HANDBOOK OF WORD-FORMATION

Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory

VOLUME 64

Managing Editors

Marcel den Dikken, City University of New YorkLiliane Haegeman, University of LilleJoan Maling, Brandeis University

Editorial Board

Guglielmo Cinque, University of VeniceCarol Georgopoulos, University of UtahJane Grimshaw, Rutgers UniversityMichael Kenstowicz, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyHilda Koopman, University of California, Los Angeles

Alec Marantz, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyJohn J. McCarthy, University of Massachusetts, AmherstIan Roberts, University of Cambridge

The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.

Howard Lasnik, University of Maryland

Edited by

PAVOL ŠTEKAUER

and

ROCHELLE LIEBERUniversity of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, U.S.A.

HANDBOOKOF WORD-FORMATION

Pre ov University, Pre ov, Slovakiao e

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CONTENTS

PREFACE xvii

CONTRIBUTORS 1

ANDREW CARSTAIRS-MCCARTHY: BASIC TERMINOLOGY 5

1. The notion of the linguistic sign 51.1 EVIDENCE FOR THE MORPHEME-AS-SIGN POSITION IN

SAUSSURE’S COURS 71.2 EVIDENCE FOR THE WORD-AS-SIGN POSITION IN

SAUSSURE’S COURS 8

2. Morpheme and word 102.1 CASE STUDY: ENGLISH NOUN PLURAL FORMS (PART 1) 11 2.2 CASE STUDY: THE PERFECT PARTICIPLE FORMS OF

ENGLISH VERBS 142.3 CASE STUDY: ENGLISH NOUN PLURAL FORMS (PART 2) 172.4 COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION AND INFLECTION

VERSUS DERIVATION 18

3. ‘Morphemes’ since the 1960s 20

ELLEN M. KAISSE: WORD-FORMATION AND PHONOLOGY 25

1. Introduction 25

vi

Effects of lexical category, morphological structure, and affix type onphonology 262.1 EFFECTS OF LEXICAL CATEGORY AND OF

MORPHOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 262.2 COHERING AND NON-COHERING AFFIXES 28

3. Morphology limited by the phonological form of the base of affixation 32

4. Lexical phonology and morphology and its ills 34

5. More recent developments of lexical phonology and morphology 38

6. How do related words affect each other? The cycle, transderivational tteffects, paradigm uniformity and the like 39

7. Do the cohering affixes foff rm a coherent set? Split bases, SUBCATWORD

and phonetics in morphology 41

8. Conclusion 45

GREGORY STUMP: WORD-FORMATION AND INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY 49

1. The conceptual difference between inflection and word-formation 49

2. The inflectional categories of English 50

3. Practical criteria for distinguishing inflection from word-formation 53

4. Practical criteria for distinguishing inflectional periphrases 59

5. Some similarities between inflection and word-formation 60

6. Complex interactions between inflection and word-formation 61

7. Inflectional paradigms and word-formation paradigms 657.1 PARADIGMS AND HEAD MARKING IN INFLECTION AND

DERIVATION 657.2 PARADIGMS AND BLOCKING IN INFLECTION AND DERIVATION 67

CONTENTS

2.

ANDREW SPENCER: WORD-FORMATION AND SYNTAX 73

1. Introduction 73

2. Lexical relatedness and syntax 742.1 MORPHOTACTICS IN CLASSICAL US STRUCTURALISM 742.2 MORPHOLOGY AS SYNTAX 742.3 LEXICAL INTEGRITY 78

3. Syntactic phenomena inside words 82

4. Argument structure realization 834.1 DEVERBAL MORPHOLOGY 83

4.1.1 Action nominals 834.1.2 Nominals denoting grammatical functions 874.1.3 -able adjectives 88

4.2 SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDS AND NOUN INCORPORATION 88

5. Theoretical approaches to word formation 89

6. Summary and afterword 93

DIETER KASTOVSKY: HANS MARCHAND AND THEMARCHANDEANS 99

1. Introduction 99

2. Hans Marchand 1002.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1002.2 SYNCHRONIC APPROACH 1002.3 MOTIVATION 1012.4 MORPHONOLOGICAL ALTERNATIONS 1022.5 THE CONCEPT OF SYNTAGMA 1022.6 GENERATIVE-TRANSFORMATIONAL INFLUENCE 1042.7 ANALYSIS OF COMPOUNDS 1052.8 PRECURSOR OF LEXICALIST HYPOTHESIS 106

