Inflectional morphology in primary progressive aphasia: An elicited ...
The Restructuring of Inflectional Morphology in Heritage ...
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The Restructuring of Inflectional Morphology in Heritage Georgian
Cass Lowry and LeeAnn S. StevensThe Graduate Center, CUNY
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Eleventh Heritage Language Research InstituteUniversity of New Mexico
11 June 2019
Heritage inflectional morphology
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Benmamoun, Montrul & Polinsky (2013)
More Divergent Case, Number, Gender, etc.
Subject Agreement
Object Agreement
AspectTense
Baseline language
Nominal domain
Verbal domain
Cross-linguistic evidence
• Nominal inflection > Verbal inflection• Hindi (Montrul et al. 2012)
• Russian (Polinsky 2006)
• Hungarian (Fenyvesi 2000; de Groot 2005)
• Arabic (Albirini et al. 2013)
• Georgian ???
• Object agreement > Subject agreement• Hungarian (Bolonyai 2007; Fenyvesi 2000, 2005)
• Georgian ???
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Baseline Georgian man me da-m-i-nax-a3SG.ERG 1SG.NOM PRV-1-VER-see-3SG.PST
‘She saw me.’
Heritage Georgian
• Relatively recent immigrant community in the US• Heritage speakers are mostly
children
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0200400600800
100012001400160018002000
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
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2002
2003
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2012
2013
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2015
Num
ber o
f New
Res
iden
tsYear
Georgians Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Year (1992-2015)
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2017)
early 00’s
1992
Heritage Georgian
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Montrul (2016)
• Relatively recent immigrant community in the US• Heritage speakers are mostly
children
Research Questions
1) Does grammatical restructuring in Heritage Georgian follow the cross-linguistic cline observed in the HL literature?
Nominal Case > Object Agreement > Subject Agreement
2) What individual variables predict grammatical restructuring in child Georgian heritage speakers?• Fluency? (e.g., Polinsky 2008)• Lexical knowledge? (e.g., Polinsky 2006)• Age?
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Participants
• 33 Georgian-Americans (Heritage Speakers) in Brooklyn, NYC• 26 Early Arrival Ages 3;10-16;1 (M=8;7, SD=3;1)
• 21 born in the US
• 5 born in Georgia, age of arrival < 6 (M=3;5, SD=1;10)
• 7 Late Arrival Ages 9;8–24 (M=16;1, SD=5;9)• born in Georgia, age of arrival 7-14 (M=9;3, SD=2;4)
• 30 Georgians in Tbilisi and Gori area • Ages 5;5-14;2 (M=8;7, SD=2;6)
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Task• Narrative telling (Berman & Slobin 1994)
• Frog, Where are you? (Mayer 1969)
• Lexical proficiency• Georgian -> English translation of words
• Language history and background questionnaire
*Georgian control group only told narrative in Georgian and completed questionnaire
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RQ 1 - Group ResultsDoes grammatical restructuring in Heritage Georgian follow the cross-linguistic cline observed in the HL literature?
Nominal Case > Object Agreement > Subject Agreement
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Nominal Case
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* *
*
Part. 6 (10;5)*da bichi dainaxa…and boy.nom see.3sg.pst
‘and the boy saw….’-Subj should be Ergative
Part. 33 (16;1)*da aiyvans bichiand take.3sg.pres boy.nom
‘and it takes the boy’-Obj should be Accusative
Verbal Agreement
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**
Part. 1 (8;3)*putkrebi gamoekida dzaghls
bees chase.3sg.pst dog‘the bees chased the dog’
-Subj Agr should be PL
Part. 6 (10;5)*tqva imis dzaghli shhh…said his dog shhhhh
‘he told his dog “shhhhh’-verb w/ Obj Agr: utxra
Obj Agreement > Subj Agreement
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Nominal Case > Verbal Agreement
RQ 2 – Effect of Speaker VariablesWhat individual variables predict grammatical restructuring in child Georgian heritage speakers?
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Analysis of Speaker Variables – Early Arrivals
• Independent variables• Verbal Fluency – Relative Fluency Index (Stevens et al. 2019) & Georgian syllables per min.• Lexical Knowledge – Lexical Score• Age (in months)
• Dependent variables• Subject Verbal Agreement • Subject Case • Object Case
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Individual Results
Lexical ScoreAgeFluency score
Lexical ScoreAgeFluency score
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Subject Verbal Agreement Subject Case
+ + Lexical ScoreAgeFluency score
Object Case
Does non-standard inflection predict non-
standard inflection?
