Haussmann Paris

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Haussmann's renovation of ParisFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Napoleon III instructed Haussmann to bring air and light to the center of the city, to unify the different neighborhoods withboulevards,and to

make the city more beautiful. The avenue de l!p"ra, created by Haussmann, painted by#amille $issarro%&'(').

*eorges+ugene Haussmann,the $refect of the -eine underNapoleon III%nephew of Napoleon onaparte) from &'/0 until &'12

Haussmann's renovation of Pariswas a vast public works program commissioned by

mperor Napol"on IIIand directed by his prefectof the -eine, *eorges+ug3ne Haussmann,between &'/0 and &'12. It included the demolition of crowded and unhealthy medievalneighborhoods, the building of wide avenues, parks and s4uares, the anne5ation of the suburbssurrounding$aris,and the construction of new sewers, fountains and a4ueducts. Haussmanns workmet with fierce opposition, and he was finally dismissed by Napoleon III in &'126 but work on hispro7ects continued until &(81. The street plan and distinctive appearance of the center of $aris todayis largely the result of Haussmanns renovation. 9&:

Contents
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9hide:

&!vercrowding, disease, crime, and unrest in the center of the old $aris

8arlier attempts to moderni;e the city

0&'@1)

@$aris doubles in si;e ? the anne5ation of &'@2

1The third phase, and mounting criticism %&'@(>&'12)

'The downfall of Haussmann %&'12) and the completion of his work %&(81)

(*reen space ? parks and gardens

&2The architecture of Haussmanns $aris

&&The Haussmann building

&8Anderneath the streets of Haussmanns $aris ? the renovation of the citys infrastructure

&0#ritics of Haussmanns $aris

o &0.&BTriumphant CulgarityB

o &0.8The debate about the military purposes of Haussmanns boulevards

o &0.0-ocial disruption

&=


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In the middle of the nineteenth century, the center of $aris was overcrowded, dark, dangerous, andunhealthy. In &'=/ the French social reformer Cictor #onsiderantwrote B$aris is an immenseworkshop of putrefaction, where misery, pestilence and sickness work in concert, where sunlight andair rarely penetrate. $aris is a terrible place where plants shrivel and perish, and where, of sevensmall infants, four die during the course of the year.B98:The street plan on the Gle de la #it" and in theneighborhood called the 4uarter des rcis, between the


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The rue du Kardinet on the


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The second+hand clothing market, the Earch" du Temple, in &'=2, before Haussmann.

The urban problems of $aris had been recogni;ed in the &'th century6 Coltairecomplained about themarkets Bestablished in narrow streets, showing off their filthiness, spreading infection and causingcontinuing disorders.B He wrote that the facade of the


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Dambuteau wanted to do more, but his budget and powers were limited. He did not have the powerto easily e5propriate property to build new streets, and the first law which re4uired minimum healthstandards for $aris residential buildings was not passed until pril &'/2, under


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on the Due de Divoli 4uickly enough, and the original design for the ois de oulogne turned out tobe a disaster6 the architect, Kac4ues Ignace Hittorff,who had designed the $lace de la #oncorde for


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Napoleon III dismissed erger as the $refect of the -eine and sought a more effective manager. Hisminister of the interior, Cictor de $ersigny,interviewed several candidates, and selected *eorgeugene Haussmann, the prefect of ordeau5, who impressed $ersigny with his energy, audacity,and ability to overcome or get around problems and obstacles. He became $refect of the -eine on88 Kune &'/0, and on 8( Kune the mperor showed him the map of $aris and instructedHaussmann to arer, unifier, et embellir$aris to give it air and open space, to connect and unify the

different parts of the city into one whole, and to make it more beautiful.9&@:

Haussmann went to work immediately on the first phase of the renovation desired by Napoleon III6completing the grand croise de Paris, a great cross in the centre of $aris that would permit easiercommunication from east to west along the rue de Divoli and rue -aint+ntoine, and north+southcommunication along two new oulevards, -trasbourg and -ebastopol. The grand cross had beenproposed by the #onvention during the Devolution, and begun by Napoleon I6 Napoleon III wasdetermined to complete it. #ompletion of the rue de Divoli was given an even higher priority,because the mperor wanted it finished before the opening of the $aris Aniversal 5position of&'//, only two years away, and he wanted the pro7ect to include a new hotel, the*rand HPtel du


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0he second phase a networ+ of new "oulevards #$%(/$%12*9edit:

The tree+lined avenue de lImp"ratrice%now avenue Foch) was designed by Haussmann as the grand entrance to theois de oulogne.