3. Klaus Hansen 1073.1 GENERAL 1073.2 WORD-FORMEDNESS VS. WORD-FORMATION 1073.3 WORD-FORMATION PATTERN VS. WORD-FORMATION TYPE 108 3.4 ONOMASIOLOGICAL APPROACH VS. SEMASIOLOGICAL

APPROACH 109

CONTENTS vii

viii

4. Herbert Ernst Brekle 1094.1 GENERAL 1094.2 FRAMEWORK 1104.3 BREKLE’S MODEL 1104.4 PRODUCTION AND INTERPRETATION OF COMPOUNDS 112

5. Leonhard Lipka 1125.1 GENERAL 1125.2 THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT 113

6. Dieter Kastovsky 1146.1 GENERAL 1146.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1156.3 WORD-FORMATION AT THE CROSSROADS OF

MORPHOLOGY, SYNTAX, SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND THE LEXICON 116

7. Gabriele Stein (Lady Quirk) 116

8. Conclusion 118

TOM ROEPER: CHOMSKY’S REMARKS AND THETRANSFORMATIONALIST HYPOTHESIS 125

1. Nominalizations and Core Grammar 1251.1 CORE CONTRAST 1261.2 TRANSFORMATIONS 127

2. The Subject Enigma 1282.1 PASSIVE -ABILITY NOMINALIZATIONS 1302.2 -ING NOMINALIZATIONS 132

3. Case Assignment 1333.1 COPING WITH EXCEPTIONS 1333.2 THEMATIC-BINDING 134

4. Intriguing Issues: Aspectual Differentiation of Nominalization Affixes 136

5. Where do Affixes Attach? 138

6. Elaborated Phrase Structure and Nominalizations 1416.1 BARE NOMINALS: PREDICTABLE RESTRICTIONS 1426.2 HIGH -ING 1436.3 ACCUSATIVE AND -ING NOMINALIZATIONS 143

CONTENTS

CONTENTS

7. Conclusion 144

SERGIO SCALISE AND EMILIANO GUEVARA: THE LEXICALISTAPPROACH TO WORD-FORMATION AND THE NOTION OFTHE LEXICON 147

1. A definition 147

2. A Brief History 1482.1 LEES (1960) 150

3. The Lexicon 151

4. Lexicalism 1534.1 HALLE (1973) 1534.2 ARONOFF (1976) 157

4.2.1The Word-based Hypothesis 157 4.2.2 Word-Formation Rules 158 4.2.3 Productivity 159 4.2.4 Restrictions on WFRs 159 4.2.5 Stratal features 161 4.2.6 Restrictions on the output of WFRs 162 4.2.7 Conditions 162 4.2.8 Summary on Word-Formation Rules 166

5. Some Major Issues 1665.1 STRONG AND WEAK LEXICALISM 170

6. More on the Notion of Lexicon 171

7. Lexicalism Today 1737.1 INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY 1747.2 SYNTACTIC MORPHOLOGY 1767.3 THE SYNTACTIC INCORPORATION HYPOTHESIS 1767.4 WORD-FORMATION AS SYNTAX 1787.5 DISTRIBUTED MORPHOLOGY 180

8. Conclusion 181

ROBERT BEARD AND MARK VOLPE: LEXEME -MORPHEME BASE MORPHOLOGY 189

1. Introduction 189

xi

x

2. The Three Basic Hypotheses of LMBM 1892.1 THE SEPARATION HYPOTHESIS 1902.2 THE UNITARY GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION HYPOTHESIS 191 2.3 THE BASE RULE HYPOTHESIS 192

3. Types of Lexical (L-) Derivation 1943.1 COMPETENCE: GRAMMATICAL L-DERIVATION 194

3.1.1 Feature Value Switches 194 3.1.2 Functional Lexical-Derivation 195 3.1.3 Transposition 198 3.1.4 Expressive Derivations 199