• %NS Obj Case X
• %NS Subj Case - %NS Subj Agr• w/n person, Yes!• r = 0.633, p ≤ .001• w/n utterance, No.
Is there systematic restructuring of
individual grammars?
Review of Findings
• Child GE HSs in US are showing restructuring • Nominal morphology > Verbal morphology Consistent• Subj Agr > Obj Agr Novel
• Individual factors co-occur with restructuring• Lexical knowledge is predictive of restructuring Consistent• Speech rate not predictive of restructuring Novel
• Restructuring across inflectional domains within individual’s grammar• Except for object nominal case
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Discussion of novel findings
• Agreement restructuring: Heritage Georgian vs Heritage Hungarian• Subj and Obj agreement maybe equally likely to diverge
• Driven by L-specific morphological paradigms
• Speech-rate not predictive• Originally argued to reflect slow-down in lexical access • Could reflect adult’s metalinguistic awareness & intentional planning
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Studying lesser studied HLs
• Heritage “status” affects languages differently• Important for community language revitalization & maintenance efforts• Important for linguistic theory & understanding language contact
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ThanksAll participants
in Brklyn, Gori, Axaldaba & Tbilisi
Shorena BarbakadzeIvan GoderdzishviliTamta KobakhidzeTea MuradashviliAni Kotolashvili
Gita MartohardjonoAlan Juffs
Martin ChodorowChristen N Madsen II
Henderson Family, Robert T. Henderson Endowment Fund
The Restructuring of Inflectional Morphology in
Heritage Georgian
Cass Lowry & LeeAnn S. Stevens11th HLRI
[email protected] June 2019 11th Heritage Language Research Institute - Lowry & Stevens 21
REFERENCES
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Albirini, A., Benmamoun, E., & Chakrani, B. (2013). Gender and number agreement in the oral production of Arabic heritage speakers. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16(1), 1–18.Benmamoun, E., Montrul, S., & Polinsky, M. (2013). Heritage languages and their speakers: Opportunities and challenges for linguistics. Theoretical Linguistics, 39(3–4), 129–181. https://doi.org/10.1515/tl-2013-0009Berman, R. A., & Slobin, D. I. (1994). Relating Events in Narrative: A Crosslinguistic Developmental Study. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Bolonyal, A. (2007). (In)vulnerable agreement in incomplete bilingual L1 learners. International Journal of Bilingualism, 11(1), 3–23. Retrieved from Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts (LLBA). (85653055; 200803433)De Groot, C. (2005). The grammars of Hungarian outside Hungary from a linguistic-typological perspective. In Anna Fenyvesi (Ed.), Hungarian language contact outside Hungary (pp. 351–370). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Fenyvesi, A. (2005). The grammars of Hungarian outside Hungary from a linguistic-typological perspective. In A Fenyvesi (Ed.), Hungarian lanugage contact outside Hungary (pp. 351–370). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Fenyvesi, Anna. (2000). The affectedness of the verbal complex in American Hungarian. In A Fenyvesi & K. Sándor (Eds.), Language contact and the verbal complex of Dutch and Hungarian: Working papers from the 1st Bilingual Language Use Theme Meeting of the Study Centre on Language Contact, November 11-13, 1999 (pp. 94–107). Szeged, Hungary: JGyTF Press.Mayer, M. (1969). Frog, Where Are You? New York: Dial Books for Young Readers.Montrul, S. (2016). Heritage language development: Connecting the dots. International Journal of Bilingualism, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006916654368Montrul, S., Bhatt, R., & Bhatia, A. (2012). Erosion of case and agreement in Hindi heritage speakers. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 2, 141–176.Polinsky, M. (2006). Incomplete Acquisition: American Russian. Journal of Slavic Linguistics, 14(2), 191–262.Polinsky, M. (2008). Gender under Incomplete Acquisition: Heritage Speakers’ Knowledge of Noun Categorization. Heritage Language Journal, 6(1), 40–71.U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2017). Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2015. Washington DC: Office of Immigration Statistics. Retrieved from www.dhs.gov
Relative Fluency Index
• Relative measure of fluency developed in Stevens et al. (2019)
• Calculation based on Edinburgh Handedness Inventory, in line with a suggestion by Birdsong (2016)• (LA – LB) / (LA + LB) * 100 = range from -100 to 100
• Gives a measure of fluency that accounts for individual variation in speech rate
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Ge Syllables per minute
cor.test(df_merged$SubjAgrNS, df_merged$ge_spm)
cor -0.404 p = 0.04988 *cor.test(df_merged$SubjCaseNS, df_merged$ge_spm)
cor -0.330 p = 0.1153cor.test(df_merged$DObjCaseNS, df_merged$ge_spm)
cor 0.111 p = 0.6039
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Lexical Proficiency Measure
• English Frequency List – COCA• Georgian Frequency List – Frequency Dictionary from online sources
• 15 words from each of 0-1k, 1-2k, 2-3k, 4-5k most freq. lexemes in Ge and Eng
• 56% N; 25% V; 19% Adj.