The new avenue des Gobelinson the left bank opened a view to the$anth"on.

Haussmannsoulevard -aint+*ermainwas designed as the main east+west a5is of the left bank.

TheGle de la #it"transformed by Haussmann new transverse streets %red), public spaces %light blue) and buildings %dark blue).
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haussmann%27s_renovation_of_Paris&action=edit&section=5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois_de_Boulognehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois_de_Boulognehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panth%C3%A9onhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panth%C3%A9onhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panth%C3%A9onhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_Saint-Germainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_Saint-Germainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haussmann%27s_renovation_of_Paris&action=edit&section=5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois_de_Boulognehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panth%C3%A9onhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_Saint-Germainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9


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In the first phase of his renovation Haussmann constructed (,=@1 metres %@ miles) of newboulevards, at a net cost of 81' million francs. The official parliamentary report of &'/( found that ithad Bbrought air, light and healthiness and procured easier circulation in a labyrinth that wasconstantly blocked and impenetrable, where streets were winding, narrow, dark and unhealthy.B980:Ithad employed thousands of workers, and most $arisians were pleased by the results. His secondphase, approved by the mperor and parliament in &'/' and begun in &'/(, was much more

ambitious. He intended to build a network of wide boulevards to connect the interior of $aris with thering of grand boulevards built by


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lmpereur %the present avenue du $resident+Wilson), which connected the placesdlma, dIena and du Trocad"ro. In addition, four new streets were built in thatneighborhood rue Francois+Ier, rue $ierre #harron, rue Earbeuf and rue de Earignan.98/:

!n the left bank

Two new boulevards, avenue os4uet and avenue Dapp, were constructed, beginning fromthe pont de llma.

The avenue de la Tour Eaubourg was e5tended as far as the pont des Invalides.

new street, boulevard rago, was constructed, to open up place Jenfert+Dochereau.

new street, boulevard dnfer %todays boulevard Daspail) was built up to theintersection -3vres>abylone.

The streets around the $anth"on on Eontagne -ainte+*enevi3vewere e5tensively changed. new street, avenue des *obelins, was created, and part of rue Eouffetard was e5panded.

nother new street, rue Eonge, was created on the east, while another new street, rue #laudeernard, on the south. Due -oufflot, built by Dambuteau, was entirely rebuilt.

!n theGle de la #it"

The island became an enormous construction site, which completely destroyed most of the oldstreets and neighborhoods. Two new government buildings, the Tribunal de #ommerce andthe$refecture de $olice, were built, occupying a large part of the island. Two new streets were alsobuilt, the boulevard du $alais and the rue de


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With the anne5ation $aris was enlarged from twelve to twenty arrondissements, the number today.The anne5ation more than doubled the area of the city from 0,022 hectares to 1,&22 hectares, andthe population of $aris instantly grew by =22,222 to &,@22,222 persons. 902:The anne5ation made itnecessary for Haussmann to enlarge his plans, and to construct new boulevards to connect the newarrondissements with the center. In order to connect uteil and $assy to the center of $aris, he builtrues Eichel+nge, Eolitor and Eirabeau. To connect the plain of Eonceau, he built avenues Cillers,

Wagram, and boulevard Ealesherbes. To reach the northern arrondissements he e5tendedboulevard Eagenta with boulevard d!rnano as far as the $orte de la #hapelle, and in the easte5tended the rue des $yr"n"es. 90&:

0he third phase, and mounting criticism #$%1/$%24*9edit:

The third phase of renovations was proposed in &'@1 and approved in &'@(, but it faced much moreopposition than the earlier phases. Napoleon III had decided to liberali;e his empire in &'@2, and togive a greater voice to the parliament and to the opposition. The mperor had always been lesspopular in $aris than in the rest of the country, and the republican opposition in parliament focusedits attacks on Haussmann. Haussmann ignored the attacks and went ahead with the third phase,which planned the construction of twenty eight kilometers of new boulevards and at an estimatedcost of 8'2 million francs.98=:

The third phase included these pro7ects on the right bank

The renovation of the gardens of the #hamps+lys"es.

