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Notes - Microbiology – Protista

Part 1 – Animal like Protists

- Kingdom Protista is a very diverse group of organisms. There are over 115 000 different kinds, with

traits that fit with fungi, plants, and animals.

- All protists are eukaryotic cells that can be either single or ______________. It’s hypothesized

that the first protist was derived from many prokaryotic cells that came together symbiotically.

Over time these cells became so dependent on each other that they could no longer survive on

their own. This hypothesis is called the _______________ ______________. Evidence to

support this idea is found in Cyanophora paradoxa. This protist has blue green bacteria living

inside of it, and can be removed to survive on its own!

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- There are four categories for animal like protists.

1.) ________________: cilia bearing protists – can be either solitary or colonial. All ciliphora

contain small hair like projections called cilia that beat back and forth to produce movement.

There are over ____________ different ciliaphora and few are parasitic or symbionts.

Ex. – Paramecium caudatum

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- Paramecium reproduces using both binary fission (primary) and _______________

(secondary). Binary fission occurs the same as in bacteria except the paramecium splits at

the gullet to form a clone. __________________ occurs when the paramecium is stressed

(high temperature or starvation). Two paramecium attach, _________________________,

and their diploid (___) micronuclei undergo meiosis to have 4 haploid micronuclei (N). Three

of haploid micronuclei are reabsorbed by the paramecium leaving only one micronuclei, which

divides into two. Each paramecium exchanges one with each other. The old ______________

fuses with the new to become a diploid micronuclei again and the macronuclei reforms.

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2.) __________________: flagella bearing protists (zooflagellates) – may have one or more

flagellum to use for locomotion. Food is absorbed through the cell membrane. May be

symbiotic, parasitic, or free moving. Zoomastigina may reproduce via binary fission or

asexually. Sexual reproduction occurs by forming gametes, which fuse together and form an

new individual.

Ex. –

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3.) Sporozoa: spore producing protists – non-motile and parasitic. Infect many chordates. They

reproduce by making spores. ___________ are groups of cells enclosed in a protective

membrane. The spores attach to the hosts cells, penetrate, and live within the cell.

Ex. – Plasmodium causes malaria.

4.) _________________: false feet protists – use cytoplasmic projections for movement and

food capture. The projections are called ________________. Amoeba move by pumping

cytoplasm into a pseudopod and the rest of the cell follows.

- Amoeba reproduce through binary fission.

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- Other groups in Sarcodina are the heliozoans, radiolarians, and foraminifers. Many of these

groups produce shells of SiO2 and CaCO3.

Impact of Animallike Protists

- As stated earlier, some protists are parasitic. Trypanosoma (zoomastigina) live in the blood of

vertebrates, and cause diseases like “African sleeping sickness”. This disease is spread by the

tsetse fly. The protist destroys the red blood cells and other tissue. Animals become weak, fall

asleep and often die.

- Some protists are beneficial. Many types of protista live in the digestive tract and aid in nutrient

absorption. Ex. – Trichonympha (zoomastigina) that lives in termites and digests the wood

(cellulose) they eat.

Part 2 – Plant like Protists

- There are five categories for plant like protists.

1.) Euglenophyta: ____________________________ – closely resemble the zoomastiginans in

general body shape and they are flagellated. Main difference is chloroplasts that contain

_________________ in the Euglenophytes.

Ex. – Euglena

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- Euglena move by using their larger (of 2) flagellum like a whip or by ______________ in

low water conditions, called ____________ movement. There is a red light sensing spot

(eye spot) used for directing the euglena towards the most light for photosynthesising.

Euglena can also gain nutrients and energy through absorption from water. Euglena are both

a phototrophic autotroph or a heterotrophy in poor lighting conditions. They reproduce by

________________ when they enlarge and split from the flagellated end on down.

2.) Pyrrophyta: ________ ___________ – this phylum are also known as _______________.

Most are photosynthetic (a few are heterotrophic). They usually have _______________;

one is wrapped around like a belt, and the other trails behind for locomotion. This phylum is

covered in thick plates and is luminescent! These are the organisms that cause

_____________________ when you stir ocean water. There DNA is not wrapped around

histone proteins and is the only eukaryotic cell that isn’t!

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3.) ________________: golden protists – only 3 kinds in this phylum: yellow-green algae,

golden-brown algae, and diatoms. Very diverse group. Reproduce sexually and asexually.

Diatoms produce shells largely made of ___________.

4.) Acrasiomycota: _____________________ – very hard to place in any kingdom. They are

now considered protists. Parts of their life cycle are ____________ like. When nutrients

are exhausted they gather together and form a fungi like organism. They produce fruiting

bodies and spores just like Fungi.

5.) _________________: acellular slime molds – Have the same life cycle until nutrients

become scarce. Then they come together and form plasmodia. Plasmodia are a single cell

with thousands of _____________ in the one cell. They then also produce fruiting bodies

that make spores.

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Impact of Plantlike Protists

- Harmful - often in areas of sewage dumping. The _______________ absorb and feed of

the nutrients in sewage. This causes a “__________” in the number and when they die off

the bacteria that decompose them use up all the oxygen in the water. Breathing animals

suffocate and die. Ex. – Large blooms of Gonyaulax polyhedron cause “red tides”.

This is a red colour in the water from the protists and the toxin they produce. The

__________ build up in filter feeders like clams and can be fatal if the clams are eaten.

- Helpful – plantlike protists often form ________________ symbiotic relationships.

Ex. – dinoflagellates with coral. The dinoflagellates allow the coral to use the energy

made from _________________ and in return the dinoflagellates feed of the coral

wastes. Also, ____% of all photosynthesis (and thus oxygen) occurs from plantlike protists.

They are also a huge resource of food for larger organisms in the oceans.