HANDBOOK OF PSYCHOLOGY

HANDBOOK OF PSYCHOLOGYVOLUME 2: RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY

Second Edition

Volume Editors

JOHN A. SCHINKA AND WAYNE F. VELICER

Editor-in-Chief

IRVING B. WEINER

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:Handbook of psychology / Irving B. Weiner, editor-in-chief. — 2nd ed.

v. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-470-61904-9 (set) – ISBN 978-0-470-89064-6 (cloth : v.2); ISBN 978-1-118-28203-8 (ebk.); ISBN 978-1-118-28254-0 (ebk.);

ISBN 978-1-118-28628-9 (ebk.)1. Psychology. I. Weiner, Irving B.BF121.H213 2013150—dc23

2012005833

Printed in the United States of America10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

My efforts in this work are dedicated to Couper Harowski and Henry Harowski.J.A.S.

This volume is dedicated to Scott and Clayton, two young men who make a father very proud.W.F.V.

Editorial Board

Volume 1History of PsychologyDonald K. Freedheim, PhDCase Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, Ohio

Volume 2Research Methods in PsychologyJohn A. Schinka, PhDUniversity of South FloridaTampa, Florida

Wayne F. Velicer, PhDUniversity of Rhode IslandKingston, Rhode Island

Volume 3Behavioral NeuroscienceRandy J. Nelson, PhDOhio State UniversityColumbus, Ohio

Sheri J. Y. Mizumori, PhDUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, Washington

Volume 4Experimental PsychologyAlice F. Healy, PhDUniversity of ColoradoBoulder, Colorado

Robert W. Proctor, PhDPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana

Volume 5Personality and Social PsychologyHoward Tennen, PhDUniversity of Connecticut Health CenterFarmington, Connecticut

Jerry Suls, PhDUniversity of IowaIowa City, Iowa

Volume 6Developmental PsychologyRichard M. Lerner, PhDM. Ann Easterbrooks, PhDJayanthi Mistry, PhDTufts UniversityMedford, Massachusetts

Volume 7Educational PsychologyWilliam M. Reynolds, PhDHumboldt State UniversityArcata, California

Gloria E. Miller, PhDUniversity of DenverDenver, Colorado

Volume 8Clinical PsychologyGeorge Stricker, PhDArgosy University DCArlington, Virginia

Thomas A. Widiger, PhDUniversity of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky

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viii Editorial Board

Volume 9Health PsychologyArthur M. Nezu, PhDChristine Maguth Nezu, PhDPamela A. Geller, PhDDrexel UniversityPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania

Volume 10Assessment PsychologyJohn R. Graham, PhDKent State UniversityKent, Ohio

Jack A. Naglieri, PhDUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesville, Virginia

Volume 11Forensic PsychologyRandy K. Otto, PhDUniversity of South FloridaTampa, Florida

Volume 12Industrial and Organizational

PsychologyNeal W. Schmitt, PhDMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Michigan

Scott Highhouse, PhDBowling Green State UniversityBowling Green, Ohio

Contents

Handbook of Psychology Preface xiiiIrving B. Weiner

Volume Preface xvJohn A. Schinka and Wayne F. Velicer

Contributors xxi

I FOUNDATIONS OF RESEARCH ISSUES 1

1 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 3Roger E. Kirk

2 EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS 34John T. Behrens, Kristen E. DiCerbo, Nedim Yel, and Roy Levy

3 STATISTICAL POWER ANALYSIS 71Joseph S. Rossi

4 METHODS FOR HANDLING MISSING DATA 109John W. Graham, Patricio E. Cumsille, and Allison E. Shevock

5 EFFECT SIZE ESTIMATION AND CONFIDENCE INTERVALS 142Fiona Fidler and Geoff Cumming

6 EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS: BASICS AND BEYOND 164James B. Hoelzle and Gregory J. Meyer

7 CLUSTERING AND CLASSIFICATION METHODS 189Glenn W. Milligan and Stephen C. Hirtle

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x Contents

II RESEARCH METHODS IN SPECIFIC CONTENT AREAS 211

8 CLINICAL FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY 213Kevin S. Douglas, Randy K. Otto, Sarah L. Desmarais, and Randy Borum

9 HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 245Linda J. Luecken and Rika Tanaka

10 RESEARCH METHODS IN NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 274Russell M. Bauer and Callie Beck Dunn

11 RESEARCH DESIGNS FOR PROGRAM EVALUATION 316Vivian C. Wong, Coady Wing, Peter M. Steiner, Manyee Wong, and Thomas D. Cook

12 BEHAVIOR GENETICS 342Christina N. Lessov-Schlaggar, Arpana Agrawal, and Gary E. Swan

III MEASUREMENT ISSUES 367

13 MOOD MEASUREMENT: CURRENT STATUSAND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 369David Watson and Jatin G. Vaidya