Finishing the place du #hQteau dau %now $lace de la Depubli4ue), creating a new avenuedes mandiers and e5tending avenue $armentier.

Finishing place du Trone %now $lace de la Nation) and opening three new boulevardsavenue $hiippe+uguste, avenue Taillebourg, and avenue de ouvines.

5tending rue #aulaincourt and preparing a future $ont #aulaincourt.

uilding a new rue de #hQteaudon and clearing the space around the church of Notre+Jamede


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Finishing the Dond+$oint of the #hamps+lys"es, with the construction of avenue dntin%now Franklin Doosevelt) and rue


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&(21+ completion of boulevard Daspail

&(81+ completion of boulevard Haussmann 90@:

5reen space par+s and gardens9edit:

Theois de oulogne%&'/8>&'/') was inspired by Hyde $ark in &'1') to the south.901:In addition to building the four large parks,Haussmann and lphand redesigned and replanted the citys older parks, including $arc Eonceau,and the Kardin du


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Theois de Cincennes%&'@2>&'@/) was %and is today) the largest park in $aris, designed to give green space to the working+classpopulation of east $aris.

Haussmann built the $arc des uttes #haumonton the site of a former limestone 4uarry at the northern edge of the city.
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$arc Eontsouris%&'@/>&'@() was built at the southern edge of the city, where some of the old catacombs of $aris had been.

$arc Eonceau,formerly the property of the family of Ling


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The-4uare des atignolles,one of the new s4uares that Haussmann built in the neighborhoods anne5ed to $aris in &'@2.

0he architecture of Haussmann's Paris9edit:

The$alais *arnieror $aris !pera %&'1/), then the largest theater in the world, begun by Napoleon III but not finished until &'1/. The style

was described by its architect,#harles *arnier, simply as BNapoleon III.B

Napoleon III and Haussmann commissioned a wide variety of architecture, some of it traditional,some of it very innovative, like the glass and iron pavilions of


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market in the neighborhood of the Temple, the Earch" -aint+Honor"6 the Earch" de lurope inthe 'th arrondissement6 the Earch" -aint+Muentin in the &2th arrondissement6 the Earch" deelleville in the 82th6 the Earch" des atignolles in the &1th6 the Earch" -aint+Jidier andEarch" duteuil in the &@th6 the Earch" de Necker in the &/th6 the Earch" de Eontrouge in the&=th6 the Earch" de $lace dItalie in the &0th6 the Earch" -aint+Eaur+$opincourt in the &&th.

The $aris !pera %now $alais *arnier), begun under Napoleon III and finished in &'1/6 andfive new theaters6 the #hQtelet and Th"Qtre


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The pavilions of &'1&), built by the same architect as the markets of &'@2), designed by*abriel Javioud,marked the beginning of oulevard -aint+Eichel.
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The Th"Qtre de la Cille, one of two matching theaters, designed by*abriel Javioud,which Haussmann had constructed atthe$lace du #hatelet,the meeting point of his north+south and east+west boulevards.

TheHotel+Jieu de $aris, the oldest hospital in $aris, ne5t to the #athedral of Notre Jame on the Gle de la #it", was enlarged andrebuilt by Haussmann beginning in &'@=, and finished in &'1@. It replaced several of the narrow, winding streets of the old medieval

city.

The $refecture de $olice %shown here), the new $alais de Kustice and the Tribunal de #ommerce took the place of a dense web ofmedieval streets on the western part of the Gle de la #it".

The*are du Nordrailway station %&'@&>@=). Napoleon III and Haussmann saw the railway stations as the new gates of $aris, andbuilt monumental new stations.
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The new mairie, or town hall, of the &8th arrondissement. Haussmann built new city halls for si5 of the original twelvearrondissements, and enlarged the other si5.

Haussmann reconstructed The$ont -aint+Eichelconnecting the Gle+de+la+#it" to the left bank. It still bears the initial Nof Napol"onIII.