4. Conclusion 200

Appendix 201

PAVOL ŠTEKAUER: ONOMASIOLOGICAL APPROACH TOWORD-FORMATION 207

1. Introduction 207

2. Methods of Onomasiological Research 208

3. Theoretical approaches 2093.1 MILOŠ DOKULIL 2093.2 JÁN HORECKÝ 2113.3 PAVOL ŠTEKAUER 211

3.3.1 Word-formation as an independent component 212 3.3.2 The act of naming 214 3.3.3 Onomasiological Types 217 3.3.4 Conceptual (onomasiological) recategorization 219 3.3.5 An Onomasiological Approach to Productivity 221 3.3.6 Headedness 225 3.3.7 Summary 226

3.4 BOGDAN SZYMANEK 2263.5 ANDREAS BLANK 2273.6 PETER KOCH 229

DAVID TUGGY: COGNITIVE APPROACH TO WORD-FORMATION 233

1. Basic notions of Cognitive grammar (CG) 2331.1 THE GRAMMAR OF A LANGUAGE UNDER CG 2331.2 LEXICON AND SYNTAX 235

CONTENTS

CONTENTS

2. Schemas and prototypes 2352.1 SCHEMAS AND ELABORATIONS 2352.2 PARTIAL SCHEMATICITY AND THE GROWTH OF

SCHEMATIC NETWORKS 2362.3 PROTOTYPICALITY AND SALIENCE 2382.4 ACCESS TO THE STORE OF CONVENTIONAL KNOWLEDGE,

INCLUDING NEIGHBORING STRUCTURES 2382.5 SANCTION 239

3. Schemas for word formation 2403.1 SCHEMAS FOR WORDS 2403.2 SCHEMAS FOR CLEARLY IDENTIFIABLE WORD PIECES:

STEMS AND AFFIXES AND CONSTRUCTIONAL SCHEMAS 244 MM3.3 COMPLEX SEMANTIC AND PHONOLOGICAL POLES 2463.4 SCHEMAS FOR COMPOUNDS 2483.5 STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTIONS, CREATIVITY AND PRODUCTIVE USAGE 2513.6 SANCTION (OF VARIOUS KINDS) FROM COMPONENTS 2543.7 COMPONENTS AND PATTERNS FOR THE WHOLE;

OVERLAPPING PATTERNRR S ANA D MULTIPLE ANALYSES 2563.8 CONSTITUENCY 257

4. Overview of other issues 2584.1 VALENCE 2584.2 THE MORPHOLOGY-SYNTAX BOUNDARY 2594.3 INFLECTION VS. DERIVATION 260

5. What’s special about English word formation? 261

6. Conclusion: Implications of accounting for morphology by schemas 262

WOLFGANG U. DRESSLER: WORD-FORMATION IN NATURALMORPHOLOGY 267

1. Introduction 267

2. Universal, system-independent morphological naturalness 2682.1 PREFERENCES 2682.2 PREFERENCE FOR ICONICITY 2682.3 INDEXICALITY PREFERENCES 2702.4 PREFERENCE FOR MORPHOSEMANTIC TRANSPARENCY 2712.5 PREFERENCE FOR MORPHOTACTIC TRANSPARENCY 2722.6 PREFERENCE FOR BIUNIQUENESS 2742.7 FIGURE-GROUND PREFERENCES 2742.8 PREFERENCE FOR BINARITY 276

xi

xii

2.9 OPTIMAL SHAPE OF UNITS 2762.10 ALTERNATIVE NATURALNESS PARAMETERS 2762.11 PREDICTIONS AND CONFLICTS 277

3. Typological adequacy 278

4. System-dependent naturalness 2794.1 SYSTEM-ADEQUACY 2794.2 DYNAMIC VS. STATIC MORPHOLOGY 2804.3 UNIVERSAL VS. TYPOLOGICAL VS. SYSTEM-DEPENDENT