14 MEASURING PERSONALITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 395Leslie C. Morey

15 UTILIZING MIXED METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 428Abbas Tashakkori, Charles Teddlie, and Marylyn C. Sines

16 ITEM RESPONSE THEORY AND MEASURING ABILITIES 451Karen M. Schmidt and Susan E. Embretson

17 AN OVERVIEW OF LATENT CURVE AND LATENT CHANGESCORE ANALYSES 474John J. McArdle and John R. Nesselroade

IV DATA ANALYSIS ISSUES 509

18 MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION 511Leona S. Aiken, Stephen G. West, Steven C. Pitts, Amanda N. Baraldi, and Ingrid C. Wurpts

19 LOGISTIC REGRESSION: BASIC FOUNDATIONSAND NEW DIRECTIONS 543Alfred De Maris

Contents xi

20 META-ANALYSIS 571Frank L. Schmidt

21 SURVIVAL ANALYSIS 595John B. Willett, Judith D. Singer, and Suzanne E. Graham

22 TIME SERIES ANALYSIS FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 628Wayne F. Velicer and Peter C. Molenaar

23 STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING 661Jodie B. Ullman and Peter M. Bentler

24 AN INTRODUCTION TO LATENT CLASS AND LATENTTRANSITION ANALYSIS 691Stephanie T. Lanza, Bethany C. Bray, and Linda M. Collins

25 STATISTICAL MEDIATION ANALYSIS 717David P. MacKinnon and Davood Tofighi

Author Index 737

Subject Index 765

Handbook of Psychology Preface

The first edition of the 12-volume Handbook of Psychol-ogy was published in 2003 to provide a comprehensiveoverview of the current status and anticipated future direc-tions of basic and applied psychology and to serve asa reference source and textbook for the ensuing decade.With 10 years having elapsed, and psychological knowl-edge and applications continuing to expand, the time hascome for this second edition to appear. In addition to well-referenced updating of the first edition content, this secondedition of the Handbook reflects the fresh perspectives ofsome new volume editors, chapter authors, and subjectareas. However, the conceptualization and organizationof the Handbook , as stated next, remain the same.

Psychologists commonly regard their discipline as thescience of behavior, and the pursuits of behavioral scien-tists range from the natural sciences to the social sciencesand embrace a wide variety of objects of investigation.Some psychologists have more in common with biologiststhan with most other psychologists, and some have morein common with sociologists than with most of their psy-chological colleagues. Some psychologists are interestedprimarily in the behavior of animals, some in the behav-ior of people, and others in the behavior of organizations.These and other dimensions of difference among psycho-logical scientists are matched by equal if not greater het-erogeneity among psychological practitioners, who apply avast array of methods in many different settings to achievehighly varied purposes. This 12-volume Handbook of Psy-chology captures the breadth and diversity of psychologyand encompasses interests and concerns shared by psy-chologists in all branches of the field. To this end, lead-ing national and international scholars and practitionershave collaborated to produce 301 authoritative and detailedchapters covering all fundamental facets of the discipline.

Two unifying threads run through the science of behav-ior. The first is a common history rooted in conceptualand empirical approaches to understanding the nature ofbehavior. The specific histories of all specialty areas inpsychology trace their origins to the formulations of theclassical philosophers and the early experimentalists, andappreciation for the historical evolution of psychology inall of its variations transcends identifying oneself as a par-ticular kind of psychologist. Accordingly, Volume 1 in theHandbook , again edited by Donald Freedheim, is devotedto the History of Psychology as it emerged in many areasof scientific study and applied technology.

A second unifying thread in psychology is a commit-ment to the development and utilization of research meth-ods suitable for collecting and analyzing behavioral data.With attention both to specific procedures and to theirapplication in particular settings, Volume 2, again editedby John Schinka and Wayne Velicer, addresses ResearchMethods in Psychology .

Volumes 3 through 7 of the Handbook present thesubstantive content of psychological knowledge in fiveareas of study. Volume 3, which addressed Biological Psy-chology in the first edition, has in light of developments inthe field been retitled in the second edition to cover Behav-ioral Neuroscience. Randy Nelson continues as editor ofthis volume and is joined by Sheri Mizumori as a new co-editor. Volume 4 concerns Experimental Psychology andis again edited by Alice Healy and Robert Proctor. Volume5 on Personality and Social Psychology has been reorga-nized by two new co-editors, Howard Tennen and JerrySuls. Volume 6 on Developmental Psychology is againedited by Richard Lerner, Ann Easterbrooks, and Jayan-thi Mistry. William Reynolds and Gloria Miller continueas co-editors of Volume 7 on Educational Psychology .

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