The first railroad bridge across the -eine %&'/8>/0), originally called the $ont Napoleon III, now called simply the $ont National.

calet de ncessit, or public toilet, with a facade sculpted by mile *uadrier, built near the #hamps lysees. %&'@/).

0he Haussmann "uilding9edit:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_Saint-Michelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_Saint-Michelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_Nationalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haussmann%27s_renovation_of_Paris&action=edit&section=11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_Saint-Michelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_Nationalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haussmann%27s_renovation_of_Paris&action=edit&section=11


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$lace -aint+*eorges.

oulevard Haussmann, lined by typical Haussmann buildings.

The most famous and recogni;able feature of Haussmanns renovation of $aris are the Haussmannapartment buildings which line the boulevards of $aris. -treet blockswere designed as

homogeneous architectural wholes. He treated buildings not as independent structures, but aspieces of a unified urban landscape.

In &'th century $aris, the architecture still e5isting before Haussmann, buildings were usually narrow%often only si5 meters wide)6 deep %sometimes forty meters) and tall + as many as five or si5 stories.The ground floor usually contained a shop, and the shopkeeper lived in the rooms above the shop.The upper floors were occupied by families6 the top floor, under the roof, was originally a storageplace, but under the pressure of the growing population, was usually turned into a low+costresidence.9=0:In the early &(th century, before Haussmann, the height of buildings was strictly limitedto 88.=& meters, or four floors above the ground floor. The city also began to see a demographicshift6 wealthier families began moving to the western neighborhoods, partly because there was morespace, and partly because the prevailing winds carried the smoke from the new factories in $aristoward the east.

In Haussmanns $aris, the streets became much wider, growing from an average of twelve meterswide to twenty+four meters, and in the new arrondissements, often to eighteen meters wide.

The interiors of the buildings were left to the owners of the buildings, but the facades were strictlyregulated, to ensure that they were the same height, color, material, and general design, and wereharmonious when all seen together.

The reconstruction of the rue de Divoliwas the model for the rest of the $aris boulevards. The newapartment buildings followed the same general plan
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ground floor and basement with thick,load+bearing walls, fronts usually parallel to the street.This was often occupied by shops or offices.

me;;anineor entresol intermediate level, with low ceilings6 often also used by shops oroffices.

second, piano nobilefloor with a balcony. This floor, in the days before elevators werecommon, was the most desirable floor, and had the largest and best apartments.

third and fourth floors in the same style but with less elaborate stonework around thewindows, sometimes lacking balconies.

fifth floor with a single, continuous, undecorated balcony.

mansardroof, angled at =/, with garretrooms and dormerwindows. !riginally this floor wasto be occupied by lower+income tenants, but with time and with higher rents it came to beoccupied almost e5clusively by the concierges and servants of the people in the apartments

below.The Haussmann faUade was organi;ed around hori;ontal lines that often continued from onebuilding to the ne5t balconiesand corniceswere perfectly aligned without any noticeable alcoves orpro7ections, at the risk of the uniformity of certain 4uarters. The rue de Divoliserved as a model forthe entire network of new $arisian boulevards. For the building faUades, the technological progressof stone sawing and %steam) transportation allowed the use of massive stone blocks instead ofsimple stone facing. The street+side result was a BmonumentalB effect that e5empted buildings from adependence on decoration6 sculpture and other elaborate stonework would not become widespreaduntil the end of the century.

efore Haussmann, most buildings in $aris were made of brick or wood and covered with plaster.Haussmann re4uired that the buildings along the new boulevards be either built or faced with cutstone, usually the local cream+colored


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notoriously unhealthy. In Earch &'// Haussmann appointedugene elgrand, a graduate ofthecole $olytechni4ue, to the post of Jirector of Water and -ewers of $aris.9=@:

elgrand first addressed the citys fresh water needs, constructing a system of a4ueductsthat nearlydoubled the amount of water available per person per day and 4uadrupled the number of homeswith running water.9=1:These a4ueducts discharged their water in reservoirs situated within the city.Inside the city limits and opposite $arc Eontsouris, elgrand built the largest water reservoir in theworld to hold the water from the DiverCanne.

