 UAE 22 77 Aspergillosis Bailey, unpublished1995 UAE 200 50 PMV-1 Bailey, 1998a1996 Pakistan 1400 25 Multiple* Bailey et al., 19971997 Pakistan 1500 22 Multiple* Bailey et al., 1997; Bailey, 1998b1998 UAE 34 59 Avian pox Bailey, unpublished1998 UAE 24 25 PMV-1 Bailey, unpublished1998 UAE 95 49 Multiple† Bailey, unpublished

* Includes pox, PMV-1, aspergillosis and secondary mixed bacterial infections.† Includes pox, PMV-1, reovirus, adenovirus, Pseudomonas sp. and Salmonella spp.

EndoparasitesParasites were found in the intestinal tract of34 per cent of carcasses of birds that received no an-thelmintic treatment between arrival at quarantine anddeath. Species identified included: Raillietina nyrai,Idiogenes sp., Ascometra vestita, Ascometra choriotidis,Hispaniolepis taeniatus, Mediorhynchus taeniatus and Cen-trorhynchus lancea (Jones et al., 1996). Although heavyendoparasite infestations are occasionally associatedwith mortality in individual smuggled houbara (Joneset al., 1996), the presence of parasites probably con-tributes to the overall debilitation shown by the birds.

Other diseasesOther infections associated with morbidity and mor-tality in smuggled bustards included: Trichomonas sp.,Giardia sp., Clostridium spp. (C. botulinum, C. per-fringens), Candida spp. (C. albicans, C. tropicalis), Salmonellaspp. (S. typhimurium, S. arizona, S. reading), Pseudomonasaeruginosa and Pasteurella multocida. These agents wereusually found in association with avian pox, PMV-1 oraspergillosis. Reovirus and adenovirus were isolatedfrom live and dead birds in 1999, but there are in-sufficient data to provide an accurate idea of the pre-valence of these conditions and further studies arecurrently underway. Serology also demonstrated anti-bodies to avian paramyxovirus type 2 (PMV-2) in livebirds. The significance of reovirus, PMV-2 and aden-ovirus has yet to be determined, although PMV-2 hasbeen associated with respiratory disease in a houbarabustard in Saudi Arabia (Ostrowski & Combreau, 1995).These agents have all been associated with mortality ofwild birds in quarantine stations in the UK (Ashton &Cooper, 1989). Avian leucosis was found in 1 of 258(0.4 per cent) houbara bustards examined at the CVRLbetween 1995 and 1998 (Kinne & Wernery, unpublisheddata), but was not encountered during the current

survey. This disease has been previously reported in animported white-bellied bustard (Bailey et al., 1996b).

Physical condition

On arrival at rehabilitation and quarantine facilities, thebirds were in poor body condition. In 1998, the meanbodyweight of birds within flocks on arrival at theNARC quarantine unit was 20–25 per cent belownormal ranges (Bailey, unpublished observations).Eighteen per cent (41/228) of live birds examined hadsoft tissue traumatic injuries, mainly to the wing tipregion. Houbara bustards are commonly trapped insnares set in gaps in brushwood fences adjacent tomustard fields in Pakistan (Plate 2), which often resultin injuries or fractures to the limbs. Further injuriesoften arise during transportation when birds arecrowded into a small space and the typical transportboxes in which houbara bustards are packed for ship-

Plate 1 Viral diseases, such as avian pox in this bird (see largelesions in the oropharynx) are commonly seen in birds afterconfiscation and can cause devastating outbreaks of mortality(Tom Bailey).

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Plate 4 The mortality of transported birds is often high; thesebirds were from consignments confiscated in Pakistan (TomBailey).

Plate 2 Houbara bustards are commonly trapped in snares setin gaps in brushwood fences adjacent to mustard fields inPakistan (Tom Bailey).

ment into the Middle East are shown in Plate 3. Heavylouse infestations are also a common observation whenbirds arrive at rehabilitation and quarantine centres andagain are probably an indication of the overall debilita-tion of the birds.

Flock mortality

The mortality of smuggled birds is often high, andPlate 4 shows dead birds collected from one confiscatedconsignment. Mortality data from 10 groups of birdsare summarized in Table 3. Mortality ranged from 22 to100 per cent. Information on the mortality at the re-habilitation centre in Pakistan is presented as the totalnumber of birds admitted during a season, which in-cluded multiple flocks of various sizes. Information forBahrain and the UAE concerns data on known individ-ual flocks.

Significance of diseases

A comprehensive list of diseases confirmed in smug-gled houbara bustards and their significance to rehabili-tation projects is presented in Table 4. Viral diseasesrepresent the clearest health threat to smuggledhoubara bustards presented for rehabilitation, becauseof the inability to treat infections, the lack of knowledgeconcerning recovery from infection and the potentialfor recovered, but latently infected, birds to shed thevirus and to infect other birds by either vertical orhorizontal transmission. In addition, although vaccina-tion regimens have been established for PMV-1 inhoubara bustards using commercially available poultrypreparations (Bailey, 1998a), effective vaccination regi-mens have not been determined for the other viraldiseases. Consequently, virological screening is an im-portant component of assessing and monitoring healthbefore release into the wild or incorporation into cap-tive breeding projects. The zoonotic potential ofchlamydiosis and salmonellosis should be consideredby those involved in the rehabilitation process, but mayalso be of importance to falconers and their huntingfalcons, which consume dead birds used in the trainingprocess.