NATURALNESS 281

PETER ACKEMA AND AD NEELEMAN: WORD-FORMATION INOPTIMALITY THEORY 285

1. Introduction 2851.1 OPTIMALITY THEORY 2851.2 COMPETITION IN MORPHOLOGY 286

2. Competition between different morphemes 2872.1 THE BASIC CASE 2872.2 HAPLOLOGY 2902.3 MARKEDNESS 294

3. Competition between components 2983.1 ELSEWHERE CASES 2983.2 COMPETITION BETWEEN MODULES THAT DOES NOT

INVOLVE THE ELSEWHERE PRINCIPLE 301

4. Competition between different morpheme orders 3034.1 CONFLICTS BETWEEN LINEAR CORRESPONDENCE AND

TEMPLATIC REQUIREMENTS 3044.2 CONFLICTS BETWEEN LINEAR CORRESPONDENCE AND

OTHER CORRESPONDENCE CONSTRAINTS 307

5. Conclusion 311

LAURIE BAUER: PRODUCTIVITY: THEORIES 315

1. Introduction 315

2. Pre-generative theories of productivity 316

3. Schultink (1961) 317

CONTENTS

CONTENTS

4. Zimmer (1964) 318

5. Aronoff 318

6. Natural Morphology 321

7. Kiparsky (1982) 322

8. Van Marle (1985) 323

9. Corbin (1987) 324

10. Baayen 324

11. Plag (1999) 326

12. Hay (2000) 327

13. Bauer (2001) 328

14. Some threads 330

15. Conclusion 332

FRANZ RAINER: CONSTRAINTS ON PRODUCTIVITY 335

1. Introduction 335

2. Universal constraints 3352.1 CONSTRAINTS SUPPOSEDLY LOCATED AT UG 3352.2 PROCESSING CONSTRAINTS 336

2.2.1 Blocking 336 2.2.2 Complexity Based Ordering 339 2.2.3 Productivity, frequency and length of bases 340

3. Language-specific constraints 3403.1 LEVEL ORDERING 3403.2 AFFIX-SPECIFIC RESTRICTIONS 341

3.2.1 Phonology 344 3.2.2 Morphology 345 3.2.3 Syntax 347 3.2.4 Argument structure 348 3.2.5 Semantics 349 3.2.6 Pragmatics and Sociolinguistics 349

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PREFACExiv

4. Final remarks 349

PETER HOHENHAUS: LEXICALIZATION ANDII INSTITUTIONALIZATION 353 TITUTIONALIZATION

1. Introduction 353

2. Lexicalization 3532.1 LEXICALIZATION IN A DIACHRONIC SENSE 3532.2 LEXICALIZATION IN A SYNCHRONIC SENSE:

LISTING/LISTEDNESS 3562.3 THE LEXICON AND THEORIES OF WORD-FORMATION 357

3. Institutionalization 3593.1 TERMINOLOGY 3593.2 IDEAL AND REAL SPEAKERS AND THE SPEECH

COMMUNITY 360 3.3 DE-INSTITUTIONALIZATION: THE END OF A WORD’S LIFE 362

4. Problems 3634.1 NONCE-FORMATIONS AND NEOLOGISMS 3634.2 (NON-)LEXICALIZABILITY 3654.3 WHAT IS IN THE (MENTAL) LEXICON AND HOW DOES IT

GET THERE? 3674.4 UNPREDICTABLE & PLAYFUL FORMATIONS, ANALOGY,

FADS, AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS 3694.5 LEXICALIZATION BEYOND WORDS 370

ROCHELLE LIEBER: ENGLISH WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES 375

1. Introduction 375

2. Compounding 3752.1 DETERMINING WHAT COUNTS AS A COMPOUND 3762.2 ROOT COMPOUNDING 3782.3 SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDING 3792.4 STRUCTURE AND INTERPRETATION 379

3. Derivation 3833.1 PREFIXATION 390

3.1.1 Negative prefixes (un-, in-, non-, de-, dis-) 391 3.1.2 Locational prefixes 393 3.1.3 Temporal and aspectual prefixes 400 3.1.4 Quantitative prefixes 402

CONTENTS

3.1.5 Verbal prefixes 4023.2 SUFFIXATION 403

3.2.1 Personal nouns 403 3.2.2 Abstract nouns 406 3.2.3 Verb-forming suffixes 410 3.2.4 Adjective-forming suffixes 413 3.2.5 Collectives 417