t the same time elgrand began rebuilding the water distribution and sewer system under thestreets. In &'/8 $aris had &=8 kilometers of sewers, which could carry only li4uid waste. #ontainersof solid waste were picked up each night by people called vidangeurs, who carried it to waste dumpson the outskirts of the city. The tunnels he designed were intended to be clean, easily accessible,and substantially larger than the previous $arisian underground.9=':Ander his guidance, $ariss sewersystem e5panded fourfold between &'/8 and &'@(. 9=(:

Haussmann and elgrand built new sewer tunnels under each sidewalk of the new boulevards. Thesewers were designed to be large enough to evacuate immediately rain water6 the large amount ofwater used to wash the city streets6 waste water from both industries and individual households6 andwater that collected in basements when the level of the -eine was high. efore Haussmann, the

sewer tunnels %featured in Cictor Hugos Les Miserables) were cramped and narrow, 7ust &.' metershigh and 1/ to '2 centimeters wide. The new tunnels were 8.0 meters high and &.0 meters wide,large enough for men to work standing up. These flowed into larger tunnels that carried the wastewater to even larger collector tunnels, which were =.= meters high and /.@ meters wide. channeldown the center of the tunnel carried away the waste water, with sidewalks on either side forthe goutiers, or sewer workers. -pecially designed wagons and boats moved on rails up and downthe channels, cleaning them. elgrand proudly invited tourists to visit his sewers and ride in theboats under the streets of the city.9/2:

The underground labyrinth built by Haussmann also provided gas for heat and for lights to illuminate$aris. t the beginning of the -econd mpire, gas was provided by si5 different private companies.Haussmann forced them to consolidate into a single company, the Compagnie Parisienned'Eclairage et de Cauffage par le Ga!, with rights to provide gas to $arisians for fifty years.

#onsumption of gas tripled between &'// and &'/(. In &'/2 there were only (222 gaslights in $aris6by &'@1, the $aris !pera and four other ma7or theaters alone had fifteen thousand gas lights. lmostall the new residential buildings of $aris had gaslights in the courtyards and stairways6 themonuments and public buildings of $aris, the arcades of the Due de Divoli, and the s4uares,boulevards and streets were illuminated at night by gaslights. For the first time, $aris was the #ity of


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The 82th century historian of $aris Den" H"ron de Cillefosse shared the same view of Haussmannsrenovation Bin less than twenty years, $aris lost its ancestral appearance, its character whichpassed from generation to generation... the pictures4ue and charming ambiance which our fathershad passed onto us was demolished , often without good reason.B H"ron de Cillefosse denouncedHaussmanns central market,


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Haussmann himself did not deny the military value of the wider streets. In his memoires, he wrotethat his new boulevard -ebastopol resulted in the Bgutting of old $aris, of the 4uarter of riots andbarricades.B9@&:He admitted he sometimes used this argument with the $arliament to 7ustify the highcost of his pro7ects, arguing that they were for national defense and should be paid for, at leastpartially, by the state. He wrote But, as for me, I who was the promoter of these additions made tothe original pro7ect, I declare that I never thought in the least, in adding them, of their greater or

lesser strategic value.B9@&:

The $aris urban historian $atrice de Eoncan wrote BTo see the workscreated by Haussmann and Napoleon III only from the perspective of their strategic value is veryreductive. The mperor was a convinced follower of -aint+-imon. His desire to make $aris, theeconomic capital of France, a more open, more healthy city, not only for the upper classes but alsofor the workers, cannot be denied, and should be recognised as the primary motivation.B9@8:

There was only one armed uprising in $aris after Haussmann, the $aris #ommunefrom Earchthrough Eay &'1&, and the boulevards played no important role. The #ommunards sei;ed powereasily, because the French rmy was absent, defeated and captured by the $russians. The#ommunards took advantage of the boulevards to build a few large forts of paving stones with widefields of fire at strategic points, such as the meeting point of the Due de Divoli and $lace de la#oncorde. ut when the newly organi;ed army arrived at the end of Eay, it avoided the mainboulevards, advanced slowly and methodically to avoid casualties, worked its way around the

barricades, and took them from behind. The #ommunards were defeated in one week not becauseof Haussmanns boulevards, but because they were outnumbered by five to one, they had fewerweapons and fewer men trained to use them, they had no hope of getting support from outside$aris, they had no plan for the defense of the city6 they had very few e5perienced officers6 there wasno single commander6 and each neighborhood was left to defend itself. 9@0:

s $aris historian $atrice de Eoncan observed, most of Haussmanns pro7ects had little or nostrategic or military value6 the purpose of building new sewers, a4ueducts, parks, hospitals, schools,city halls, theaters, churches, markets and other public buildings was, as Haussmann stated, toemploy thousands of workers, and to make the city more healthy, less congested, and morebeautiful.9@=:

