Harards of oily waste & its management
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Hazards of Oily Waste & its Remediation
Lecture
atDepartment of continuing education IIT, Roorkee
27th January, 2010
G.S. [email protected]
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Presentation Outline
Oily Wastes / Hazardous Wastes
Sludge Generation/ Environmental Regulations
Sludge Management / Bioremediation
Other disposal ways
Conclusion
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Oily Wastes
Crude oil spills
Oily sludge generated in crude oil tanks in oil fields
and in refineries
Oil contaminated soil / drill cuttings
Oil sludge generated in petroleum product tanks in
refineries / marketing terminals
Sludge generated in effluent treatment plants (ETPs)
in refineries / oil installations
Sources:
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Oily Sludge- Constituents
It is a mixture of heavy hydrocarbons like asphaltenes and waxes together with sand, clays, water and other solid substances like rust and heavy metals
The sludge is an environment hazard & hazardous
waste rules apply on it
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Hazardous Waste Definition (As defined in HW Rules 2008)
Any waste which by reason of any of its physical,
chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive or
corrosive characteristics causes danger or is likely to
cause danger to health or environment whether alone or
when in contact with other wastes or substances is termed
Hazardous
and shall include Wastes listed in Schedule–1 (list of
processes generating waste), Schedule – 2 (concentration
limits of wastes) of HW Rules
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Sludge Generation in Refineries / Oil Installations
Oily Sludge - Generated from cleaning of the crude oil and heavy product storage tanks and also from ETP basins
Chemical Sludge – Generated in ETP during
chemical treatment of effluents. (eliminated with
commissioning of biological treatment plant, BTP)
Bio Sludge – Generated from clarifier in BTP during
biological treatment of effluents
Sludge is extremely difficult to remove from tanks & poses very difficult disposal problems
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Oily Sludge(s) – Composition
Typical high volume hazardous waste generated by refineries / storage terminals
Tank Bottoms Sludge contains Crude oil / Product Oil 40 to 80%
Tanks (FO/Diesel) Water 10 to 40%
Solids 5 to 15%
Waste Water Treatment Plant Sludge contains ETP Sludge oil 40 to 60% Emergency Basin / Lagoons water 50 to 55%
Solids 10 to 15%
Industry average for total refinery solids production is around 0.32 Ton (oil + solids) per 1000 bbl of crude processed (API study)
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Prevailing Environmental Regulations
Facility operator to obtain authorization for handling / storage / transportation of sludge
Authorization is subject to satisfactory steps taken to reduce waste generated
Occupier is responsible for treatment of hazardous waste & disposal of residual waste
Storage of raw sludge is temporarily permitted in secured landfill for a period at the end of which it is to be treated & disposed off as a part of environmentally sound management of hazardous waste
Hazardous waste (Management & Handling rules – 2008) requires refineries / oil establishments
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Management of Oily Sludge
Approach followed :
Volume reduction
Treatment for recovery of oil
Disposal of residual sludge / solids without affecting
environment
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Volume reduction / oil recovery
In-situ recovery
Operation of side entry mixers – dispersing the
sludge particles in the bulk of the crude oil
Sludge dissolving by hot gas oil (70–80oC) circulation
in the tank
Contd…Management of Oily Sludge
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Ex-situ recovery
Sludge is removed to melting pit
Melting of oily sludge by heating to 80-90oC using low
pressure steam, followed by filtering, centrifuging &
settling
Contd…Management of Oily Sludge
For ETP sludge volume reduction and dewatering is done through use of thickeners & centrifuges
With this treatment solid content of sludge is increased from 1-3% by weight to approximately 20% by weight
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The recovered oil is pumped to slop tanks for
reprocessing with crude oil. Water phase is sent to
effluent treatment plant (ETP)
Contd…
The residual sludge is disposed off / stored in specially constructed pits / secured land fill (SLF) having polymer lining and leachate collection system
Management of Oily Sludge
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Limitations of Existing Practices
Recovery of oil is limited. Residual sludge in melting pit contains oil upto 30 to 35 %wt
Substantial quantity sludge is to be removed manually (messy operation)
Leads to pollution due to VOC emissions
Manual operation is not only unhealthy / unsafe but leads to outage of tanks for very long period (8 to 15 months)
Residual sludge is problem for eco-friendly disposal
Accumulation / storage of sludge in lined pits (secured landfill is not solution on long term basis)
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Sludge Management – Bioremediation Method
Residual sludge disposal
Bioremediation of residual sludge is well reorganized /
adopted by refineries and oil producing companies as
the way to dispose it in environment friendly way
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Bioremediation of Residual Oily Sludge
Bioremediation is a process that employs microorganisms capable of degrading toxic contaminants present in hazardous wastes like oily sludge etc
Naturally occurring microorganisms transform
harmful substances containing hydrocarbons to
carbon dioxide and water
Safe disposal of sludge without affecting the quality
of soil and ground water