• Participants heard Georgian, translated into English until they couldn’t get ~5 in a row
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Early Arrival, Verb TAM, outlier included
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Tense series 1, Pres-future
1 (keteba) 2 (lodini) 3 (laparaki) 4 (siyvaruli) copula TOTAL
eb 138 18 51 45 0 252
ebi 7 47 3 12 153 222
Tense series 2, Past-aorist
1 (keteba) 2 (lodini) 3 (laparaki) 4 (siyvaruli) copula TOTAL
eb 314 3 29 4 0 350
ebi 1 313 3 10 6 333
Tense series 3, Perfect
1 (keteba) 2 (lodini) 3 (laparaki) 4 (siyvaruli) copula TOTAL
eb 1 0 0 0 0 1
ebi 0 0 0 0 0 0
Subj Case
Fixed effects:
Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
(Intercept) 5.1551 0.5427 9.499 < 2e-16 ***
NYC Early -3.2536 0.6043 -5.384 7.28e-08 ***
NYC Late -1.0165 0.9122 -1.114 0.265
Group lsmean SE df asymp.LCL asymp.UCL
GE NA 5.16 0.543 Inf 4.09 6.22
NYC Early 1.90 0.363 Inf 1.19 2.61NYC Late 4.14 0.804 Inf 2.56 5.71
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Obj Case
Fixed effects:
Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
(Intercept) 6.2253 0.9941 6.262 3.79e-10 ***
NYC Early -2.8520 0.9334 -3.055 0.00225 **
NYC Late -0.9922 1.4462 -0.686 0.49266
Group lsmean SE df asymp.LCL asymp.UCL
GE NA 6.23 0.994 Inf 4.28 8.17
NYC Early 3.37 0.526 Inf 2.34 4.40NYC Late 5.23 1.283 Inf 2.72 7.75
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Subj Agreement
Fixed effects:
Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
(Intercept) 4.6355 0.3351 13.832 < 2e-16 ***
NYC Early -1.9513 0.4020 -4.854 1.21e-06 ***
NYC Late -0.4557 0.6480 -0.703 0.482
Group lsmean SE df asymp.LCL asymp.UCL
GE NA 4.64 0.335 Inf 3.98 5.29
NYC Early 2.68 0.252 Inf 2.19 3.18NYC Late 4.18 0.575 Inf 3.05 5.31
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Majority of Subj Agr error Sg for Pl[1] "putkrebi gamoekida dzaghls" [2] "bashvi da dzaghli gadavarda
mdinareshi" [3] "ro daidzinen" [4] "patara bichi ... naxo" [5] "yea da dzaghli….patara bichi
….ebdzenede ebdzenede" [6] "da mere naxo aqa" [7] "da mere naxo" [8] "umm... dzaghli da bichi uyurebs
.. ar vici ra iyo….beyeka" [9] "gaighvidza dzaghli da bichi"
[10] "da naxe" [11] "dzaghli chamoxto….umm.... buzebi da tavis saxli"
[12] "buze...buzebi am .wavi...undoda wavid" [13] "gabrazda" [14] "da dzaghlstan mivida" [15] "bichi da dzaghli chavarda" [16] "bichi da dzaghlic wyalshichavarda" [17] "bichi da dzaghli ?? ragacaesmoda" [18] "bichi da dzaghli naxo" [19] "bichi da dzaghli ipovonbekekebi dediko da mamiko" [20] "dzaghli da bichi tqva" [21] "da bekekebi tqva paka" [22] "da bzikebi miyveba dzaghls"
[23] "bichi da dzaghli chavardatbashi" [24] "mere buzebi dauvarda da" [25] "ro daimalos" [26] "es bichi da misi dzaghli uyurebsbayayis bichs otaxshi" [27] "da gamea" [28] "exla idzinebs dzaghli da bichi" [29] "da ro gaighvidzeb dzaghli da bichi" [30] "axla dzaghli da bichi edzebsbayays" [31] "da axa .. dzaghli.. da bichsedzebs bayayi tyeshi"