Discussion

The trade and movement of live non-domesticatedbirds between countries are well-known factors inspreading avian pathogens (Ashton & Cooper, 1989;Clubb & Rosskopf, 1996; Shortridge & Burrows, 1997).Reviews of disease outbreaks from quarantine stationsindicate that many birds are diseased before shipment,acquire infections during transport, or have increasedPlate 3 Typical transport boxes in which houbara bustards are

packed for shipment into the Middle East (Tom Bailey).

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susceptibility to disease following shipment (Wolff,1996). The nature of the trade of houbara bustards inwhich they are trapped in the wild, housed in over-crowded unhygienic and cramped cages, exposed tothe rigours of transit and climatic extremes, malnour-ished and damaged by traumatic injuries means that ahigh mortality is almost inevitable in the current sur-vey, no single disease entity was responsible for themajority of morbidity or mortality seen in these smug-gled birds; instead, the birds presented with a ‘cocktail’of diseases. The susceptibility of imported houbarabustards under conditions of stress to viral diseasesconcurs with investigations on other imported wildavian species (Ashton, 1984; Shortridge et al., 1991;Doyle, 1997; Shortridge & Burrows, 1997). A similartrade in East African bustard species also exists(Goriup, 1987), and disease is an important mortality

factor in these species when they arrive in the MiddleEast (Bailey et al., 1996a,b; Nicholls et al., 1996).

Consequently, the mortality of houbara bustards as adirect result of this trade is large, ranging from 22 to100 per cent of smuggled birds even after they havebeen presented to facilities where they receive medicaltreatment. It is probable that the mortality of birds ishigher in birds that continue through the trade cyclebecause of the lack of any medical attention. Even if aconservative figure of 25 per cent mortality is used,based on data from the largest rehabilitation project,and using the estimate of 4000–7000 birds that aresuspected to be involved in the trade from Pakistanalone, then in excess of 1250–1750 houbara bustards diedirectly as a result of disease. Mortality after captureand before transportation also needs to be considered,but because of the secrecy of this trade accurate infor-

Table 4 Infectious diseases of smuggled houbara bustards and their significance for rehabilitation projects

Significance

FalconZoonotic TreatmentPoultry CarrierFlockCategory FlockAgentriskriskmortality riskmorbidity status

S S No S No*Viral Paramyxovirus SStype 1

SNo†SNoSUKUKParamyxovirustype 2

UKNoSSS SAvian pox No†Avian leucosis NS UK NS No UK No SAvian reovirus UK UK UK No UK No† SAdenovirus UK UK UK No UK No† S

Fungal Aspergillus S S NS NSNo Yes NSfumigatusCandida albicans NS NS NS NSNo UK Yes

SNS SChlamydiaBacterial YesSYesSpsittaci‡Salmonella sp. NS S NS Yes S Yes S

NS S NSPseudomonas No S Yes NSaeruginosaClostridium NS NS NS No S Yes NSperfringensPasteurella NS NS NS No S Yes NSmultocida

SNoNSS NSNSTrichomonas sp.Parasitic (protozoa) YesNS NS Yes S Yes NSGiardia sp. NS

Haemoproteus sp. NS NS NS No NS Yes NSYesLeucocytozoon sp. NS NS NS No NS NS

SNSResults§Parasitic (endoparasites) UKYesNSNoNSParasitic (ectoparasites) Results§ NS S NS No NS Yes UK

UK=unknown; NS=not significant; S=significant.* Effective vaccines are available.† Vaccines are available, but efficacy in houbara bustards has not been determined.‡ Reported in captive birds (Greth et al., 1993).§ Species of parasites are listed in the results.

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mation is scarce. Interviews were conducted withhoubara trappers in 1996 in Pakistan (Bailey, unpub-lished data) and while many said they lost no birds,some admitted that they lost one- to two-thirds of birdsbefore they were sold on to the dealers. The datapresented in this paper probably represent the ‘tip ofthe houbara bustard iceberg’. Only a small proportionof smuggled birds is confiscated and comes to theattention of scientific and conservation agencies such asNARC. Clearly, this trade should be considered bythose interested in the conservation and sustainable useof this species because it represents:� A wastage of free-living houbara bustard popu-lations. A potential disease risk to falcons when thesebirds are used as ‘bagged’ quarry or if released byfalconers to supplement birds in hunting grounds.� A potential disease risk to free-living houbarabustard populations when confiscated birds are releasedby wildlife agencies without health monitoring andmedical treatment.� A disease risk to captive-breeding bustard popu-lations when confiscated birds are incorporated intoofficial programmes without medical screening.� A potential threat to human health from pathogenssuch as salmonellae and Chlamydia sp.� An important health risk to poultry production in theMiddle East.

