Health and Wellness Chapter 3
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Transcript of Health and Wellness Chapter 3
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Contributes to every dimension of wellness
Psychological health› Defined positively (presence of wellness), or› Defined negatively (absence of sickness)
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Abraham Maslow’s Toward a Psychologyof Being (1960s)
Hierarchy of needs (in order of decreasing importance)› Physiological needs› Safety› Being loved› Maintaining self-esteem› Self-actualization
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© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Refers to fulfilling human potential Self-actualized people share certain
qualities:› Realism› Acceptance
Self-concept Self-esteem
› Autonomy› Authenticity› Capacity for intimacy› Creativity
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Three different but equally valid paths› The Pleasant Life› The Engaged Life› The Meaningful Life
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Not the same as psychological normality Mentally normal simply means being
close to average Psychological diversity› Range of ideas, lifestyles, and attitudes
“Mentally ill” versus “mentally healthy”
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Growing up psychologically› Developing adult identity› Developing intimacy› Developing values and purpose
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Develop a positive self-concept› Begins in childhood› Integration› Stability
Meet challenges to self-esteem› Challenge is your self-concept
Acknowledge that something has gone wrong› Notice your patterns of thinking› Avoid focusing on the negative› Develop realistic self-talk
Be less defensive Be optimistic
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Maintain honest communication› Assertiveness training
Deal with loneliness Deal with anger› Manage your own anger› Deal with anger in other people
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Anxiety (fear) disorders› Simple (or “specific”) phobia
Fear of something definite Most common and most understandable
› Social phobia 15 million Americans experience social phobia Fear of humiliation or embarrassment while being
observed by others› Panic disorders
Sudden unexpected surges in anxiety Rapid and strong heartbeat Shortness of breath Loss of physical equilibrium Feeling of losing mental control
Agoraphobia
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Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)› Reaction to future threats is to worry › Worries have taken over
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)› Obsessions – recurrent, unwanted thoughts› Compulsions – repetitive, difficult-to-resist actions
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)› Reaction to a severely traumatic event
Treatment for anxiety disorders› Medication› Psychological interventions
Cognitive-behavioral therapies
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Depression› Demoralization
Feeling of sadness and hopelessness Loss of pleasure Poor appetite Insomnia Restlessness Thoughts of worthlessness Trouble concentrating Thoughts of death or suicide
› Dysthymic disorder Symptoms for longer than 2 years
› Suicide › Treatment
Drug therapy Psychotherapy Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Light therapy
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Mania and Bipolar Disorder› Gender differences
Equal numbers of men and women suffer
Schizophrenia› Uncertain what causes it› General characteristics:
Disorganized thoughts Inappropriate emotions Delusions Auditory hallucinations Deteriorating social and work functioning
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Figure 3.2Nerve Cell Communication
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Third leading cause of death for ages 15 to 24 Women attempt three times as many suicides
as men do Men have much higher suicide rates than
women do Whites and Native Americans have highest
rates of suicide
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Depression Expressing the “wish” to be dead Revealing contemplated methods of suicide Increasing social withdrawal and isolation Sudden, inexplicable lightening of mood
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History of previous attempts Suicide by a family member or friend Readily available means of committing suicide History of substance abuse or eating disorders Serious medical problems
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Four different perspectives:1. Biological Model
Pharmacological therapya) Antidepressantsb) Mood stabilizersc) Antipsychoticsd) Anxiolytics and hypnoticse) Stimulantsf) Anti-dementia drugs
2. Behavioral Model Stimulus, response, and reinforcement Practice exposure
3. Cognitive Model Effect of ideas on behavior and feeling
4. Psychodynamic Model Thoughts; focus more on the present
Evaluation of the models Combining different therapies
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Self-help› Books› Writing in a journal› Religion› Social groups
Peer counseling and support groups Professional help› Determine the need › Choose a mental health professional
Psychiatrists Clinical psychologists Social workers Licensed counselors Clergy Hospital treatment team
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