3.3 CONCLUSION 418

4. Conversion 418

5. Conclusion 422

BOGDAN SZYMANEK: THE LATEST TRENDS IN ENGLISHWORD-FORMATION 429

1. Introduction 429

2. Derivational neologisms 430

3. Analogical formations, local analogies 431

4. Changes in the relative significance of types of word-formation processes 431

5. Secretion of new affixes 435

6. ‘Lexicalisation’ of affixes 436

7. Changes in the productivity, relative productivity and scope of individual affixes 436

8. Semantics: changes in formative functions 438

9. Trends in the form of complex words 4419.1 CHOICE OF RIVAL AFFIXES – MORPHOLOGICAL DOUBLETS 4419.2 PHONOLOGICAL FORM – STRESS 443

SUBJECT INDEX 449

NAME INDEX 459

LANGUAGE INDEX 465

xv

xvii

PREFACE

Following years of complete or partial neglect of issues concerning word formation (by which we mean primarily derivation, compounding, and conversion),the year 1960 marked a revival – some might even say a resurrection – of this important field of linguistic study. While written in completely different theoreticalframeworks (structuralist vs. transformationalist), from completely different perspectives, and with different objectives, both Marchand’s Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation in Europe and Lees’ Grammar of EnglishNominalizations instigated systematic research in the field. As a result, a large number of seminal works emerged over the next decades, making the scope of word-formation research broader and deeper, thus contributing to better understanding of tthis exciting area of human language.

Parts of this development have been captured in texts or ‘review’ books (e.g.P.H. Matthews’ Morphology: An Introduction to the Theory of Word-Structure(1974), Andrew Spencer’s Morphological Theory: An Introduction to Word Structure in Generative Grammar (1991), Francis Katamba’sr Morphology (1993),Spencer and Zwicky’s Handbook of Morphology (1998)), but these books tend todiscuss both inflectional and derivational morphology, and to do so mostly from thegenerative point of view. What seemed lacking to us was a volume intended foradvanced students and other researchers in linguistics which would trace the manystrands of study – both generative and non-generative – that have developed fromMarchand’s and Lees’ seminal works, on both sides of the Atlantic.

The ambitions of this Handbook of Word-formation are four-fold: 1. To map the state of the art in the field of word-formation.2. To avoid a biased approach to word-formation by presenting different,

mutually complementary, frameworks within which research into word-formation has taken place.

PREFACExviii

3. To present the specific topics from the perspective of experts who havesignificantly contributed to the respective topics discussed.

4. To look specifically at individual English word formation processes and review some of the developments that have taken place since Marchand’scomprehensive treatment forty five years ago.

Thus, the Handbook provides the reader with the stk ate of the art in the study of word formation (with a special view to English word formation) at the beginning of the third millennium. The Handbook is intended to give thek reader a clear idea of thelarge number of issues examined within word-formation, the different methods andapproaches used, and an ever-growing number of tasks to be disposed of in future research. At the same time, it gives evidence of the great theoretical achievements and the vitality of this field that has become a full-fledged linguistic discipline.

We wish to express our gratitude to all the contributors to the Handbook.

The editors

1

CONTRIBUTORS

Peter Ackema is lecturer in linguistics at the University of Edinburgh. He has worked extensively on issues regarding the morphology-syntax interface, onwhich he has published two books, Issues in Morphosyntax (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1999), and Beyond Morphology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, co-authored with Ad Neeleman). He has also published on a wide range of syntax-internal and morphology-internal topics.

Laurie Bauer holds a personal chair in Linguistics at Victoria Universityof Wellington, New Zealand. He has published widely on international varieties of English, especially New Zealand English, and on aspects of morphology, including English Word-formation (Cambridge University Press, 1983), MorphologicalProductivity (Cambridge University Press, 2001), Introducing LinguisticMorphology (Edinburgh University Press, 2nd edn, 2003), A Glossary ofMorphology (Edinburgh University Press, 2004).

Robert Beard received his PhD in Slavic linguistics from the University of Michigan and taught for 35 years at Bucknell University. In 2000 he retired as theRuth Everett Sierzega Professor of Linguistics at Bucknell to found the web-based company of language products and services, yourDictionary.com, where he is currently CEO. He is the author of The Indo-European Lexicon (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1981) and Lexeme-Morpheme Base Morphology (New York: SUNY Press,1995).

Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy is Professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand. He is the author of Allomorphy in Inflexion (London: Croom Helm, 1987), Current Morphology(London and New York: Routledge, 1992) and An Introduction to English Morphology (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002). He is also interested in language evolution, and has published The Origins of Complex Language: AnInquiry into the Evolutionary Beginnings of Sentences, Syllables and Truth (Oxford:OUP, 1999).

CONTRIBUTORS2

Wolfgang Dressler is Professor of linguistics, Head of the Department of rLinguisics at the University of Vienna and of the Commission for Linguistics of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. He is the author of Morphonology (Ann Arbor: Karoma Press, 1985) and Morphopragmatics (with Lavinia Merlini Barbaresi)(Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1994).

Emiliano Guevara is lecturer of General Linguistics at the University of Bologna and is member of the Mor-Bo reserach group at the Department of Foreign languages in Bologna. His publications include “V-Compounding in Dutch and Italian” (Cuadernos de Linguística, Instituto Universitario Ortega y Gasset, 1-21 (with S. Scalise) and “Selection in compounding and derivation” (to appear) (with S.mmScalise and A. Bisetto).

Peter Hohenhaus is lecturer in modern linguistics at the University of Nottingham (UK). He received his PhD in English Linguistics from the University of Hamburg and has published on standardization and purism, humorology, computer-mediated communication as well as English and German word-formation,in particular nonce word-formation, including the volume Ad-hoc-Wortbildung –Terminologie, Typologie und Theorie kreativer Wortbildung im Englischen (Frankfurt, Bern etc.: Lang, 1996).

Ellen M. Kaisse is Professor of Linguistics, University of Washington,Seattle. Her main fields of research include morphology-phonology and syntax-phonology interfaces, intonation, historical phonology, and Spanish phonology. She is an author of Connected speech: the interaction of syntax and phonology tt (Orlando:Academic Press, 1985), Studies in Lexical Phonology (ed. with S. Hargus, Orlando: yAcademic Press, 1993), “Palatal vowels, glides, and consonants in ArgentinianSpanish” (with J. Harris) (Phonology 16, 1999, 117-190), “The long fall: anintonational melody of Argentinian Spanish” (In: Features and interfaces inRomance, ed. by Herschensohn, Mallen and Zagona, 2001, 147-160), and “Sympathy meets Argentinian Spanish” (In: The nature of the word: essays in honor of Paul Kiparsky, ed. by K. Hanson and S. Inkelas, MIT Press, in press).

Dieter Kastovsky is Professor of English Linguistics at the University of Vienna and Director of the Center for Translation Studies. His main fields of interest include English morphology and word-formation (synchronic and diachronic), semantics, history of linguistics, and language typology. He is theauthor of Old English Deverbal Substantives Derived by Means of a Zero Morpheme(Esslingen/N.: Langer, 1968), Wortbildung und Semantik (Tübingen/Düsseldorf:kFrancke/Bagel, 1982), and more than 80 articles on English morphology and word-formation (synchronic and diachronic), semantics, history of linguistics, and language typology.

Rochelle Lieber is Professor of English at the University of NewHampshire. Her publications include: Morphology and Lexical Semantics

HANDBOOK OF WORD-FORMATION 3

(Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1992), and An Integrated Theory ofAutosegmental Processes (New York: SUNY Press 1987), as well as numerous articles on various aspects of word formation and the interfaces betweenmorphology and syntax, and morphology and phonology.

Ad Neeleman is Reader in Linguistics at University College London. His main research interests are case theory, the syntactic encoding of thematic dependencies, and the interaction between syntax and syntax-external systems. His main publications include Complex Predicates (1993), FlexibleSyntax (1999, with Fred Weerman), Beyond Morphology (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2004, with Peter Ackema), as well as articles in Linguistic Inquiry,Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, and Yearbook of Morphology.

