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![Page 1: Harvest Quality ‘Reducing Stress’ Mark Porter. Industry threats Differentiating Australian Barramundi Harvest methods Stress Measuring harvest stress.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bce70550346b4588b531b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Harvest Quality‘Reducing Stress’
Mark Porter
![Page 2: Harvest Quality ‘Reducing Stress’ Mark Porter. Industry threats Differentiating Australian Barramundi Harvest methods Stress Measuring harvest stress.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bce70550346b4588b531b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Industry threats• Differentiating Australian Barramundi• Harvest methods• Stress• Measuring harvest stress• NGO’s & legislation• Conclusions
Content
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What are the threats to the barramundi industry
How do we compete with these imports
DIFFERENTIATION!
High retail price Imports
Alternativeproducts
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• Product quality• Animal welfare• Feed• Environmental responsibilities• Local employment• Harvest methods
“Scottish Quality Salmon operates above the regulatory framework imposed on the Scottish salmon farming industry. The salmon are strictly monitored and, as with any kind of animal production, only the use of authorised veterinary medicines and vaccinations to protect fish welfare and combat naturally occurring diseases or pest problems is permitted”
This quality brand was designed to differentiate the domestic product from cheaper alternatives and to highlight to customers that the fish they were buying was of a consistent high quality from an accredited farm.
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• Traditional brailing and cosh harvesting of salmon in Scotland (1992)
• So what are the modern alternatives?
Harvest Methods
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So what are the alternatives?
• Crowding methods to reduce
stress
• Rapid harvest of the fish before
stress parameters develop
• Percussive stunning
• Electrocution, CO2
• Ikejime (spiking the brain)
• Rested harvest which involves
conservative handling and the
use of anesthetics to minimise
pre-mortem stress in the
animal.
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Acute and chronic stress
• Acute Stress (adaptive)– A single event for a short period. The stress response rapidly regains
the animals natural state within hours.
• Chronic Stress (maladaptive)– A constant long term stress which the fish has no way of avoiding has
an adverse effect on health, growth and reproductive
STRESS CORTISOL
LACTIC ACID
GLUCOSE
PROTEIN DENATURATION
WATER HOLDING CAPACITY
TEXTURE+
+
Creatine PhosphateATP
AMP
RIGOR MORTIS ODOUR
TASTE
Physiological response:
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Physical consequences of stress at harvest
Gaping and blood spotting are due to several factors but primarily increased flesh and blood pH. This attacks the collagen fibers and artery walls which then allows muscle blocks to separate and blood vessels to rupture. This is compounded by increased blood flow due to rapid swimming activity prior to harvest.
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Physiological Consequences of Rested Harvest in barramundi
Time to Rigor Onset
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Time (hrs)
Rig
orIn
dex
% (
Mea
n S
E)
d
bc
ab aab
ff f
cd
e
f
a
RESTED
CONVENTIONAL
Harvest Method
delayed rigor onset-increase time to process pre-rigor
maintain higher physiologicallyflesh pH
– Improved visual appearance • External colour• Flesh colour• Reduced gaping• Eye clarity
Flesh pH
6.00
6.20
6.40
6.60
6.80
7.00
7.20
7.40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (hrs)
Fle
sh p
H (
Mea
n S
E) RESTED
CONVENTIONAL
a*
a
a a
a*a*
a*
a*
a*
Harvest Method
bb
bb
bb a
a
b*
Plasma Cortisol Immediately Post-harvest (t=0)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
RESTED CONVENTIONAL
Harvest Method
Co
rtis
ol
(ng
.ml-1
)
a
b
Plasma Cortisol Immediately Post-harvest (t=0)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
RESTED CONVENTIONAL
Harvest Method
Co
rtis
ol
(ng
.ml-1
)
a
b
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Harvest Quality and fish physiology
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
8:35
:00
8:37
:00
8:45
:00
8:48
:00
9:02
:00
9:25
:00
9:30
:00
9:52
:00
9:56
:00
10:0
1:00
10:0
5:00
10:1
0:00
10:2
0:00
10:2
6:00
10:3
2:00
10:3
5:00
10:4
0:00
10:4
2:00
10:4
3:00
10:4
5:00
10:4
9:00
10:5
2:00
10:5
6:00
11:0
0:00
11:0
4:00
11:0
8:00
11:1
0:00
11:1
2:00
11:1
4:00
11:1
5:00
11:1
8:00
11:2
0:00
11:2
3:00
11:2
6:00
12:0
5:00
12:0
9:00
12:1
0:00
12:1
5:00
Glu
cose
(mm
ol/L
)
Time
1st crowd(dip net)
1st crowd(stunner)
2nd crowd(stunner)
3rd crowd(stunner)
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What are the threats to the barramundi industry
How do we compete with these imports
DIFFERENTIATION!
High retail price Imports
![Page 12: Harvest Quality ‘Reducing Stress’ Mark Porter. Industry threats Differentiating Australian Barramundi Harvest methods Stress Measuring harvest stress.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bce70550346b4588b531b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Farmed Fish Welfare (proactive dialogue with NGO’s & Government)
Main impacts of aquacultureThe seven key environmental and social impacts are:• Benthic impacts and siting: Chemicals and excess
nutrients from food and feces• Chemical inputs: Excessive use of chemicals - such
as antibiotics and pesticides – • Escapes: Can compete with wild fish and
interbreed with local wild. • Feed: Reduce dependency on fishmeal and fishoil • Nutrient loading and carrying capacity: Excess
food and fish waste increase the levels of nutrients in the water
• Social issues: labor practices and worker rights under public scrutiny. Additionally, conflicts can arise among users of coastal environments.
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Farmed Fish Welfare (proactive dialogue with NGO’s & Government)
Demand in the UK increased by 31.7% between 2008 and 2009 alone which also saw Waitrose, Marks & Spencer, Sainsbury’s and Little Chef all stop selling or using caged eggs.
Public opinion is a very powerful tool!
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Farmed Fish Welfare – the alternative Public pressure
If you don’t think this will happen in Australia
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Farmed Fish Welfare – E.U. legislation- banning ice slurry slaughter
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Supermarkets are already aligning with NGO’s
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Conclusion
• Why spend 16 months growing a fish to reduce its value in the last 60 minutes of its life?
• There is a fantastic opportunity to differentiate Australian barra from cheap foreign imports
• A high quality consistent Australian alternative to foreign imports should be an industry imperative in the future
• I’d suggest the barramundi industry should be engaging with NGOs and Government to:• Set a standard• Then voluntarily exceed these regulations• Market the welfare and clean green aspects of
the product
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Thank you