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Majority of Subj Agr error Sg for Pl[32] "da gaabraze buzebi" [33] "axa buzebs umm idzevsdzaghls" [34] "gavarda bichi da dzaghli" [35] "exla patara bavshvi uyurebbayay...s" [36] "exla bashvi da dzaghli idzinebs" [37] "bashvi da dzaghli gaighvidza" [38] "exla orive dzaghli da bashvi uh una uyurebs yvelgan misi otaxidanda tancacmelshi"[39] "rato qeni da" [40] "exla buzebi chamovida" [41] "daidzina patara bichmam da dzaghlmam"
[42] "da mere ar icode bichi" [43] "is da mere bichi da dzaghligadavarda" [44] "roca gaighvidza bashvma da dzaghlma" [45] "mere dzaghlma da bashvmaedzebda yvelgan" [46] "da yvirodes" [47] "ukan naxo" [48] "ver ipovan" [49] "mere daica dzaghli da bichi" [50] "es dzirs davartya" [51] "da mere eg bichi undawavidiodis" [52] "medzebnos amas"
[53] "bziqebi gaubrazda dzaghls da" [54] "bziqebs upwkinda" [55] "da ori bayayi dainaxet" [56] "mere erti ori sam otxi xutieqvsi kide patara bayayi dainaxet" [57] "da erti patara bayayi waighon" [58] "da bichis otaxshi bichi da dzaghli uyurebda bayays" [59] "ar icodes" [60] "buzebi sadac iyo" [61] "mere buzebi gamovida" [62] "ro patara bayayebic iyo manda" [63] "daxvdat uhh... carieli banka" [64] "bayayma micen erti shvili"
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Majority of Subj Agr error Sg for Pl[65] "iyo erti bashvi dzaghli da bayayi" [66] "bashvma da dzaghlmadaidzina" [67] "bichi da dzaghli bayayistvisdzebna daiwyen" [68] "da garet gasdzaxen" [69] "mere es bichi da dzaghlidaidzina" [70] "mere bichi da dzaghligaighvidza" [71] "yvelgan edzeba dzaghli da bichi" [72] "da dzaghli uyurebde" [73] "romelic dzan bevri futqrebi iyo" [74] "mere kide es futqrebi da
ummm like dajden oh no" [75] "da bayayebi iyo eger" [76] "bavshvi da dzaghli uyurebsbayays" [77] "naxet da naxet" [78] "yvel sul yvel naxet" [79] "mere bavshvma da dzaghlmayepavda" [80] "maram cudi suni naxat , naxet" [81] "mere buzebi ukbinan dzaghls" [82] "da naxo" [83] "da buzebi movida dzaghlstrakze" [84] "da yepoda"
[85] "da mere chamovarda bashvi da dzaghli" [86] "mere bashvi da dzaghli raghacausmindoda...imisi bayayi" [87] "da mere naxet" [88] "ro iyo bayayi da meore bayayi" [89] "ara mara mere erti bayayiaighon" [90] "game rodesac dzinavs bashvsda dzaghls" [91] "is patara bashvi da dzaghliwavida" [92] "imitom ro bevri buzebishemofrinda"
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Obj Agreement present (N=191)
• edzeb = 59 uyureb = 27
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[1] "da edzaxoda" [2] "putkrebi gamoekida dzaghls" [3] "edzaxoda" [4] "daemshvidoba yvela bayayebs" [5] "gaubradza" [6] "bichi shemoadjda" [7] "putqrebi dzaghls gaikidnen" [8] "da edzenebda edzene (sigh)" [9] "yea da dzaghli….patara bichi
….ebdzenede ebdzenede" [10] "yvelgan edezbda yvelgan" [11] "da bichi unda daudzaxos panjaridan" [12] "da bichi utxra gacherdi"