Franz Rainer is Professor of Romance languages at the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration. He is the author of SpanischeWortbildungslehre (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1993) and co-editor (with MariaGrossmann) of La formazione delle parole in italiano (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 2004),both of these publications being comprehensive treatments of the word-formation inthe respective languages.

Tom Roeper, Professor of Linguistics at the University of Massachusetts, has written widely on morphology and language acquisiton, including compounds,nominalizations, implicit arguments, and derivationial morphology. In the field of language aquisition, he is also Managing Editor of Studies in TheoreticalPsycholinguistics (Kluwer), a Founding editor of Language Acquisition (Erlbaum),and also the author of Understanding and Producing Speech (London: Fontana,1983, co-authored with Ed Matthei), Parameter Setting (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1987,gwith E. Williams), Theoretical Issues in Language Acquisition (Hillsdale: Erlbaum,1992, with H. Goodluck and J. Weissenborn), and the forthcoming The Prism ofGrammar (MIT Press).

Sergio Scalise is Professor of General Linguistics at the University of Bologna. He is the editor of the journal Lingue e Linguaggio. His pulications includeGenerative Morphology (Dordrecht: Foris, 1984), Morfologia (Bologna: Il Mulino,

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2004), Deconstructing Morphology

1994), and Le lingue e il Linguaggio (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2001 (with GiorgioGraffi)).

Andrew Spencer is Professor of Linguistics in the Department of Language and Linguistics at the University of Essex. He has worked on variousproblems of phonological and morphological theory. In addition to English, hismajor language area is Slavic. He is the author of Morphological Theory (Oxford:Blackwells, 1991) and co-editor (with Arnold Zwicky) of the Handbook ofMorphology (Oxford: Blackwells, 1998).

CONTRIBUTORS4

Word-Formation (Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1998)), and EnglishWord-Formation. A History of Research (1960-1995). Tübingen: Gunter Narr,2000), and the forthcoming Meaning Predictability in Word-Formation(Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins)

Gregory T. Stump is Professor of English and Linguistics at the University of Kentucky. His research has focused on the development of ParadigmFunction Morphology. He is the author of The Semantic Variability of Absolute Constructions (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1985), Inflectional Morphology: A Theory ofParadigm Structure (Cambridge: CUP, 2001). He is currently serving as an Associate Editor of Language and as a Consulting Editor for Yearbook ofMorphology.

Bogdan Szymanek is Professor of English linguistics, Head of theDepartment of Modern English, Catholic University of Lublin, Poland. His majorresearch interests include morphology and its interfaces with other grammatical components, lexicology, English and Slavic languages. He is the author of Categories and categorization in morphology (RW KUL Lublin, 1988) and Introduction to morphological analysis (PWN Warsaw, 1998 (3rd ed.)).d

David Tuggy has worked in Mexico with the Summer Institute of Linguistics since 1970. His main areas of interest include Nahuatl, Cognitivefgrammar, translation, lexicography, and inadvertent blends and other bloopers. He isan author of The transitivity-related morphology of Tetelcingo Náhuatl; Anexploration in Space grammar (UCSD Doctoral dissertation, 1981), “The affix-stem rdistinction; A Cognitive grammar analysis of data from Orizaba Nahuatl” (CognitiveLinguistics 3/3, 237-300), “The thing is is that people talk that way. The question isis why?” (In: E. Casad (ed.). 1995. Cognitive linguistics in the redwoods; the expansion of a new paradigm in linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 713-752.),and “Abrelatas“ and scarecrow nouns: Exocentric verb-noun compounds as illustrations of basic principles of Cognitive grammar” (International Journal of ((English Studies (2004) III, 25-61).

Mark Volpe is a Ph.D candidate at SUNY at Stony Brook expecting todefend his dissertation on Japanese morphology in early spring 2005. He is currently a visiting lecturer in the Department of Humanities at Mie National University inTsu, Japan. He has published independently in Lingua and Snippets and has co-authored with Paolo Acquaviva, Mark Aronoff and Robert Beard.

Pavol Štekauer is Professor of English linguistics in the Department of British and American Studies, Prešov University, Slovakia. His research has focused on an onomasiological approach to word-formation and on the history of researchinto word-formation. He is the author of A Theory of Conversion in English(Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1996), An Onomasiological Theory of English