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Bioremediation Methodology
Oily sludge is spread over the soil of the earmarked site and tilling is carried out
Bacterial consortium (oil zapper / oilivorous’S’) is applied along with nutrient at the farmed out site
The area is tilled every fortnight in 12-16 weeks, all the oil gets decomposed to carbon dioxide and water
Soil & sludge samples are analyzed every quarter for parameters including heavy metal content. No built up of concentration of heavy metals (Zn, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Co, As, Cd, Se) in the soil
Around 16 weeks of initial application the cycle is complete and fresh cycle can be started. No adverse impact on quality of ground water
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Phytoremediation
Bioremediation has been broadly successful with petroleum based constituents
Microbial digestion however has met limited success for widespread residual organic and metal pollutants
To remove trace concentration of heavy metals from soil and water phytoremediation using certain plants is fast emerging
Type of phytoremediation techniques include phytoextraction, phytotransformation, phytostabilization, phytodegradation and rizofiltration
Phytoremediation is well suited for use at very large field sites where other methods of remediation are not cost effective or practicable
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Advantages of Bioremediation
A way to safe disposal of oily sludge in petroleum industry (conventional methods expensive and cumbersome)
Bioremediation produces harmless products like carbon
dioxide, water and cell biomass
Technology well accepted in industry
Commercially used for large quantities of sludge
(>20,000 MT)
Cost effective vis-à-vis available technologies
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Disadvantages of Bioremediation
A Bioremediation is limited to those compounds that are biodegradable. Not all compounds are susceptible to rapid and complete degradation
Bioremediation often takes longer than other treatment
options, such an excavation and removal of soil or
incineration
Regulatory uncertainty remains regarding acceptable
performance criteria for bioremediation. There is no
accepted definition of “clean”, evaluating performance of
bioremediation is difficult, and there are no acceptable
endpoints for bioremediation treatments
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Other disposal ways
for
hazardous wastes
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Incineration
• Incineration is applied to certain wastes that cannot be recycled, reused or safely deposited in a landfill.
• Incineration is high temperature, thermal oxidation process in which hazardous wastes are converted, in presence of oxygen in the air, into gases and incombustible solid residue. Gases are vented into atmosphere through Gas cleaning system and solid residue go to landfill
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Incineration
Applicability of incineration of hazardous waste depends on certain considerations:
• The waste is biologically hazardous• It is resistant to biodegradation and persistent• It is volatile and therefore easily dispersed• It cannot be safely disposed into landfill even after
stabilization• Volume reduction of waste is necessary
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Incinerable wastes
Typical wastes that would need to be incinerated by the operator of TSDF (waste treatment facility ) may include
- solvent wastes (spent solvents)- waste oils, oil emulsions- oil mixtures / Refinery waste
- Others with calorific value > 2500 Kcal/kg
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Guidelines for Incineration
Incineration aims - destroying the toxicity of wastes and get products of combustion that are harmless. The 3 Ts of combustion are:\
• Temperature• Time• Turbulence
Availability of oxygen is additional parameter which forms an integral part of the incineration system.
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Guidelines for Incineration
When waste is burnt at the higher temperature destruction would be complete and formulation of un-burnt waste, formation of organic by-products etc would be eliminated. The longer the waste is held at high temperature, the greater will be the degree of destruction and the less likelihood of formation Products of Incomplete Combustion (PICs)
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Guidelines for Incineration
Temperatures of 900-1100 C for hydrocarbon wastes and 1100-1200 C for certain waste like PCBs, waste Oil residues etc. For other halogenated organics case to case tackling may be needed.
Minimum gas phase residence time of 2 seconds has to be maintained
Combustion air – 100% excess of stochiometric requirements
Turbulence is achieved through good incinerator design
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Conclusion
Oily wastes generated in refineries / oil installations are hazardous as per HW rules 2008
Management of oily wastes include recovery of valuable oil and separating the hazardous constituents
Hazardous constituents need to be handled / disposed off in a way that the environment pollution is minimum
Bioremediation is one such way to convert the hazardous constituents into harmless products to a greater extent
Research is still on to make the bioremediation process as clean as possible
Bioremediation/ Phytoremediation techniques are improving as greater knowledge & experience are gained
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Melting Pit
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PVC LINED PIT FOR OILY SLUDGE
STORAGE
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TILLING OPERATION DURING BIOREMEDIATION
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SAMPLE BEFORE AND AFTER BIOREMEDITATION
oily sludgeysoil sample after bioremediation
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PHYTO EXTRACTION