[13] "dzaghli da bichi udzaxden" [14] "da daudzaxa bekekas" [15] "dzaghlmam aloka bichis saxe(apparently)" [16] "da tavis dzaghli imeebsetamasheba...bzikebs" [17] "da bzikebi miyveba dzaghls" [18] "bu miyveba patara bichs" [19] NA [20] "da dzaghls euneba chumad" [21] "mat daxvdat win iremi" [22] "pexze uyura" [23] "da utxra tavs dzaghls"
[24] "mere dzaghlma uyura shignit magaze" [25] "mere buzebi dauvarda da" [26] "daudzaxam um um qvaze" [27] "daudzaxa" [28] "utxat chumad" [29] "da udzaxis" [30] "imitom bichi gaghvidza" [31] "da gaabraze buzebi" [32] "da udzaxis"
Obj Agreement present (N=191)[34] "da exla gaubrazda is dzaghls"
[35] "dzaghls usunebs uh suni" [36] "da dzaghls etamasheba buzebs" [37] "exla utxa dzaghls bashvs shhh" [38] "tavis dzaghli usunebs uh tavis.....bayayi" [39] "exla bichi edzax...edzaxis patarabayays da" [40] "edzaxis da edzaxis da edzaxisbichmam" [41] "da mere ukbina patara bichs cxviri" [42] "exla kide etamashebda dzaghli is ragacaze...txeze" [43] "udzaxis .... bayays....bayaystvis" [44] "da mere gamoushva bichi" [45] "da mere bichi utxra dzaghls" [46] "manamde (dzaghlma….) futqmara
gaikida dzaghls" [47] "da ragacebs uketeba" [48] "da dzaghls gaecheda tavi bankashi" [49] "da bichi zevit adgas" [50] "dzaghli tavze ejda bashvs" [51] "da bichi eubneba (chumad) dzaghls" [52] "dzaghli etemasheba xes" [53] "da dzaghli mizdevs" [54] "dzaghls eubneba gachumdi" [55] "naxvamdis eubneba magis ojaxs da" [56] "da mere etkina" [57] "da dzaghlstan itamasheba" [58] "daudzexen \"bayayi, bayayi\"" [59] "da gaubrazda" [60] "da daudzaxen"
[61] "da bichi uhh groundhog-ze daudzaxa\"bayayi\"" [62] "bziqebi gaubrazda dzaghls da" [63] "bziqebs upwkinda" [64] "da mere dzaghlic usunebda" [65] "da utxra dzaghls" [66] "da gaubrazda dzaghls" [67] "da misdeven"
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Obj Agreement present (N=191)[68] "chiti bichs gaubrazda da" [69] "gaubrazda xari" [70] "bayayma micen erti shvili" [71] "kargad bichma.... kargad bicma utxra" [72] "bichma gaubrazda dzaghls" [73] "rom enaxat bayayi" [74] "bichs daetaka iremi" [75] "da dzaghli usunebda (mgoni imgens ra qvia) futqrebi mgoni"[76] "mere bichi utxra dzaghlstan chumad" [77] ", dzaghli exmareba" [78] "edzaxian" [79] "edzaxian am bayays" [80] "bichi gaubrazdeba" [81] "iseve edzaxis bayays"
[82] "dzaghli kide futqris budes echxubebaragaca" [83] "futkrebi dzaghls esevian" [84] "mere bu gamoekideba am bichs" [85] "es bichi isev bayays edzaxis" [86] "dzaghli mizdevs" [87] "bichi eubneba dzaghls" [88] "dzaghlic exmareba" [89] "mara dzaghli epereba" [90] "dzaghlic dazdevs" [91] "amasobashi dzaghli uyepavs futqrebs" [92] "gaubrazdnen futqrebi" [93] "ra gautkdat isa…bude" [94] "da gaikidnen dzaghls" [95] "gaubrazda es chiti da"
[96] "edzaxis" [97] "bichi daaxta irems tavze" [98] "da dzaghli dasdevs am irems" [99] "ro daanebos tavi bichs" [100] "da uyeps" [101] "patara bichi eubneba dzaghls" [102] "da daemshvidobes bayayebs" [103] "tavi gaecheda im chikas" [104] "da mere uhhh dazdeven dzaghls" [105] "ar daajdes"
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