Recommendations

Agencies in Pakistan and the Middle East have startedto address this problem by confiscating consignmentsof houbara bustards. However, the health of these birdsmust be considered in relation to their rehabilitationand eventual release into natural habitats or integrationinto captive flocks (Ostrowski & Combreau, 1995;White & Morzenti, 1997; IUCN, 2000). Whilst the re-lease of birds infected with aspergillosis or tricho-moniasis may result in a bird that fails to survive therigours of the wild, especially the long migration thathoubara undertake (Combreau et al., 1999), the releaseof birds infected with viral diseases could have moreserious implications for free-living birds that may nothave been exposed to these diseases. Consequently, thebenefits of releasing rehabilitated birds should beweighed against the possible adverse effects of acciden-tal disease introduction before deciding whether suchinterventions are justified (Cunningham, 1996; IUCN,2000). Our findings are relevant to other rehabilitationprojects working with confiscated animals that mayhave been exposed to infectious diseases and empha-size the importance of veterinary support for theseprogrammes (Greenwood, 1996). We therefore recom-mend the following initiatives:

Table 5 Recommended minimum health screening protocols forsmuggled houbara bustards on entry to quarantine units

Test Sample

Chlamydia Choanal swab and seraVirus isolation Choanal+cloacal swabsHaematology Full haematology and blood smearPMV-1 serology SerumBacteriology Cloacal swab

Faecal sample and oropharyngeal swabParasitology

� Confiscated birds be submitted to centres where theycan be quarantined, undergo health screening (Table 5),and be provided with appropriate husbandry andmedical care.� Birds destined for release be given, as a minimum,(1) a pre-release clinical veterinary examination and (2)more comprehensive health screening, depending onthe resources available to the agencies involved inrehabilitation (Table 6).� Investigations be initiated to monitor the subsequenthealth of houbara bustards that have been exposed toand have survived avian viral infections.� Studies be undertaken to establish effective vaccina-tion protocols against the common viral pathogens ofhoubara bustards.� All released birds be uniquely identified with a ringor identification microchip, while some rehabilitatedbirds be released with radio and satellite telemetry sothat post-release data can be collected.� Health monitoring of free-living populations beinitiated to determine the range of diseases, especiallythose caused by viruses to which houbara bustards arenaturally exposed.

Table 6 Recommended health screening protocols for smuggledhoubara bustards surviving quarantine and before release

Acceptable criteriaTest Samplefor release

Essential databaseVirus isolation Choanal+ Negative

cloacal swabsWithin normalHaematology Whole blood

(EDTA) rangesChlamydia detection Choanal swab Negative antigen

ELISANegative forCloacal swabBacteriologypathogens

Optional (if compatible with time/resources)No abnormalitiesInternalEndoscopyobservedexaminationWithin normalWhole bloodBlood chemistry

(Heparin) ranges

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Acknowledgements

We thank H. H. Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan,President of the ERWDA Board of Directors, H. H.Sheikh Hamdan bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Vice Presidentof the ERWDA and Mr M. Al Bowardi, ERWDAManaging Director, for their support of the veterinaryscience programme of NARC. We thank Mr A. Azur,Mr D. Tadena, Mr M. Nafees Miss J. Howlett, Miss NHajjoubtaba and Mr D. Gliddon from ERWDA, for theirassistance with this project. We also thank ourcolleagues in the Pakistan Customs Department andBrigadier M. Ahmed, Mr H. Rashid and Mr S. Nadeemfrom the Houbara Foundation International, Pakistan,for their collaboration.

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1. National Avian Research Center (NARC). The NARC isbased in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in the UAE and is aCenter of the Environmental Research and Wildlife Devel-opment Agency. NARC’s flagship species are the houbarabustard and saker falcon. The Center promotes the eco-logically sustainable utilization and maintenance of thehoubara bustard and saker falcon, believing that workingwith these flagship species will, in the long term, help toensure the conservation of desert wildlife in general.

2. Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL). TheCVRL was founded by H. H. General Sheikh MohammedBin Rashid Al Maktoum in 1985 and operates as a govern-ment veterinary centre, responsible for diagnosis of dis-eases in all animal species, especially camels, falcons andhorses. The CVRL is internationally recognized for serolo-gical testing of equine notifiable diseases for the Gulf region.

3. Central Veterinary Laboratory. The international role ofthe Avian Virology unit of the Central Veterinary Labor-atory, UK, includes designation as OIE, FAO and EUreference laboratory for Newcastle disease and avian influ-enza and viral diseases of poultry. Diagnostic testing bytissue culture, embryonated eggs, electron microscopy,serology and molecular techniques is carried out. Projectsinvolving raptors, ratites, waterfowl, gamebirds,psittaciformes, bustards, penguins, reptiles and amphibiahave been undertaken.

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