Social disruption9edit:

Haussmann was also blamed for the social disruption caused by his gigantic building pro7ects.Thousands of families and businesses had to relocate when their buildings were demolished for theconstruction of the new boulevards. Haussmann was also blamed for the dramatic increase in rents,which increased by three hundred percent during the -econd mpire, while wages, e5cept for thoseof construction workers, remained flat, and blamed for the enormous amount of speculation in thereal estate market. He was also blamed for reducing the amount of housing available for low incomefamilies, forcing low+income $arisians to move from the center to the outer neighborhoods of the city,where rents were lower. -tatistics showed that the population of the first and si5th arrondissements,where some of the most densely populated neighborhoods were located, dropped, while thepopulation of the new &1th and 82th arrondissements, on the edges of the city, grew rapidly.

Arrondissement 1861 1866 1872

1er 89,519 81,665 74,286

6e 95,931 99,115 90,288

17e 75,288 93,193 101,804

20e 70,060 87,844 92,712

Haussmanns defenders noted that he built far more buildings than he tore down he demolished&(,102 buildings, containing &82,222 lodgings or apartments, while building 0=,222 new buildings,with 8&/,022 new apartments and lodgings. French historian Eichel #remona wrote that, even withthe increase in population, from (=(,222 $arisians in &'/2 to &,&02,/22 in &'/@, to two million in
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&'12, including those in the newly anne5ed eight arrondissements around the city, the number ofhousing units grew faster than the population. 9@/:

Decent studies have also shown that the proportion of $aris housing occupied by low+income$arisians did not decrease under Haussmann, and that the poor were not driven out of $aris byHaussmanns renovation. In &'@/ a survey by the prefecture of $aris showed that =8 percent of thehousing in the city was occupied 1'2,222 $arisians, or =8 percent of the population, those with thelowest income who did not pay ta5es. nother 002,222 $arisians or seventeen percent, paid lessthan 8/2 francs a month rent. Thirty+two percent of the $aris housing was occupied by middle+classfamilies, paying rent between 8/2 and &/22 francs. Fifty thousand $arisians were classified as rich,with rents over &/22 francs a month, and occupied 7ust three percent of the residences. 9@@:

!ther critics blamed Haussmann for the division of $aris into rich and poor neighborhoods, with thepoor concentrated in the east and the middle class and wealthy in the west. Haussmanns defendersnoted that this shift in population had been underway since the &'02s, long before Haussmann, asmore prosperous $arisians moved to the western neighborhoods, where there was more openspace, and where residents benefited from the prevailing winds, which carried the smoke from$ariss new industries toward the east. His defenders also noted that Napoleon III and Haussmannmade a special point to build an e4ual number of new boulevards, new sewers, water supplies,hospitals, schools, s4uares, parks and gardens in the working class eastern arrondissements as

they did in the western neighborhoods.

form of vertical stratification did take place in the $aris population due to Haussmannsrenovations. $rior to Haussmann, $aris buildings usually had wealthier people on the second floor%the Betage nobleB), while middle class and lower+income tenants occupied the top floors. AnderHaussmann, with the increase in rents and greater demand for housing, low+income people wereunable to afford the rents for the upper floors6 the top floors were increasingly occupied byconcierges and the servants of those in the floors below.


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The $arisian public now has a generally positive opinion of the Haussmann legacy,9citation needed:to thee5tent that certain suburban towns, for e5ample Issy+les+Eoulineau5and $uteau5, have built new4uarters that even by their name claim BMuartier HaussmannienB, the Haussmanian heritage.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issy-les-Moulineauxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteauxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issy-les-Moulineauxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteaux

Haussmann Paris

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